Sports theory, thank you!

1 The broad concept of sports. It refers to a conscious and organized social activity that takes physical exercise as the basic means to enhance people's physique, promote the all-round development of education, enrich social and cultural life and promote the construction of spiritual civilization. It is a part of the whole social culture, and its development is restricted by the politics and economy of a certain society and serves it.

2. The narrow concept of sports (also called sports). It is an educational process to develop the body, strengthen the physique, impart physical exercise knowledge and skills, and cultivate moral and will quality; It is the process of cultivating and shaping the human body; Is an important part of education; It is an important aspect of cultivating people with all-round development.

Sports training, sports competition and competitive sports management.

Three: 1, school physical education

School physical education is an important part of school education and the foundation of national physical education. It is the intersection of education and physical education.

Intersection and combination are also the strategic focus of national sports development. In order to achieve the overall goals of education, growth and physical development

Yes, different levels of school physical education are based on different educational stages and age characteristics, through physical education courses, extracurricular physical training and extracurricular activities.

The three basic organizational forms of sports activities with "strengthening physique" as the core have fully realized the responsibilities of school physical education.

Service. Together with other educational links, it constitutes a complete educational process, which enables students to develop in an all-round way in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty.

Get all-round development.

Modern school physical education should not only focus on strengthening the short-term benefits of physical fitness, but also focus on the future enjoyment and development of students.

"Need, that is, pay attention to the comprehensive influence including biology, psychology and society. Therefore, school physical education pays full attention to the embodiment of modernity.

On the basis of the main characteristics of sports, we should also broaden the social channels of sports to meet personal sports interests and inspire the main.

Move the consciousness of participating in sports, pay attention to the scientific nature of physical exercise, constantly improve the level of sports appreciation and create conditions for the country.

Transport and train competitive sports talents to meet the growing spiritual and cultural needs of contemporary society and teenagers.

2. Competitive sports

Competitive sports, also known as competitive sports, is based on the all-round development of physical fitness and maximizes physical strength and intelligence.

Strength and athletic ability, scientific training and various competitions aimed at achieving excellent athletic performance. competitive sports

Driven by the modern Olympic Games, there are now more than 50 kinds of sports used in international competitions, and there are corresponding ones.

International sports organizations and individual sports associations. At present, with the continuous improvement of competitive level, in order to cope with the increasingly fierce competition.

In order to explore the limits of human movement, advanced scientific training methods and means are widely used.

3. Social sports

Social sports, also known as mass sports, refers to sports activities aimed at fitness, entertainment, leisure, medical treatment and rehabilitation. pass by

Because it attracts the general public, and its activities cover the whole society and even families, it can be called an activity.

A mass sports activity with the widest inclusiveness, the latest forms of expression, the strongest interest and the largest number of participants. It serves as a school.

The extension of sports can keep people's sports career going.

Fourth, it includes the principles of proceeding from reality, step by step, perseverance and comprehensive exercise.

There are many methods of physical exercise. Here are just a few common methods as follows:

(1) the method of developing physical fitness, which is the most basic and commonly used practice method. This method can effectively develop physical fitness, improve basic activity ability, promote the function of internal organs and enhance physical fitness. Physical training includes strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and agility. Among them, strength, speed and endurance are particularly important. Now briefly introduce: 1. 1. 1 Factors and methods of developing power (1) load. Practice has proved that the best effect is to increase strength when practicing at 60%~70% of the maximum load of the body at the beginning. With the improvement of practice level, the load will increase continuously. (2) the speed of action. In strength training, different exercise speeds have different training effects. For example, throwing requires explosive power, and sprinting requires fast strength, which depends on the strength and speed of muscle contraction. This is suitable for quick exercise with less load. (3) Training interval. It is best to start training every other day. Practice has proved that the strength of training every other day increases by 77%, while the strength training every day only increases by 47%. The interval between exercises should be 3-5 minutes. There are many contents (means) to develop strength, such as throwing heavy objects, lifting weights, pull-ups, flexing and stretching arms, push-ups, jumping, squat with loads, jumping with loads, etc. 2.2.2. The method of developing speed (1) (1) (1) increases the step frequency. It is mainly improved by accelerating the conversion speed of excitement and inhibition in the motor center. (2) (2) (2) Increase the training of hip flexibility and leg strength to increase the stride. Its exercises include leg-lift running, short step running, acceleration running, stride running, back kick running, turn-back running, slope running and so on. 3.3.3. Methods of developing endurance The following factors should be paid attention to in endurance exercise: (1) The load of the heart and blood vessels. In order to improve endurance and keep the body in a state of long-term exercise without fatigue, we must first improve the functions of the heart and blood vessels and give them a certain load and duration. In physical exercise, the load should reach 70% of the maximum function of the heart and vascular system and last for at least 5 minutes.

