Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional customs - Principles and methods of landscape design of road green space?
Principles and methods of landscape design of road green space?
Human beings are not only the products and components of a particular landscape, but also the users, designers, reformers and managers of the landscape. From the era of collecting hunting stone tools and wooden sticks to the modern era when nuclear energy can destroy the whole earth, there have been several revolutionary changes in human understanding of landscape, the relationship between human and natural landscape and human landscape, and the way of human actively designing and transforming landscape.
First, the "satisfied landscape" chosen by primitive humans.
Human ancestors left the forest and came to the earth. Their lives were full of cruel competition and challenges. As a result of natural selection, human beings have the ability to choose a "satisfactory landscape" that is conducive to their own survival and development. Through the typical landscapes that primitive people have lived for a long time, such as Yuanmou people, Lantian people, Beijingers, Maba people and cavemen, we can see that the landscape that primitive people are satisfied with has the following structural and functional characteristics:
(A) the edge structure and edge effect
Typical "satisfactory landscapes" have certain edge structure characteristics, that is, they are all located at the edge of mountain and plain basins or valley plains, and have a series of edge effects. First of all, the diversity of marginal habitats and marginal zones, as the only place for animal migration, provided abundant food resources for primitive people to collect and hunt; The second is the edge of the landscape, with mountains and rivers in the back, which is convenient for "observation-occlusion". Because there are natural barriers such as cliffs and rivers on the edge, it is easy to attack and defend, which greatly improves the efficiency of hunting prevention. Obviously, the marginal landscape can meet the needs of human beings seeking food and shelter to the greatest extent.
(b) Closure and scale and its impact
The natural environment is infinite, but the speed and intensity of human movement and the ability to recognize the environment are limited. Therefore, people's normal activities can only be carried out within a limited scope. The mountains, valleys and corners on the Great Plain meet people's requirements for landscape space.
(c) Gaps and corridor structures and their effects
A satisfactory landscape is not completely closed, it has some gaps connected with the outside world, which extend along the valley and become a corridor connecting adjacent closed spaces. On the one hand, it is a channel for animal migration, so it is the best place for hunting; On the other hand, it is also the only way for primitive human beings to migrate themselves; Primitive people can effectively stop intruders by using narrow gaps and corridors without sacrificing their own convenience; Of course, as a corridor, the valley also provided primitive people with water and abundant food resources necessary for survival.
It can be seen that the above-mentioned satisfactory landscape has many ecological advantages for primitive people, which meets the requirements of primitive people for food, shelter and spatial movement to the maximum extent.
Second, design a practical and beautiful landscape.
People, like other animals, have the ability to use the environment in the most effective way to meet their own needs. The above-mentioned primitive people's choice of satisfactory landscape embodies this ability. The difference is that people also have the potential to actively transform the environment to meet their own needs. The primitive hand-made stone tools and wooden sticks in the Paleolithic determined that human potential could only be displayed in a small scope. The appearance of stone tools and iron tools on the ground has enabled people to meet higher requirements for food, shelter and space activities by changing the environment on a large scale. In the agricultural society, the active design and transformation of landscape by human beings are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
(A) the cultivation and domestication of ecological landscape
The long life of gathering and hunting has accumulated experience for human beings to choose plants and domesticate animals. Long-term large-scale cultivation and domestication activities not only changed biological habits, but also led to the appearance of artificial homogeneous landscape elements and geometric patches, such as large-scale cultivated land and artificial pasture. At the same time, agricultural activities have also led to the reduction or disappearance of some natural landscape elements, such as cutting down and burning forests to expand cultivated land. Because the structure and function of natural landscape have changed greatly, while the productivity of local landscape has improved, human beings are always facing the threat of assimilation and revenge of natural landscape.
(2) Landscape of water conservancy projects
Most agricultural civilizations originated in the valley plain, where fertile land brought high yield to cultivated crops. At the same time, catastrophic floods have made residents on both sides of the strait face severe challenges, so building water conservancy has become the most important activity for human beings to transform nature from an agricultural society. "Historical Records Xia Benji" contains: "When Emperor Yao was in power, the flood was terrible, and the people who loved the mountains and Xiangling were worried." Yu was ordered to control the water, saying, "Look at the mountains and trees, and decide the mountains and rivers ...". "Left is the four seasons, right is Kyushu, nine road, across the 93. This is an unprecedented landscape investigation, planning, design and transformation activity with flood control as the main purpose. Human flood control activities have continued to this day. Straight river banks, high dams and criss-crossing irrigation networks are all traces of conscious redesign and transformation of natural landscape structure. Through these activities, we can realize the redistribution of landscape logistics and energy flow, so as to maximize the benefits for mankind. However, these water conservancy activities are also restricted by natural forces. An earlier example is the failure of Dayu's father to control water, and a more modern example is the failure of Aswan Dam on the Nile.
