The Development History of China Ancient Literature in Tang Dynasty

China literature has a long history, which developed to a new stage of all-round prosperity in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. An unprecedented situation has emerged in the whole literary world, and brilliant achievements have been made in poetry, prose and novels.

In the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, the colorful formalism of the Six Dynasties still hung over the poetry circle, and palace-style poems flooded, especially in the Tang Dynasty, which also formed an "official style" poetry style. In the early Tang Dynasty, four outstanding poets, Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo, got rid of the shackles of formalism and began to seek truth and be pragmatic, opening up a unique style of Tang poetry with vigorous and fresh style. When he arrived in Chen Ziang, he vigorously swept away the poetic style of Qi and Liang, flaunted the tradition of "elegance and vulgarity" and "the style of Han and Wei", and advocated the reform of poetry, which opened the way for the development of Tang poetry.

First, Tang poetry

(A) Sui and early Tang poetry

1, Shangguan Yi:

During the Zhenguan period, the literature of the Southern and Northern Dynasties moved from opposition to integration. Emperor Taizong is the leader of Zhenguan literature. Zhenguan's poetic style was mainly influenced by the literature of the Southern Dynasties and gradually moved towards the court. Shangguan Yi is an important poet in the later period of Zhenguan. His creation became a typical paradigm representing the highest level of court poets' creation at that time.

"Shangguan style": Shangguan Yi's five-character poems are mostly works of harmony, with empty content, which is nothing more than appreciating the pleasure of the court and praising the gesture of his wife; It is gorgeous in form, "graceful and charming", pays attention to antithesis, and pursues the beauty of poetry's sound and words, body and things, and meticulous brushwork. When people follow suit, it is called "Shangguan style".

2. Wang Ji: the pioneer of pastoral poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The work "Wild Hope".

3. "Four Masters" and Shen Quanqi and Song Wenzhi (collectively called "Shen Song")

"Four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty": poet, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.

4. "Four friends of the article": Li Qiao, Su Weidao, Cui Rong and Du (court poets)

5. Zhang (early Tang Dynasty): The moonlight on the spring river was praised as a "solitary poem" by later generations.

6. Chen Ziang advocated "elegance", "prosperity" and "Han and Wei style", advocated restoring the tradition of beauty in the prosperous period of Han and Wei dynasties, opposed the poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties, and advocated the poetic aesthetic style of "elegance, frustration, brilliance and history". This preface became the basic program of Tang poetry innovation and established the correct direction for the healthy development of Tang poetry.

Creation: Thirty-eight "Feelings" and seven "Visiting Ancient Cirsium".

On the tower of Youzhou, behind me, is the future generation? Where was the past before me? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, tears fell down. "

(2) Tang poetry

Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods are called the "prosperous Tang Dynasty" in the history of literature, which is the most prosperous period of poetry. Schools abound, and famous artists come forth in large numbers. There are pastoral poets represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, and frontier poets represented by Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling, who describe the wonders of frontier fortress and invite people to travel. Li Bai and Du Fu were the most famous poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. They pushed the poetic art of romanticism and realism to the peak respectively, and were called "Du Li" in the history of literature.

1, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Landscape Poetry School

(1) Historical origin of landscape poems: During the Jian 'an period, the first complete landscape poem appeared-Cao Cao's View of the Sea.

Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty announced the birth of pastoral poetry.

Xie Lingyun: Becoming the first poet to write a lot of landscape poems,

(2) Meng Haoran: the first poet who wrote a lot of pastoral poems. In Qing Dynasty, Shen Deqian described Meng Haoran's poems as "light language but not light taste".

Its weaknesses are as follows: first, the language is simple and easy to use, completely ordinary and ordinary; Second, the narrative is straightforward and written one by one in the order of things. This smell:

1) is a simple person, with value for money and mellow feelings;

2) It is fresh scenery and noble taste;

3) It is a trained shallow language. For example, the "combination" and "inclination" of couplets, the "face" and "character" of neckline are extremely simple and practical, and they are extremely profound.