2) Exercise at certain intervals. The interval time of each load is generally that the pulse frequency is restored to 120~ 130 times/minute, and then the next load movement is appropriate (generally it takes 3~4 minutes). (3) the speed of action, that is, the speed of running. Generally speaking, under the condition of keeping the pulse at 150 beats/min, it is more effective to train at a medium speed or run at a constant speed. Its sports include routine running, turn-back running, middle and long distance running, marathon running, cross-country running and mountain climbing. 4.4.4. Develop sensitive methods (1) to improve nervous system function. That is, through the training of signal stimulation, the response ability of cerebral cortex is improved. (2) increase strength and quality. Strong muscle strength can make movements quick and sensitive. (3) Mastering motor skills. Eliminate the tension and rigidity of the action, and make the action sensitive, coordinated, accurate and labor-saving. To cultivate sensitive quality, we should practice in many ways. As the saying goes, "Practice makes perfect". The more sports skills you master, the more skilled you are, and the more sensitive you will be. Gymnastics, skills, various ball games, games and some special auxiliary exercises are all effective means to develop sensitive quality.

(II) Exercise Methods of Ethnic Forms Ethnic forms of sports refer to sports with national traditions and characteristics, such as China's martial arts and qigong. 1. Wushu. Wushu is not limited by venues, equipment, conditions and other factors. The amount of exercise can be large or small, and the content is rich and colorful. It is an excellent cultural heritage of China. Its action structure, technical requirements, sports style and routine characteristics are different, which has great exercise value. It is suitable for people of different ages, sexes and physiques to exercise and is deeply loved by the masses. Beginners should start with basic skills, learn some simple routines, practice basic skills while learning sets, practice more complicated routines and equipment for a while, and then learn some sparring. Only in this way can we cultivate our hobbies and gradually improve and consolidate the technical level of Wushu. 2. Tai Chi Chuan. Tai Ji Chuan is a kind of gentle and gentle fist that conforms to physiological laws. It is not only widely circulated in China, but also abroad. Now it has become one of the medical movements for people to improve their health, prevent diseases and treat diseases. Tai Ji Chuan's movements are round and harmonious, continuous, connected up and down, with clear distinction between reality and reality, stable center of gravity, conscious guidance and natural breathing. After long-term training, the whole body is full of qi and blood, and the body and mind are comfortable and refreshed, which is especially suitable for the elderly, the weak and the sick. 3. Qigong. Qigong is a valuable legacy of China's medical treasure house and a medical and health care movement with national characteristics. Qigong is a good way to exercise oneself through the subjective initiative of practitioners and an effective measure of "physiological disease prevention". Any kind of qigong exercise method begins with body adjustment (body shape adjustment), qi adjustment (breathing) and heart adjustment (mental state). Long-term adherence to qigong practice can promote cerebral cortex inhibition and the protection of low metabolism physiological state, improve the abnormal reaction of the body, improve the self-control ability of physiological functions, and increase the "massage" effect on abdominal cavity.