(3) Village landscape
Early farmers ended their cave life and began to build houses, which was an amazing revolution and eventually developed into the most important landscape element on the earth. The earliest known fully mature farming village landscape was found in the Middle East, about 9,000 years ago, which was made of soil, each with a storage cave and a pottery stove. The Yangshao cultural farm landscape, represented by Xi 'an Banpo site, has a history of 5000-7000 years. The roof is supported by many wooden columns, covered with grass mud, and the walls are made of grass mud made of rattan wood strips. The size of the village reaches 200 huts, covering an area of about 30,000 square meters. There is a trench around the village. Outside the village, the kiln area is in the east and the clan cemetery is in the north. This is the most primitive model of China city. From then on, this landscape element began to develop rapidly in the natural landscape base and became the main object of human landscape design later. At the same time, the emergence of villages has made a leap in human understanding of the landscape. "Erya Dish" has: "Outside the city, it refers to grazing; In addition to grazing, it refers to wilderness; Outside the wilderness, refers to the forest; Outside the forest, it refers to soil moisture. " This classification method of concentric garden landscape types reflects the decreasing relationship between human activity intensity and natural landscape foundation, and it is an original model of modern landscape ecological landscape type classification (urban landscape-suburban landscape-agricultural landscape-management landscape-natural landscape).
(4) Protect the system landscape
Engaged in agricultural production and looking for fertile farming environment means that human beings must leave some natural sheltered environments and go to the vast plains. Therefore, in a small selection range, in addition to making full use of natural landscape elements as barriers (especially rivers), it is necessary to build an artificial protection system. The most primitive protective man-made structures are hedges and trenches. For example, the trenches dug at the Anbanpo site in Xi 'an may be 5-6 meters deep and 5-6 meters wide to prevent attacks by wild animals or competing tribes. According to the archaeological findings of Yin Ruins, this imperial city in the late Shang Dynasty, according to the danger of Huan River in the north and northeast, has an artificial trench in the west and south, with a width of about 7- 12m and a depth of about 5- 10m. Both ends are connected with Huan River bend, and trench and river form a rectangular defense system. Another form of protective engineering is the wall. Early protective walls were all made of clay tablets, and later developed into masonry. In the era of agricultural development, the war between tribes for land is very fierce, and defense facilities such as city walls become more important. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, countries competed to build the Great Wall because of dangers. In the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall of Wan Li was a national wall defense system for nomadic tribes in the northwest, which became a major feature of the earth landscape.
(5) traffic system landscape
From the use of natural river transportation and travel to the design and excavation of canals to serve transportation, the landscape of the earth has changed. The earliest known example of an artificial canal is the canal used by Babylonian emperor Rabbi Hammurabi around 1700 BC, which is over 160 km long and used for military transportation. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Wu people in our country once dug a river to connect the Yangtze River with the Huaihe River, creating a waterway leading to Song and Lu. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty is a masterpiece of this kind of artificially designed water transport system landscape, which is four or five thousand miles long, connecting the major water systems in the north and south, and directly and indirectly changing the landscape structure and energy and material distribution in China. As for the land transportation system, as early as the Qin Dynasty, there was a chidao from the capital (Xianyang) to all parts of the country, "Yanqi in the east and Wu Chu in the south", and there was a tunnel connecting Xianyang and Jiuyuan, and the valley was buried for thousands of miles. In order to facilitate transportation, humans even built plank roads on cliffs that even apes were afraid to climb.
The above-mentioned human landscape design and transformation activities in the farming era have the following main characteristics: ① it is an antagonistic activity against natural landscape; (2) directly serving people's actual needs and being directly controlled by people's consciousness; ③ The landscape elements introduced artificially are basically natural in material composition; (4) The form of energy utilization is to use solar energy for grain production and animal power, water power and wind power for necessary production, transportation and other activities.