4) The image is taken. Images such as "chicken and millet", "green trees", "green hills", "nursery", "Sang Ma" and "chrysanthemum" are very common in this poem, but in the specific scene of this poem, the charm is meaningful, showing the role of refining words.

Natural simplicity, clarity and broadmindedness are the style characteristics of Meng Haoran's landscape poems.

(3) Wang Wei: In his pastoral poems, he created a quiet Ming Xiu poetic scene with "painting in poetry", which is exquisite and difficult to interpret.

Work: To the Fortress (is a poem about scenery. )

Riding a bike to visit the border and passing through Juyan County. Levy Peng, return the geese to Wu.

The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen. When I arrived at the small pass, I met a spy waiting for the knight and told me that Dou Hu was in Yan.

"Weicheng Qu" "There is no reason to persuade you to have a glass of wine."

2. Frontier Poetry School

Gao Shi: Gao Changshi. The masterpiece Ge Yanxing is dignified and profound in style, vigorous and tragic.

"Don't Be Big" "Thousands of miles away in Huang Yun, the sun is shining, and the north wind is blowing geese and snow. Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and no one in the world knows you. "

Masterpieces: A Journey to Sichuan, The Journey to the West and Song of Snow White Farewell to Tian Shuji's Home.

The beauty of Cen's poems lies in "strangeness".

A song "Snow White Farewells Tian Shuji Wu to Go Home", such as the spring breeze comes at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees.

Wang Zhihuan: There are six quatrains in this book, all of which are excellent. Dengque Lake and Liangzhou Ci are both masterpieces.

"Climb the stairs", "The mountains cover the day, the sea exhausts the golden river, climb one floor and drive three hundred miles."

3. Li Bai: "Fairy, stone fairy," the word Taibai, the number is Qinglian layman.

(1). Personality: unrestrained pursuit of absolute freedom.

(2) the ideological content of Li Bai's poems

1, passionate pursuit of ideals, eager to make contributions;

2. Criticize the political darkness and lash the decay of the ruling class;

3. Despise the powerful, despise the secular and pursue freedom;

4. Reflect people's life and sympathize with people's sufferings;

5. Describe the magnificent mountains and rivers and place your love for nature.

(3) Poetry types:

Yuefu and Gehang: 149 songs.

Rhyme: 1 18, mostly pentameter.

Quatrains: 48 five-character quatrains and 45 seven-character quatrains.

Li Bai's best poetic style: Yuefu poetry, Gexing poetry and quatrains. Works:

It's hard to go. One day, I will ride the long wind, break through the huge waves, erect my muddy sails and build a bridge in the deep sea.

The bones of great writers in the book Farewell to the School written by Xie Lou in Xuanzhou are all your brushes. In the Paradise School, I grew up beside you.

"Looking at Tianmen Mountain in the distance" and "The green hills on both sides are facing the lonely sails."

"Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran to Yangzhou" "The lonely sail is far away from the sky, and the Yangtze River is flowing in the sky."

"Nanjing Climbs Phoenix Terrace" and "Three Mountains and Half Falls, Egrets Across the River Like an Island"

During the reign of Emperor Wenzong, the imperial edict listed the poem of white dove, the sword dance of Pei Min and the cursive script of Zhang Xu as "three musts". (Biography of Li Bai in the New Tang Dynasty)

$ Li Bai's Yuefu-the ancient Yuefu was innovated in Li Bai's hands;

First, write current events through ancient inscriptions; The second is to express yourself with ancient questions.

Take Shu Daonan as an example:

The difficulty of Shu Dao is an old topic in Yuefu's Harmony Songs. "Yuefu Solving Problems" said: "The difficulty of Shu Dao" is going to talk about the resistance of copper beams and jade barriers. "It is impossible to study the age of poetry writing in detail. It is generally believed that it was written in the early years, that is, Li Bai Tianbao was in Chang 'an at the beginning of Yuan Dynasty.