(3) There are ever-changing ways to exercise the nature on which people depend. In order to live and survive, people have strong adaptability to nature. At the same time, nature also contains many factors that are very beneficial to human health. In other words, the human body should not only adapt to the changes of the external environment, but also take advantage of various natural conditions to exercise, so as to further improve its adaptability to the outside world, improve its health and enhance its physique. 1. 1. 1. Effects of sunlight, air and water on physical exercise Natural conditions such as sunlight, air and water are of great significance to health. For example, sunlight has many effects on the body, among which ultraviolet rays have the functions of sterilization and anti-rickets, and can also improve skin resistance and joint mobility. Infrared rays can keep warm, improve metabolism, improve tissue nutrition and so on. Another example is the stimulation of temperature, humidity and airflow to the skin, especially the stimulation of low temperature, which improves the thermoregulation system and promotes blood circulation through the emission of nerves. In particular, negative ions in the air have a good stimulating effect on people's nervous system, blood circulation, respiration and endocrine activities. Because the body has great adaptability to the external environment, the changed environmental conditions act on the body, and the cerebral cortex immediately adjusts to make the body adapt to the changed external environment and maintain the balance between the body and the environment under the new conditions. New stimuli form new reflexes, thus further improving the adaptability of the body. In our life, sunlight, air and water have many contact opportunities. Because of the high cation content and low anion content in cities, and the pollution of "three wastes", it is not conducive to human health, so it is necessary to organize more outdoor activities. Water bath mainly uses the temperature, mechanical force and chemical action of water to exercise. Water bath can be divided into cold bath, warm bath and hot bath. Warm water bath can reduce nerve excitability, weaken muscle tension, dilate cortical blood vessels and accelerate the elimination of fatigue. Especially the effect of hot water bath will be more obvious. Cold water bath is more conducive to health, especially to the cardiovascular system and respiratory system, but also to promote the function of digestive system and improve the function of body temperature regulation. In addition, cold water bath can not only improve metabolic function, clean skin and enhance physical fitness, but also improve disease resistance and exercise will, creating very favorable conditions for adapting to the cold and cold natural environment. 2.2.2. Cold water bath exercise method Cold water bath exercise should start in summer, at least twice a week, preferably in the morning, and stick to regular exercise as follows: (1) Wash your face and feet with cold water. The first time you practice cold water bath, you can start with washing your face and feet with cold water, especially washing your feet. You should soak them in water for one to several minutes to improve your adaptability to cold stimulation. It is best to wash your face with cold water every morning, wash your feet with cold water before going to bed, and dry them after washing. (2) Wipe your body with cold water. Cold water rubbing combined with massage is more suitable for beginners. In the process of wiping, constantly soak the towel in cold water, wring it out and then wipe it. Wipe can be used as a transition between shower, immersion bath and winter swimming. You can also practice rubbing alone, preferably before going to bed every day. (3) Shower and washing. The water temperature in the shower should not be too low at first, it can be gradually reduced during exercise, and finally washed with cold water. Before washing, pat the chest with cold water, then spray the upper limbs, and then spray the whole body from head to toe for no more than 1 minute. After a period of exercise, gradually extend the time, every morning and evening. From summer and autumn, wipe the whole body with a dry towel after bathing. (4) immersion bath. Immersion bath can be carried out indoors and outdoors. Pat your chest with cold water before bathing, and wipe your whole body, especially your chest and abdomen, with a towel after soaking. The soaking time depends on individual circumstances to avoid chills. After taking a bath, wipe your waist, shoulders and knees with a dry towel until it is hot. (5) winter swimming. Winter swimming is carried out in natural waters. It is the comprehensive utilization of sunlight, air and water, and also the best form of cold water bath exercise. You can't stop moving after entering the water. You can swim to a certain intensity and then rub your whole body in the water. The time of winter swimming should be based on personal exercise, with no chills as the standard. Because winter swimming consumes a lot of energy, it should not be carried out for too long every day, and the amount of exercise should be properly controlled. After coming out of the water, quickly dry the whole body and keep warm, and get dressed immediately. 3. Precautions for cold water bath (1) Make full preparations before bathing to keep your body warm; After taking a bath, you should do some tidying activities properly to restore the warm feeling as soon as possible. (2) All forms of cold water bath should start from the warm season, and once it starts, it should be adhered to, so as not to weaken the effect. If the shower, immersion bath and winter swimming are interrupted for some reason, it is best to resume after bathing for a period of time. (3) It is not advisable to take a cold bath before and after meals 1 hour, otherwise it will affect digestion. (4) After strenuous exercise and labor, the body temperature is high, so it is not appropriate to take a cold bath immediately, and then take a proper rest. (5) Although cold water bath has therapeutic effect on some chronic diseases, you must consult your doctor. If you have fever, acute or subacute diseases, severe heart disease, severe tuberculosis and other diseases, it is not appropriate to take a cold bath.