(6) Beautiful landscape design
With the division of labor between industry and agriculture, cities and towns have developed, and a number of "city people" have emerged who have lived in cities for a long time and are divorced from the ecological effects of natural landscapes. For the first time, the value of landscape (including natural landscape and humanistic landscape which are opposite to nature) was differentiated, and the aesthetic function of landscape was really discovered and utilized for the first time. At the same time, these city residents are eager to design and create beautiful scenery. However, the uneven distribution of productive forces and social wealth determines that the creation of this kind of landscape beauty can only be carried out in a small range of gardens, and the main users of the beautiful scenery are the literati class; The criterion of landscape value is the principle of artistic beauty, and poetry is the highest realm of landscape design: the guiding ideology of design is artistic philosophy, and the designer is the master and craftsman of the garden. China Royal Garden and Jiangnan Literati Landscape Garden, French Swift-style formal court gardens and English picturesque landscape gardens are all here? Quot beautiful scenery "design mode. Ji Cheng in China, Rainotte in France and Brown in Britain are the representatives of this kind of landscape designers.
Third, the passive response to the prospect of industrialization
(A) the landscape consequences of industrialization
Industrialization has three main characteristics: effective development and extensive utilization of fossil energy (coal, oil and natural gas) and electric energy, mechanization and specialization of production. These characteristics are reflected in the unique industrial landscape, such as large coal mines, tall oil production derricks and chimneys, thick oil and gas pipelines, ubiquitous power transmission networks and power plants, large specialized production workshops and so on. These are all landscape elements that have never existed in any previous era. In addition, these industrial landscapes develop through autocatalytic expansion and accelerate the industrialization of other landscapes. For example, specialized production means that more effective transportation means and transportation systems are needed to ensure the supply of raw materials and the delivery of products. This promotes the development of transportation machinery and transportation system, and the development of the latter will inevitably promote the exploitation and plunder of energy and natural resources in a wider range, as well as large-scale specialized production. As a result, large-scale specialized industrial cities, grand ports, stations and airports came into being, and large-scale natural landscapes disappeared. The powerful railway and highway system is like a huge network, which divides the natural landscape into fragments and hinders or changes the energy flow and logistics of the natural landscape system. The mechanization and specialization of agricultural production make the pastoral landscape monotonous, and the original natural residual patches (such as forests, mounds, swamps, etc. ) was razed to farmland, a larger homogeneous landscape appeared, the irrigation system became more geometric and permanent, and the huge dam changed the world's largest river. The urban expansion brought by industrialization has kept more people away from the natural landscape; Reinforced concrete replaces brick, wood, mud and grass, making people live in the jungle. Crowding, noise, air pollution and garbage, coupled with the tense environmental atmosphere, threaten human physical and mental health.
It can be seen that industrialization makes the development of cultural landscape have the following characteristics: ① The development of cultural landscape is divorced from the direct interests of human beings. The industrialized landscape expands viciously in the form of self-destruction, and the consciousness of human landscape control fails; The landscape elements introduced artificially are mostly synthetic in material composition, which is not conducive to the assimilation of natural processes and has an inhibitory effect on them; (3) Due to the above two characteristics, the human landscape quickly replaces, splits and poisons the natural landscape, resulting in its structural disintegration and functional paralysis; At the same time, it also threatens the survival of mankind. It is precisely because of these characteristics that the landscape design in the industrialized era will be an antagonistic activity to the industrialized landscape.
(2) Escape from the city
The evil consequences of industrialized urban landscape are unexpected by-products of people's pursuit of industrialized achievements. People are at a loss about it. The initial reaction was to flee, and the upper-class citizens moved to the periphery of the city, and the corresponding landscape appeared. However, these asylum seekers do not want to lose their industrialized lifestyle. As a result, the territory of industrialization has also expanded outward, accelerating the vicious expansion of the city.
(3) Design urban green space system
The evil consequences of urban industrialized landscape promote people's understanding of the ecological function of green plants, and designing urban green space system to improve urban environment has become one of the main tasks of landscape design. Ecological functions of urban green space (air purification, noise reduction, etc.). ) has become the main goal of urban green space landscape design, and green space is designed as the "lung" of the city. The guiding theory of design is ecology, emphasizing the application of native tree species. Urban green space coverage rate or per capita green space occupation area is the main index to measure the quality of urban landscape. Its purpose is to alleviate the ecological crisis, and it is still a passive resistance to the industrialized landscape. The central park in new york, the green space system and urban green belts in Britain and America, and various forms of parks and street green spaces are all products of "passive resistance" and artificial landscape elements introduced into cultural landscape bases.
(4) Protecting the natural landscape
The industrialized landscape is expanding viciously, and the natural landscape is in danger of being swallowed up. In this regard, another negative resistance measure taken by human beings is the establishment of nature reserves. At the same time, an ecological park has been developed to restore the natural landscape and maintain protozoa.