(2) speculation on the theme: 1. Sin Yanwu II. Satire Zhang Qiu and Joan 3. The irony of Xuanzong is dangerous and cautious, not just referring to one person and one thing. 4. Send friends to Shu 5. That is, famous articles are meaningless. 6. Entrust the author with the feeling that his career is difficult to achieve. 7. Reflect the poet's thought of worrying about the country and expose the disadvantages of the times. 8. Praise the wonders and magnificence of mountains and rivers.

③ The whole poem is divided into three parts:

The first part, from the beginning to "then the stairs are connected with the stone stack", summarizes the difficulties of Shu Dao (highlighting "height" and "danger"), describes the origin of Shu Dao with ancient myths and legends, and renders the magical color and confusing realm of Shu Dao, paving the way for the following detailed description of the difficulties and difficulties of Shu Dao;

The second part, from "as high as a banner, six dragons drive the sun" to "those who are far away cry with joy", describes the difficulties of Shu Road from its lofty dangers and strange mountains and rivers.

The last part is the third part, which mainly focuses on the danger of the situation in Sichuan and further deepens the theme. Even after crossing thousands of difficulties and dangers, Sichuan has always been a land of war and separatism, and it is a man-made risk beyond the danger of Shu Dao, so from this perspective, Shu Dao is even more difficult.

④ This poem best represents Li Bai's poetic style and fully embodies its romantic features. The whole poem uses artistic expressions such as imagination, exaggeration, metaphor, suggestion and rendering, with great boldness of vision, unrestrained language and calm writing. From ancient times to the present, from the distance in space, from the superficial to the deep in emotion, it shows the height, danger, strangeness and difficulty of the road from Qin to Shu.

Li Bai's songs

Li Bai's songs mainly include Song of Accompanying the First Floor, Song of Xiangyang, Song of Heroes, Song of Xi Yue Yuntai to Send Dan Qiu Zi, Song of the River, Song of Yuhu Lake, Song of Liangyuan Garden, Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu, Song of Lushan Mountain, and so on. The value of Li Bai's songs lies in completely breaking all the inherent forms of poetry creation, being empty and helpless, with changeable brushwork, reaching the magical realm of unpredictable and random swaying. It fully embodies the spirit of the times in the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, full of vigor, spirit and emotion, and has the beauty of growing masculinity.

$,Li Bai's quatrains

Li Bai's quatrains are flowing, with bright language, flowing elegance and hearty charm. In the embrace of nature and daily life, poets will naturally write more about their aesthetic feelings and emotional moments. Li Bai's quatrains are greatly influenced by Yuefu folk songs, and there is a beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, naturally carved". For example, Wang Lushan Waterfall, Wang Tianmen Mountain, Quiet Night Thinking, seeing off Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou, and hearing that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln on the left, Mount Emei Yuege, Jingting Mountain sitting alone, and making Baidi City as early as possible.

(4) The artistic features of Li Bai's poems.

① Strong subjective color: "Qi is dominant, while sex is dominant";

Bold and elegant artistic style: amazing imagination, bold exaggeration, vivid metaphor combined with explosive emotional expression. The choice and combination of images are full of momentum and amazing exaggeration.

3 fresh and elegant language: "clear water gives hibiscus, natural carving."

(5) Li Bai's position and influence

Li Bai, the proud son of the times, shocked the poetry world as soon as he appeared; Poets such as Han Yu and Li Shangyin in the middle and late Tang Dynasty admired him very much. After the Song Dynasty, all poets were called "Du Li". In the eyes of future generations, Du Li is two eternal superstars in poetry.