(4) Running fitness method 1. Running is an effective means for growing young students to develop their physical qualities such as speed, endurance, agility and coordination, promote the development of motor organs and visceral functions, and enhance their physical fitness. For middle-aged and elderly people, running is also the best way to enhance the functions of various organ systems, prolong life and keep fit. Running can exercise the heart, protect it and prevent coronary heart disease. It is observed that people who practice running for a long time have normal myocardial metabolism, which can ensure that there is enough blood to supply the myocardium and it is not easy to have ischemic heart disease. Running can promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, improve circulation, prevent venous congestion of lower limbs and pelvic congestion, thus preventing hemorrhoids and thrombophlebitis. Running can also promote metabolism, control weight and prevent obesity. 2. Running method People who are weak and start practicing running can jog for a short distance first. Starting from 50 meters, gradually increase to 100 meters, 200 meters or even more. The speed is generally 30~40 seconds 100 meters. Those with good physical strength can run long distances, starting from 1000 meters, and gradually increasing the distance after adaptation, generally increasing to 3000 ~ ~ 5000 meters, and running at a speed of 6~~8 minutes 1000 meters. It is best to run in the morning. The amount of exercise should be controlled according to the maximum pulse rate per minute during running.

sports injury

All kinds of injuries in sports. The injured part is related to sports and special technical characteristics. For example, the injured parts of gymnasts are mostly wrists, shoulders and waist, which are related to the techniques of supporting, turning shoulders, jumping and rolling in gymnastics. Tennis elbow mostly happens to tennis players and javelin throwers. The main reasons for injury are: insufficient training level, poor physical fitness, incorrect movements and lack of self-protection ability; There is no or insufficient warm-up before exercise, poor physical condition, lack of training to adapt to the environment, improper teaching and competition organization. Sports injuries are more acute than chronic, and acute injuries can be transformed into chronic injuries due to improper treatment, untimely or premature participation in training. The principles of exercise and post-injury treatment are as follows: (1) Arrange the post-injury training reasonably to keep the athletes in a good training state and prevent the "stop training syndrome" from appearing due to sudden stop of training after injury; (2) Use protective belt correctly in practice to prevent tendon and ligament from being pulled, re-injured or loosened; (3) Strengthen local treatment, improve wound metabolism, eliminate edema and prevent deep adhesion and contraction. Prevention should follow the principle of sports training, scientifically arrange the amount of exercise, improve physical fitness, and strengthen medical supervision and safety education. Teaching should also improve students' ability of mutual protection and self-protection.

Health includes physical health and mental health. The World Health Organization believes that human health is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

(1) Have enough energy, and can calmly cope with daily life and work pressure without feeling nervous;

2 optimistic and willing to take responsibility;

3 Be good at rest and sleep well;

(4) Strong adaptability and adaptability to various changes in the external environment;

(5) can resist the common cold and infectious diseases;

6. Appropriate weight, well-proportioned figure, and coordination of head, shoulders and buttocks when standing;

⑦ Bright eyes, acute reaction and no inflammation of eyelids;

8. Hair is shiny and free from dandruff;

Pet-name ruby teeth clean, no tooth decay, no pain, no bleeding symptoms, normal gum color;

Attending muscle and skin are elastic.

The performance of mental health is:

(1) has a keen perception of reality;

2 love life, love others and love nature;

(3) Being able to establish deep friendship with a few people and having the enthusiasm to help others;

④ Have a genuine democratic attitude, innovative ideas and sense of humor;

(5) Being able to maintain independence and tranquility in the environment;

6 for the most common things, such as the rising sun, you can always keep interested;

All landowners can stand the test of joy and sadness;

Pay attention to basic philosophy and moral theory.