Fourthly, landscape ecological design-designing the whole human ecosystem.
Emerging industries such as electronic industry and genetic engineering have brought society into the information age. With the utilization of system science, computer technology, bioengineering technology and new energy development, human beings can effectively deal with the landscape problems brought by industry and agriculture to society theoretically and technically. Landscape ecology is developed under this background. It regards the lithosphere, biosphere and wisdom sphere in human living space as the components of the whole human ecosystem, and studies the structural and functional relationships among various landscape elements (relatively homogeneous ecosystems). In order to make the space-time structure, energy flow and information of the whole human ecosystem (landscape) reach the best state through human design and management. Landscape ecology is the guiding theory of landscape ecological design. If landscape design in the farming era is a process of confrontation between human beings and natural landscapes, while landscape design in the industrial era is a process of negative confrontation with industrialized landscapes created by human beings, then landscape ecological design with the background of information society is a process of actively arranging and coordinating all elements of the whole landscape (including nature and culture). This means that people no longer regard a single landscape element (such as water conservancy, engineering, roads, farmland, urban green space or factories) as a whole. ) as the design object, but at the same time taking all the elements that make up the whole landscape as the design variables and objectives, and finally optimizing the structure and function of the landscape system as a whole. At this time, the landscape architect is no longer a professional designer, but a multi-department and multi-professional coordinator and a think tank of the decision-making body. From 1960s to 1970s, Macharg's work and his book Natural Design marked the arrival of the era of landscape ecological design.
At present, China is facing the challenge of this landscape design revolution.
Compared with landscape design in previous periods, landscape ecological design has the following basic principles: ① the principle of giving priority to nature: protecting natural resources and maintaining natural processes are the premise of utilizing and transforming nature; ② Overall design principle: Landscape ecological design is a comprehensive design of the whole human ecosystem, not an isolated design of a certain landscape element; This is a multi-objective design. Designed for the needs of human beings, animals and plants, with high output value and beautiful appearance; The purpose of design is overall optimization; ③ Design adaptability principle: natural landscape has its own harmonious and stable structure and function, and artificial design must adapt to the original "design" of natural landscape, minimize the negative effects brought by artificially introducing landscape elements, and ensure the integrity of the overall landscape structure and function; ④ Multidisciplinary comprehensive principle: Every landscape element is the research object of natural science and social science. Only with the joint efforts of many disciplines can we realize the ideal landscape ecological design and ensure the harmony and stability of the whole ecosystem.
Tourism is an industry developed with the improvement of people's living standards and the relative abundance of materials. In recent years, opening to the outside world and rapid economic development have created favorable conditions for the development of tourism in China. China's tourism industry has developed rapidly. It has produced considerable economic benefits. From 65438 to 0994, China's tourism revenue160 billion yuan, ranking eighth among the top ten tourist destinations in the world. At the same time, the destruction of tourism resources and the deterioration of environmental quality in tourist areas in China have become increasingly prominent. In order to make tourism develop continuously and harmoniously, it is necessary to analyze the causes, influencing ways and consequences of tourism environmental problems, so as to provide services for the management and decision-making of tourism development in China.
First, the relationship between tourism environment and tourism
Generally speaking, tourism environment refers to various external factors that affect the tourism behavior of tourists, including social environment, natural ecological environment, tourism atmosphere environment and tourism resources. Here only refers to the tourist resources, natural ecology and corresponding tourist atmosphere in the tourist area. In connection with it, the problem of tourism environment refers to the fact that the above factors are affected and destroyed by external effects, thus affecting the satisfaction of tourists' tourism activities.
The tourist resources in tourist areas are the objects for tourists to watch. For tourists, the aesthetic characteristics and historical, cultural and scientific values contained in tourism resources are the direct incentive factors for tourism behavior, and the destruction of resources will directly affect tourists' satisfaction.
The natural ecological environment of the tourist area is the general name of the ecological factors such as landform, air, water, animals and plants in the tourist area, and the organic combination of these ecology forms the aesthetic feeling and pleasure of the tourist area environment. From the psychological needs of human aesthetics, the beauty of natural landscape is the foundation. In an environment with polluted air, polluted water and noisy surroundings, tourists can't appreciate, appreciate and appreciate the various aesthetic characteristics of specific tourists. Especially with the development of production and the progress of science and technology, people's leisure time is gradually increasing, and the desire of urban residents to travel, return to nature and exercise and recuperate with the help of the cleanliness of the natural environment is growing. From this perspective, the natural ecological environment of tourist areas is also a kind of tourism resources in a certain sense.