Li Bai's influence on later generations is first of all the personality strength and charm shown in his poems. In the cultural tradition of China's ancient feudal society in which individual personality consciousness was suppressed by orthodox thoughts, Li Bai's wild and uninhibited pure personality, independent personality, awe-inspiring demeanor and natural and unrestrained spirit undoubtedly have great charm and shine brilliantly. The bold and elegant style, unpredictable imagination and the beauty of clear water lotus of his poems have great appeal to later poets. In the history of China's poetry, Li Bai has an irreplaceable immortal position.

4. Du Fu: He is a great poet who connects the great changes of Tang poetry. His poems are called "the history of poetry" by later generations.

Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity can be said to be a masterpiece of Du Fu in his later years.

(1) The main contents of Du Fu's poems:

(1) Allegory about current events, showing love for the motherland, three officials, three farewells, the two sides of the Yellow River being recovered by the imperial army, etc.

② Reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and show deep sympathy for the people, such as Spring Hope and Autumn Wind Breaking the Hut.

(3) Expose the decadent ruling class and show the poet's strong hatred, such as "Singing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian" and "Two for Tao".

Writing about scenery, reciting things, cherishing friends and describing daily life are saturated with people's thoughts and feelings.

Eight Poems to Climb the Mountain, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn is Full, Four Flowers Alone by the Riverside, Moonlit Night, Moonlit Night Remembering Brothers, Be there or be square, Climbing Yueyang Tower, and so on.

(2) The style of Du Fu's poems is gloomy and depressing:

Depression is the sadness, growth and profundity of feelings; Drug withdrawal is the ups and downs of emotional expression and repeated low returns. Its emotional tone is sadness.

Climb the peak

Birds fly home in the clear lake and white sand beach, and apes are sobbing in the sharp wind from the vast sky. Leaves fall all over the Yangtze River like a waterfall.

With my hundred years of sorrow, I climbed this height alone, and I have come three thousand miles away. Sad autumn. Heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine, and bad luck has formed a biting frost on my temples.

Through what I saw, heard and felt when I climbed the mountain, this poem depicts the sad three-dimensional Qiu Jiang map of Kuizhou and expresses the infinite sadness brought by the poet's solo stage. The situation will win, a puff of air. In the whole antithesis, every sentence was harmonious. Don't you think it's silly to be right from the beginning (Shi Buhua's Your Servant Poem). The style of depression and depression in this poem is very obvious. The magnificence of the scenery and the sadness of feelings in the poem constitute the ups and downs of the poem; The flying at the beginning and the soft and cold at the end form the frustration of poetry and composition. The above two aspects typically reflect the depressed and frustrated style of Du Fu's poems.

By describing the endless autumn colors, the endless Yangtze River and the poet's lonely image, this poem expresses the poet Wan Li's complex feelings of mourning for autumn, and shows the poet's broad mind and deep worries. This poem not only pays tribute to the neat arrangement, but also flows in one breath, blending scenes, imposing, strong realm, gloomy style, concise language and accurate words. Known as "the masterpiece of the past" (Hu Yinglin's "Poetry")

"I came from three thousand miles away in fourteen Chinese characters. Sad this autumn, sad for a hundred years, I climbed this high alone "including a stranger, a Wan Li guest, a longtime guest and a poor guest;" Climbing in late autumn, climbing alone, climbing in illness, climbing in old age and other layers of sadness, Yi Feng's words are very general.

(3) Works: "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night" sneaked into the night with the wind, moistening things silently.

The banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army. On a green spring day, I sang loudly, drank heavily and began to go home.

"Hope of Spring" and "After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold"

Once Wang Yue climbed to the top of the mountain to peek, he would see that all the other mountains looked short under the sky.

(4) Du Fu's position and influence: "Poet Saint" is a comprehensive poet, which plays an important role in connecting the past with the future.

(C) Poetry in the Middle Tang Dynasty

(1) Bai Juyi (representative of the new Yuefu movement)

1, Bai Juyi, the word Lotte, was named a Buddhist in Xiangshan in his later years, and he died as "Wen", and later generations also called "Bai Wengong".

At the age of 44 (8 15), Bai Juyi's life was divided into two periods. In the early days, "saving the world" was his dominant thought, and he wrote many satirical poems. In his later period, he created sentimental poems, a large number of leisurely poems and miscellaneous poems with "solitude" as the leading thought.

2. Bai Juyi's poetic theory.

First, the creative principle of adapting to the times.

B, satirize the creative requirements of beauty thorn.

C, sincere and hypocritical creative attitude.

D, about the relationship between form and content. The content is "root feeling" and "true meaning", and the forms are "Miao Yan" and "Hua Sheng". )

3. Creation: (fable, sentimentality, leisure, miscellaneous method)

(1) satirical poems: fifty poems about Qin Zhongyin and the new Yuefu.

(2) Sentimental Poetry: The most widely circulated are the long narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Xing".

The Artistic Features of Song of Eternal Sorrow

A, vivid and complete story, the whole poem is centered on "Song of Eternal Sorrow", with Li Yang's joys and sorrows as the clue to structure the plot. The first half is realistic, and the second half is fictional, with twists and turns and a strong romantic color.

B, whether the whole poem is realistic or imaginary, there is a strong lyrical atmosphere between the lines, which integrates narrative, lyricism and scenery writing, and pays attention to the creation of artistic conception.

C, neatly arranged, the language is delicate and smooth, the rhyme is harmonious, and the rhyme is beautiful.

Farewell to Frederick Cao Yuan and Wildfire didn't completely burn them down, but they were tall again in the spring breeze. (Gu Kuang)

(2) Other new Yuefu poets

1, Liu Changqing: There are more than 500 poems, most of which are five rhythms. He calls himself "Five Words Great Wall", and is also called "Qian Liu" with Qian Qi. His representative works include Lord of Hibiscus Mountain in the Snow House and Farewell to Lord of Che Ling.

2. Wei: He used to be a doctor of Zuo Si, known as the secretary in history, and also served as an ambassador to Jiangzhou and Suzhou, known as Wei Jiangzhou and Wei Suzhou in history. Among the pastoral poets in the Tang Dynasty, they were also called Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu. Guan Tian Jia and Xixi Chuzhou are his representative works. There are Wei Suzhou collections.

"In Xixi Chuzhou" was born by a secluded grass stream, and orioles sang on the trees. The spring tide brought the rain late and urgent, and there was no boat on the wild crossing.

3. Ten gifted scholars in Dali period: Qian Qi and Lu Lun achieved high success. Qian Qi is recognized as the first of the ten gifted scholars, and Lu Lun is famous for his frontier poems. His six songs are his representative works.

4. Han Meng School of Poetry: represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao, as well as Jia Dao, Lu Tong, Yao He, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian, Li He, Li Ao, Huang Pukun and others.

(1) theoretical proposition and aesthetic pursuit;

(1) "Unequal makes sound" and "pen complements nature"

(2) Advocating fantastic beauty: Advocating fantastic beauty is not only the poetic theory of Han Yu and Meng Jiao, but also the result of their hard work in creation. Form the style of "extraordinary rise and adventure" of Han Meng's poetry school

(2) Han Yu: Return the word. It is called "Wen", so it is called "Han Changli", "Han Official Department" and "Han Wengong".

There is a collection of Mr. Changli. Characteristics of Han Yu's "Poetry as Writing"

(3) Meng Jiao: Known for his bitter songs ("cold" language), he paid attention to the refinement of words and sentences, and pursued the strangeness and supernormality of his thoughts. What you do are all too old-fashioned works: Wandering Son, But how much love does an inch-long grass have with three strands of spring?

Later generations commented on Meng Jiao: "The cold island in the suburbs is thin" (Su Shi's "Sacrifice to Liu Wen")

"Dongye is poor to death, and Gao Tianhou is a poet." (Yuan Haowen's On Poetry)

(4) Jia Dao: Also known for his bitter songs. "Birds in the trees by the pool, monks knocking at the door of the moon" (titled "Li Ning lives in seclusion") is proud of "two sentences for three years, one song with two tears" (poem "Send Nobody"). There are also famous sentences such as "People catch the bright moon in the Yangtze River and the wind burns in the wilderness" ("Send Zhu Xi Xuan").