Tourism atmosphere refers to the unique local characteristics, history, national customs and the corresponding external atmosphere. The beauty of tourism environment is the double beauty of image and artistic conception, and the stimulation of each specific tourist object to tourists' tourism behavior is largely due to its special historical, local and national characteristics or a special state of mind in a foreign country.
Therefore, the influence of environmental conditions in tourist areas on tourists' tourism effect can not be ignored. The satisfaction of tourists is closely related to the environmental conditions of tourist areas, which directly affects the sustainable development of tourism. We must fully realize the necessity and importance of protecting the environment in tourist areas.
Second, the current major environmental problems faced by China's tourism industry
At present, the main environmental problems faced by tourism in China are:
1, a considerable number of hot tourist areas are seriously polluted. Mainly manifested in water pollution, air quality decline, local ecological environment destruction, tourism resources destruction;
2. The environmental sanitation in the tourist area is poor, the garbage in the area is scattered and piled up at will, and sewage and dirt can be seen everywhere;
3. Some hot tourist areas receive tourists on a super scale, and the tourist areas are overcrowded and crowded, and the tourist atmosphere is lost;
4. Tourism development and construction projects are not in harmony with the overall environment of tourist areas.
Third, the causes of tourism environmental problems
There are many reasons for environmental damage and environmental quality decline in tourist areas. To sum up, there are the following points:
1, human improper economic behavior has destroyed the tourism environment.
The impact and destruction of human economic activities on the environment of tourist areas can be divided into three aspects: (1) In the process of economic development, the waste discharged from industrial production and the noise generated pollute the natural environment of tourist areas and disturb the proper tranquility of tourist areas. In this way, on the one hand, the tourist area has lost its fresh air, transparent water body and quiet atmosphere; On the other hand, environmental pollution reduces tourists' interest in sightseeing. (2) Unreasonable resource utilization and agricultural production methods have destroyed the natural ecological balance of tourist areas, and tourism resources have been directly affected, such as deforestation, over-exploitation of groundwater, rock blasting and other activities, which have caused soil erosion, decreased water level of tourist water bodies, and destroyed the beautiful scenery of strange mountains. (3) Ignoring the existence of tourism resources in economic structure, productivity layout and urban development planning makes the types of regional economic structure, productivity layout mode and urban development direction incompatible with the requirements of normal and sustainable development of tourism on environmental conditions. For example, a large cement plant will be built in Shilin tourist area of Yunnan, and ash kilns and coal kilns will be built in Zhoukoudian ape-man site of Beijing.
2. The impact of tourism activities on the environment of tourist areas.
The influence of tourism activities on the environment of tourist areas mainly lies in the pollution of garbage produced in the process of tourism to the environment of scenic spots and the influence of tourism activities on the natural ecological balance and tourist artistic conception of scenic spots. Due to the imperfect facilities in the tourist area itself and the low quality of tourists, with the expansion of tourism activities, the amount of waste in the scenic area is increasing day by day. A large amount of garbage in tourist areas is scattered and piled up at will, which destroys the natural landscape, pollutes the scenic spots and makes the water in tourist areas eutrophic. The water bodies in many tourist areas in China have been polluted to varying degrees. The transparency, chromaticity, odor and other indicators of a considerable number of tourist water bodies have exceeded the national standards for tourist water bodies. Floating objects, suspended matter and oil pollution affect tourists' senses and reduce their interest in tourism.
The super-scale reception exceeding the capacity of the scenic spot has destroyed the balance of the natural ecosystem in the tourist area. The biological system that constitutes the natural landscape has a certain carrying capacity for tourism activities, which is determined by the structure of the ecosystem. Tourism activities that exceed its carrying capacity will change the ecosystem structure of the tourist area and lose its tourism function. Mainly manifested in the fact that a large number of tourists have stabilized the land in the tourist area, causing the soil to harden and the trees to die; A large number of tourists climb mountains, destroying the stable deciduous layer and humus layer formed under natural conditions for a long time, causing soil erosion, bare roots of trees and lodging of grasses, which brings harm to the ecosystem of tourist areas. ...
The inherent problems of improper tourism activities are serious. Ignoring this influence, focusing only on short-term benefits, blindly expanding the scale and receiving tourists without restrictions will bring serious damage to the sustainable development of tourism in the future.
3. Tourism development and construction have destroyed the environment of tourist areas.
During the development and utilization of tourism resources, the construction of related facilities is not in harmony with the whole tourist area, resulting in the destruction of tourism resources, the ecological environment of the tourist area, especially the tourist atmosphere, which is mainly manifested in the improper restoration of historical sites and the disharmony between new projects and the landscape of the tourist area, which changes or destroys all the history, culture, national style and atmosphere that should have been preserved in the tourist area and is beneficial to specific tourist objects. Its tourism value is mainly reflected in its unique history, culture and atmosphere. In the development and utilization of tourism resources, these should undoubtedly be preserved, protected and fully displayed. Ignoring the overall coordination of tourist areas and their connotations and blindly developing them will only lead to neither fish nor fowl in the scenic spots, thus losing their tourist value and reducing tourists' interest.
Urban construction destroys the tourist atmosphere, which is mainly manifested in the disharmony between new buildings and the overall buildings of tourist cities. The city itself, as a tourist object, has lost its true colors.
Fourth, the countermeasures of tourism environmental protection
In order to make the tourism industry develop continuously and give full play to its economic and social benefits, in view of the environmental problems existing in the tourism industry, the author suggests taking the following measures:
1, strengthen scientific research on tourism environmental protection and publicity and education on tourism environmental protection knowledge.
For a long time, the study of environmental science has only started from the needs of human health, and rarely from the needs of human spirit and psychology. This is another important aspect of the relationship between human beings and the environment, and it has been fully reflected in human tourism activities.
This paper studies the relationship between tourism environment and tourism from the aspects of the dependence of tourism on tourism environment, the bearing capacity of tourism environment to tourism activities, and the damage of tourism development to tourism environment. This paper studies the methods of tourism environmental protection from the aspects of determining the quality standards of landscape aesthetics, natural ecological quality, environmental quality standards to meet special tourism activities and environmental quality evaluation methods of tourist areas. Study the engineering method of tourism environmental protection from the perspective of aesthetics and psychology; It is also necessary to study tourism environmental protection policies to lay the foundation for correct decision-making.
Strengthen the publicity of tourism environmental protection knowledge, improve people's awareness of tourism environmental protection, and publicize tourism environmental protection knowledge to all tourists, tourism professionals and residents in nearby areas.
2. Environmental impact assessment of inbound tourism development.
Improper tourism development activities can not make up for the damage to the environment of tourist areas, from the perspective of protection. Evaluate, analyze and identify the possible impacts of development activities during the construction period and operation period before development, and put forward corresponding reduction and exemption countermeasures to minimize the possible impacts on the tourism environment. The contents of environmental impact assessment of tourism development include: analysis of environmental carrying capacity of tourist areas, analysis of tourism scale, identification of environmental impact of development activities, analysis of environmental impact of tourism process and so on.
3. Do a good job in the tourism environment planning in the development and construction of tourist areas.
The main reason for the emergence of tourism environmental problems and the decline of environmental quality in tourist areas is improper economic activities of human beings, so it is necessary to formulate scientific, rigorous and predictable tourism environmental planning. It is used to organize and manage economic and tourism activities that damage the tourism environment, so as to solve the contradiction between developing production, expanding the scale of tourism and environmental protection of scenic spots, and make them coordinated, so as to ensure the sustained stability of economic development and tourism activities and prevent environmental damage in tourist areas.
The environmental planning of tourist areas is a comprehensive planning of economic development, tourism development and environmental protection in tourist areas. From the perspective of maintaining the aesthetic quality of tourist areas and rationally utilizing tourist resources, this plan applies the principles and methods of system engineering, follows the laws of economic development and environmental aesthetics in tourist areas, and implements overall planning on the structure, scale and layout of economic activities and tourist activities, so as to achieve the purpose of developing economy, expanding tourism and not damaging the environment of tourist areas.
4. Use economic and other means to control the tourism scale of hot tourist factories.
Take measures such as raising the ticket price of hot tourist areas, delineating special tourist attractions and controlling the number of tourists; Adjust the scale of tourism in tourist areas to ensure certain economic benefits while protecting the environment in tourist areas.
5. Strengthen tourism environment legislation.
A perfect legal system is the guarantee to protect the tourism environment. Develop a code of conduct for tourists and tour operators. Enforce compulsory intervention and punishment for sabotage. The main contents of legislation are (1) the examination and approval methods and authority of construction projects in tourist areas; (2) Determination of the protection scope and content of tourist areas; (3) Punishment measures for violators, etc.
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