5. Liu Yuxi (The Poet): He and Liu Zongyuan are also called "Liu Liu", and in the evening, he and Juyi are poetry friends named "Bai Liu". What is most praised is his poems about history and nostalgia.

"Zhi Zhu Ci Me" Yangliuqing River level listening to the songs on the Langjiang River. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, sunny but sunny.

6. Liu Zongyuan: Create a clean and clear realm. A gloomy tone.

Works: There are no birds in the hundreds of mountains in Jiang Xue, and there are no footprints. A boat and a bamboo cloak are an old man fishing in the cold Jiang Xue.

7. Li He (Shi Gui and Genius):

(1) Li He's poetry anthology: Wang Qi's Collection of Comments on Past Dynasties in the Qing Dynasty, and Li Changji's Poetry Anthology. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House published 1977 Notes on Li He's Poems.

② The content of Li He's poems:

He is one of the most artistic poets in the history of China literature, and most of his poems are Yuefu poems. Full of sad emotions and withdrawn and grotesque personality characteristics.

(3) the characteristics of poetry: romanticism

8. Yuan Zhen

He wrote twelve new poems about Yuefu, among which Tian Jia Ci, which reflects the painful life of farmers, is the most famous. Together with Bai Juyi, a new Yuefu climax was formed. The poetic style is unpretentious, which is called "Bai Yuan Style" or "Yuanhe Style" (the new Yuefu in Zhenyuan and Yuanhe years).

Once I tasted the vast sea, I felt that the water in other places was pale; Once you have experienced the clouds in Wushan, you feel that the clouds elsewhere are eclipsed. Hurried through the flowers, lazy to look back; This reason is partly because of the ascetic monk, and partly because of who you used to be. (Wei Cong)

No one knows that the husband and wife will be sad, and many past memories are extremely sad. (Xue Tao)

9. Li Shen's "Compassion for Farmers" Part II: When weeding is at noon, sweat drips into the soil. Who knows that every grain of Chinese food is hard?

(D) Late Tang poetry

In the late Tang Dynasty, the political situation was turbulent and dangerous, and poetry was shrouded in sad and sentimental sentiment. Du Mu and Li Shangyin are the representatives of this period. Li Shangyin is famous for his poem Untitled with artistic characteristics, and Du Mu's sentimental works are bold and elegant, with far-reaching artistic conception. Li and Du are equally famous and are called "Xiao". The profound social contradictions in the late Tang Dynasty also promoted the formation of realistic poetry schools represented by Pi Rixiu, Nie and Du Xunhe. They directly inherited the tradition of the New Yuefu Movement and wrote a number of excellent poems that exposed the dark rule, reflected people's sufferings and stimulated popular books.

1, Du Mu: Mu Zhi. In his later years, he lived in Fan Chuan's grandfather's villa and wrote four volumes of Fan Chuan's poems. The most prominent is his nostalgic poems. What Du Mu's poems value most is scenery and lyricism. Du Mu's poems are rich in content, bold and hearty, and fresh and elegant in style. Works: Crossing Huaqing Palace is one of the three songs.

Chang' an turned around and embroidered piles on the top of the mountain. It was the first time to ride the world of mortals. No one knows it's litchi.

"Bo Qinhuai" Smoke Cage Cold Water Moon Cage Sand Night Park Merchants near Qinhuai Restaurant hate singing "backyard flowers" across the river.

"Mountain Walk" is far from Hanshan Stone Path. In Bai Yunsheng, some people will stop and sit in the maple grove of love. The frost leaves are red in February.

Du Mu's poems are handsome and bold, bold and heroic. Li Zhuo and Li Shangyin are both called "Little Du Li" in the poetry circles of the late Tang Dynasty. "Du Fanchuan's poems are heroic and heroic, and Li Fannan's poems are affectionate."

2. Li Shangyin: the word Yishan,no. Yuxi Sheng. This is Li Yishan. Ambiguous poetic realm.

Works: Love Poems: Untitled

The stars were bright last night, but there was a cool breeze at midnight. Our banquet is on the side of Hualou Temple and the east of the county. Without Cai Feng's wings, it is impossible to be Qi Fei in fly with me; The heart is like a soul, and the feelings are the same.

Guessing and intrigue, wine warms the heart; This group of people came to the bet of drinking friends, and a win-lose red in candlelight. Alas, it's time to call the roll in the morning when you hear the drums of the fifth watch; Riding to Lantai is like the wind in the wind.

Untitled

It was a long time ago that I met her, but since we separated, the time has become longer, the east wind is blowing, and a hundred flowers are blooming. Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night.

In the morning, she saw her hair cloud changing in the mirror, but she bravely faced the cold of the moonlight with her evening song. There are not many roads to Pengshan. Oh, Bluebird, listen! -Give me what she said! .

golden

I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a youthful interval. Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring.

Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun. This moment should have lasted forever, but it was in vain.

A short message to a friend in the north on a rainy night.

When you ask about the return date, it's hard to say, evening rain, Manqiuchi. When * * * cut the candle at the west window, but talk about the rain at night.

Second, the prose ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty

In addition to poetry, prose, novels and other styles have also developed significantly in the Tang Dynasty. Since the Qi and Liang Dynasties, parallel prose is soft and colorful, and its form is rigid, which has become an obstacle to the development of literature. During the period of Wu Zetian, Chen Ziang advocated the reform of poetry; When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Xiao, Li Hua, Jie Yuan and others began to write ancient prose, which started the ancient prose movement. Later, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and others launched the ancient prose movement, which was a comprehensive innovation in style, style and writing. They opposed parallel prose, demanded that "what you say must be done" and "all posts should be recognized according to what you say", practiced their own literary ideas, and wrote many essays with rich content and simple language, which ended the long-term economic and literary situation of parallel prose and made prose a new literary genre independent of the literary world.

(A) the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty

(1) the social background of the ancient prose movement

After the Anshi Rebellion, the world went from bad to worse, the governors became independent, the officials were corrupt, the people were in poverty, and the government was in chaos. Faced with the grim situation, some scholars rose up with a strong sense of hardship, participated in the discussion of state affairs, and wanted to change in order to prosper the DPRK. Accompanied by a strong desire for revival, it is the ideological trend of reviving Confucianism. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan pushed the trend of reviving Confucianism to a climax. This led to the reform of writing style and writing style.

(2) About the concept of "ancient prose"

Parallel prose, which pays attention to antithesis, ornamentation, allusion and melody, has ruled the literary world for more than 400 years since the Tang Dynasty, and its gorgeous form often becomes an obstacle to expressing ideas and reflecting reality. The so-called "ancient prose" refers to the prose that prevailed in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. It is characterized by simplicity and naturalness, and it is a relative title of parallel prose characterized by pomp and extravagance and antithesis since Wei and Jin Dynasties.

(3) Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan's ancient prose theory.

On the basis of inheriting predecessors, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan put forward a more clear and realistic theory of ancient Chinese prose. The main proposition is:

First, "Ming Dow is the religion of literature", "Tao is the religion of literature", and literature and Taoism are integrated, giving priority to Taoism. This is the core of Han and Liu's ancient prose movement theory.

Second, strengthen self-cultivation and nourish the spirit of literature.

Third, oppose conformity and emphasize innovation.

Fourth, reflect the reality, "injustice will sound."

Fifth, what Chen said is true and the text is in good order.

(2) Han Yu's prose:

(1) on essays, world theory, etc. Emphasis is placed on promoting orthodoxy and Confucianism. There is not much literary talent, but it reflects reality and exposes contradictions. It has an anti-vulgar and anti-traditional power and is full of strong emotions.

2 essays, essays, etc. Satire, sharp, short and pithy, with exquisite conception, has high literary value. Like Ma Shuo.

(3) Biography and epitaph are better than narrative. The characters are vivid, and some are almost novel. Such as Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng and Sacrifice to Twelve Lang.

(C) Liu Zongyuan's prose

(1) Liu Zongyuan's essays have two characteristics:

First, irony, using questions and answers to express their feelings of being demoted and abandoned.

The second is to attack political enemies and reality with similar things. Fables such as Three Commandments are short and pithy, full of philosophy, and there are many excellent biographies and lyric works.

(2) Travels of Mountains and Rivers is a masterpiece in Liu Zongyuan's prose. It is also the crystallization of the author's tragic life and aesthetic experience. Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes are characterized by the beauty of "sad and cold bones" from expressing sadness to artistic expression of nature. His masterpiece is Eight Records of Yongzhou. This is eight travel notes written by the author who was demoted from Yongzhou to Sima and traveled to the Western Hills of Yongzhou twice in Yuan He's four and seven years.

(4) Late Tang Prose: Its representative writers are Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng, Luo Yin and others.

Third, Tang Legend and Bianwen

The prosperity of urban economy in the middle and late Tang Dynasty resulted in corresponding legendary novels. Tang legends is based on real life and is a conscious literary creation of literati. The mid-Tang Dynasty was the heyday of legendary novels, and famous works such as Sleeping Story by Shen Jiji, Biography of Liu Yi and Conan by Li Gongzuo and Biography of Yuanyang by Yuan Zhen appeared. The appearance of The Legend of Tang Dynasty marks the development of China's ancient short stories to a new stage.

Popular sayings and variants have developed with the translation of a large number of Buddhist scriptures. Folklore was originally a form in which monks chanted Buddhist stories in popular language. Later, some folk artists used this form to tell folk stories and historical stories. People call the stories told by ordinary monks and folk artists in the Tang Dynasty Bianwen. Surviving variants were found in Dunhuang, including "Demon's Variant" and "Wu Zixu's Variant".

(1) Legend: a short story in classical Chinese in the Tang Dynasty. Legend first appeared in Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying.

(2) The development of Tang legends has roughly experienced three periods:

(1) The prosperous period of the early Tang Dynasty is the beginning period, and it is also the transition period from the Six Dynasties to the mature Tang legends. Representative writers and works include Gu Jingji by Wang Du, Biography of General Bujiang White Ape by Wu Ming and You Xian Cave by Zhang Kun.

② The mid-Tang Dynasty was in its heyday, and the legendary theme gradually turned from immortals to real life, with high artistic achievements. Representative writers and works include Leaving Soul by Chen, Memories in Pillow by Shen Jiji, Biography of Long Hatred by Chen Hong, Biography of Li Wa by Bai Xingjian, Biography of Yingying by Yuan Zhen, Biography of Conan Taishou by Li Gongzuo, Biography of Liu Yi by Li and Biography of Huo Xiaoyu by Jiang Fang.

③ The late Tang Dynasty was in decline, and the number of works increased, but the quality declined. However, another feature is the emergence of a large number of representative writers and works of legendary albums, such as Niu Sangru's Mystery Record, Li Fuyan's Mystery Record, Pei Yi's Legend and Du Guangting's Campus Guest Biography.

(3), representative works:

Love and marriage themes: Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa, Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying, Li's Biography of Liu Yi, Shen Jiji's Biography of the Stone Man, etc.

(4) the influence of legend

(1) Many legendary works have become an important source of themes for three generations of operas in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Biography of Yingying —— Dong Jieyuan's The Story of Zhu Gong's Tune in the West Chamber, Wang Shifu.

The West Chamber and Li Rihua's The Southwest Chamber.

② It also influenced later novels (including classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels).