The customs and habits of all ethnic groups during the Spring Festival (including what clothes to wear and what to eat, etc. )

All ethnic groups living in the Northeast have their own traditional Japanese festivals, which are rich in cultural connotations and historical accumulation of these ethnic groups, and stubbornly restrict their behavior and consciousness with great inheritance. The national festivals in Northeast China are: Tianzang Festival, Insect King Festival and Medicine Incense Festival of Manchu; Mongolian Nadam, Black Ash Festival, Bristle Festival and Printing Festival; Hui Jia Festival and Hui marriage of Korean nationality: holy day, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha of Hui nationality; Daur, Ani and smear festival; Xibe smear festival and relocation festival; Bainacha of Oroqen and Ewenki; Deer God Festival, burning buns and Wurigong of Hezhe nationality; Kirgiz Nowruz Festival, Lop Nur Zuojie Festival and so on. 2. The national festivals in Northeast China have distinct national and regional characteristics. For example, the deer god festival of Hezhe nationality is held on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month every year. The activity is centered on offering sacrifices to the tiger god. On the day of the festival, the whole village will dance with the shaman, so it is called Deer God Festival. The formation of Deer God Festival is related to the primitive beliefs of Hezhe people. The purpose of the activity is to ask God to exorcise ghosts, eliminate disasters and pray. The ancient Hezhe people believed that everything was animistic, with mountain gods in the mountains and river gods in the rivers. They made statues for tigers, wolves and mandarin fish in the forest and put them at home for worship. Deer God Festival is a vivid portrayal of the production and life of fishing and hunting nations. Moxiang Festival is a traditional festival of Xibo, Daur and Mongolian in northeast China. On the 16th day of the first month of every year, young people, men, women and children get up at dawn, and their hands are covered with oil and pot bottom ash. You're chasing each other, trying to discredit each other. Instead of being upset, the erased people are extremely happy. Even if the elderly don't take part in the chase, they should put a little black ash on their foreheads to show good luck. It is said that this festival is to celebrate the harvest in advance, and it is also called "Ghost Festival". The face is oiled to prevent ghosts from recognizing themselves. This festival is characterized by strong participation. Jiahui Festival is a traditional festival of Korean nationality with national characteristics. When the old man (60 years old) was born, his descendants, relatives and friends, and the whole village came to celebrate his birthday. The activities were very grand and lively. The guests who came to celebrate their birthday wore festive clothes, and the old man who celebrated his birthday put on new clothes and sat in the middle of the banquet. The eldest son and his wife began to bow down in turn to celebrate their birthday. I want to sing and dance and enjoy myself. Jiahui Festival not only embodies the Korean tradition of respecting the elderly, but also embodies the Korean national character of singing and dancing, enthusiasm and unrestrained. Mongolians are called "people on horseback" in history, and the bristle festival and printing festival of Mongolians fully embody this feature of grassland culture. The bristle festival is held at different times. When the foal is one year old, it will cut its mane for the first time, and then a grand mane cutting ceremony will be held. At the ceremony, an old shepherd with high prestige and superb cutting skills was hired first. Chief Manar first toasted the mane cutting, sprinkled milk wine on the first pony whose mane was cut, put cream on the pony's forehead, and then began to cut the mane. The mane cut by the first barber should be given to Jiya for sacrifice. Then he began to pat the horse's mane one by one. Until all the horses have finished their manes, they will hold a banquet on the grass and wish the horses prosperity. Printing festivals are usually held when grass sprouts. Printing Festival-n, people drive horses, cows and sheep from a distance to the designated grassland. Usually printed by shepherds who are good at riding, branding, horsemanship and respect. The printer should spread cream on the printing tools and tie Hada on the handle. Participants lined up, and when the printing tools were red in the fire, the host announced the start of printing. By this time, all the riders were impatient, all riding horses, swinging pole, around the horse, and rushed to harness the horse. On the grassland, people suddenly called Ma Si, the hoofbeat was like thunder, the smoke covered the sky, and the scene was spectacular. Each riding a glove is a fierce horse, and the printer marks the left cross center of the horse. The purpose of printing was originally used for tax calculation, and later it was widely used for identification. Every tribe and every family has its own imprint, which is never repeated, never confused and easy to identify. On the festival day, people gather to see the harness. The girls took this opportunity to choose the right person, and the young man tried his best to show his horse tying skills in front of the girls. Printmaking Festival, an ancient memory culture, has been spread on the grassland to this day. Although all ethnic groups in Northeast China have their own holiday customs, with the development of history, cultural integration is inevitable. Festival customs show that you have me and I have you. Especially for some ethnic groups with small population, under the background of accelerating modernization, their holiday customs are on the verge of disappearing. During Liao and Jin Dynasties, the customs of Chinese culture and festivals in the Central Plains spread to the northeast. According to Biography at the End of Song Dynasty, Jurchen "didn't know how to remember the year" and "took Cao Yiqing as one year old". However, after the war with Liao and Song Dynasties, I learned about New Year's Day, Lantern Festival and other festivals. "Biography at the end of the Song Dynasty" once recorded: "Jurchen does not know the years, like a lamp. In the past year (1 1 2 9), a China monk was plundered to his monastery, met Yuan, and showed it with a long pole and a light ball. Goddess Wu was shocked and asked around:' Is it a star evil?' Loyal to ... After a few years in Yan State, I know it quite well, and it has flourished to this day. "This shows that the monks who moved northward first spread the custom of decorating lanterns on the Lantern Festival. With the increase of Han immigrants in Northeast China, the Han nationality has gradually become the main ethnic group in Northeast China, and the holiday customs of the Han nationality have naturally become the main holiday customs in Northeast China. New Year's Day, Shangyuan, Qingming, Dragon Boat Festival, Central Plains, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival and New Year's Eve are celebrated not only by Han people, but also by other ethnic groups. However, due to the different natural environment, the customs of these central plains festivals have changed greatly since they were introduced to the northeast. First of all, under the influence of the special climate in Northeast China, Han immigrants, mainly farmers, gradually mastered the production festivals of busy farming and slack farming. According to the production festivals, the festival activities of New Year's Eve are adjusted, which downplays the festivals in busy farming season and increases the weight of festivals in slack farming season. For example, in the Spring Festival in Northeast China, although it is also in the form of sweeping away dust, pasting Spring Festival couplets and stick grilles, pasting the word "Fu" upside down, pasting New Year pictures, observing the New Year, setting off firecrackers, worshipping parents and ancestors, the festive atmosphere of the whole Spring Festival is stronger and more "year-round". In time, the beginning of the Lunar New Year begins with Laba. As the saying goes, "Don't cry, son. Kill pigs after Laba. " Don't be greedy for children, it is the year after Laba. "Every family should invite friends and relatives. Often after a banquet, I eat a quarter of a pig (commonly known as a corner of meat). From this day on, families began to pack jiaozi and steamed bread (commonly known as dry food) and were busy preparing for the Spring Festival. Every family turns to their relatives and neighbors for help, which is not only a labor process, but also a rare social opportunity to communicate information and enhance family ties. Secondly, in terms of diet during the Spring Festival, the Northeast and the Central Plains are also very different. Due to the extremely cold climate, the Spring Festival foods of Northeast people are mainly frozen products, dried vegetables and pickles, such as frozen jiaozi, frozen steamed bread, frozen meat, frozen fish, dried bean curd, eggplant, pickled cabbage, sherry red, and frozen pears and candied haws. The cold effect makes the northeast people play incisively and vividly. In the first month, relatives, no matter far or near, began to enjoy themselves as soon as they entered the kang. For children, the New Year means that they can enjoy sledding, smoking moraine, having snowball fights and making snowmen. Ice and snow gave them endless joy. The ice-rolling festival of Mulan in Heilongjiang Province on the 15th day of the first month is more groundbreaking in the history of ice and snow culture. Adults certainly have the pleasure of adults, that is, watching Errenzhuan, dancing yangko and walking on stilts. These customs highlight the generous, open-minded, warm and cheerful personality characteristics of the Northeast people. Compared with the customs of the Spring Festival in North and South China, the distinction between elegance and vulgarity is very obvious. The elegance in the south embodies the restraint of Confucian ethics and respect for procedures, while the vulgarity and wildness in the northeast are the publicity of human nature and the affinity for nature. Festivals and customs in Northeast China are valuable humanistic resources, especially for the development of tourism. Therefore, protecting and inheriting Japanese festivals and customs in Northeast China not only has important social significance, but also can bring considerable economic benefits. The protection of intangible cultural heritage is not a single project, but more importantly, the cultural ecological environment. As the saying goes, "If the skin doesn't exist, the hair will be attached", which should be the ultimate significance of UNESCO's protection of intangible culture. Manchu costumes between Baishan and Heishui are the birthplace of Manchu, and the Manchu costumes in Jilin Province have the characteristics of Manchu orthodox costumes. The Qing dynasty has also had a profound influence on the costumes of the Han nationality for more than one hundred years. The first thing worth paying attention to is the famous cheongsam at home and abroad. Qipao is called "Yi Jie" in Manchu. Its style features round neck, twisted lapel, right slit, long waist, four slits (later changed to two slits) and narrow sleeves (some with arrow sleeves), which are suitable for riding and shooting and keeping warm. Dry food utensils can be put in front when hunting. Arrow sleeve, also known as horseshoe sleeve, is a horseshoe-shaped part added to the sleeve. When riding and shooting, it warms the back of the hand, usually rolls it up. When saluting, it dusts off the horseshoe sleeves and kowtows to show its respect. Women's cheongsam is generally more suitable for beautiful women because it has no slit and no belt. Skirts and collars often have wide lace, the so-called "big edge". After years of reform and evolution, women's cheongsam has developed to a waist, which can highlight the curvaceous beauty of women. So far, it has been loved by women of all ethnic groups and even spread abroad. A jacket is a coat that covers a robe. It has a collar, a pair of lapels, buttons and four sides split. Suitable for immediate activities, so it is a cloud jacket. Use clips in spring and autumn and thread ends in winter. There are also large lapels, pipa lapels (there are lapels, which are three inches shorter and have bottom buttons, such as holding a pipa), short sleeves and long sleeves. Generally speaking, "the umbilicus is long and the elbow is long". Long sleeves are more common in the later period. Robes and jackets were used as dresses in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Vest is commonly known as vest, and Manchu is also called vest. Double-breasted, collarless and sleeveless. There are also some names such as straight face, round face, twisted face, pipa face, literal face, Batulu (Manchu, samurai) vest and so on. The vest is easy to wear and has the functions of protecting the heart and back and decorating the robe. Now I'm used to wearing it under my coat as underwear. @ @ @ Pidaha is the common name of Manchu fur coat. Simple cutting, knee-length Generally, you don't dry noodles, and your hair wears out. Later, it was refined for the nobles and became the uniform of the prince when he went out. In order to be suitable for riding and shooting, Manchu men's shoes are mainly boots. Rich people wear "kicking horses" more. "Horse" is half height, some shoes are all leather, some are half leather and half cloth, that is, it is blue velvet from the ankle. The lining is covered with a thin layer of cotton and looks great. Wear felt socks under the horse. The upper leather is mostly cyan, and the bottom is yellow leather. The front face at the seam between the vamp and the bottom is pleated, and the bottom is slightly upturned, which is firm. Not only Manchu men like to wear it, but also Mongolian and Chinese military police and rich people. A kind of shoe similar to a horse is called a cow. To the north of Changchun, there are also "solid cows". They are all leather, some are pleated in front of the hair, and some are pleated in front of the smooth leather plate. Cowhide is the best, but horse skin, sheepskin and pigskin are also useful. The skin is cooked very thin, mostly purple, for noodles. The soles and shoes of "Niu Niu" are sewn together, which are similar to those of "Niu Niu", but they are all genuine leather, with different colors and thinner skins. The hairstyle of Manchu is very different from that of Han nationality. In the Qing dynasty, men shaved their foreheads, leaving their hair behind, combing it into a single braid and hanging over their heads. When a woman is young, she wears a bun (double bun), combs her hair before marriage (tying the roots and ends of her hair with red velvet rope), and wears a bun on her head after marriage, combing both ends. Insert a square, a hairpin and a velvet flower on it. The national flag dresses in Changchun are the same as those in the whole country. @ @ @ The so-called "two ends" is an indispensable and unique hairstyle for aristocratic women's flags and skirts. That is, the wig headdress made of satin decorated with flat archways on Manchu women's heads. The two handles are "two handles with tight wings" and "two handles with pull wings". Both handles have seats under them and are fixed on the bun. The so-called wingman refers to the point where the upper ends of the two handles swell and sag. Young women like to comb the two heads of big wings, while old women or women in the late Qing Dynasty often comb the two heads of wings, that is, the two heads of shrinking little wings. Young women, like Han people, tie a bun at the back of their heads. Contemporary elderly women, some of whom tie a bun at the top, are a continuation of the Qing Dynasty hairstyle. @ @ @ In order to adapt to the hairstyle of Manchu, men generally wear hats (melon hats) and red hats, and in winter they use felt hats or fur ear fans. Ladies often wear a roll-edged Kunyu hat with a red top and a ribbon suffix. Old women are used to wearing a brain bag, tying a ribbon on their forehead, or wearing an ear bag to keep warm. @ @ @ As the saying goes, Qijia women "don't cut their hair and pedicure" means that the hair accessories on their heads are heavy, but their feet are not very elegant, which means that they don't tie their feet and pedicure. In the past, Han women liked to wrap their feet, which became a bad habit. They are full of riding and shooting groups, but they are not infected with this disadvantage. But that doesn't mean you don't consider the footwork under your feet. Women's shoes are also quite elegant. Manchu inherited the ancient custom of "chopping wood to make shoes" and developed into women's high-top wooden soled shoes, commonly known as "flag shoes". The bottom of the wood is three to five inches high, or even six or seven inches high. Wrapped in white fine cloth, embedded in the middle of the sole, equivalent to the center of the foot. Wear shoes that fit your feet, and the vamp is embroidered with all kinds of delicate butterflies and flowers. The wooden bottom is shaped like a horseshoe, which is called "horseshoe shoes", and the flowerpot shoes are called "flowerpot shoes". Flag shoes worn by elderly women, those with flat bottom (or cloth bottom) are called flat shoes. The front end is slightly cut, just like high heels. Banner women's shoes are most taboo without flowers, similar to fierce clothes. Both men's and women's socks are made of cloth, and the soles have various patterns, which are durable and elegant. Koreans generally like plain white to show cleanliness, neatness, simplicity and generosity, so Koreans have been called "white people" since ancient times and call themselves "white compatriots". The traditional costumes of Korean people are called "Zegaoli" and "Ma Qi". Women's clothes are short skirts, men's clothes are short jackets, plus waistcoats and wide trouser legs. I wore a robe tied with a cloth belt when I went out, and now I am wearing a uniform or a suit. Korean dress short skirt is a major feature of Korean women's clothing. There is a long white cloth belt with a bow under the right shoulder of the jacket. Long skirts often have long folds. Skirts can be divided into wrap skirts, tube skirts, long skirts, short skirts and aprons. Short coat, called "Zegaoli" in Korean, is a kind of clothes with oblique collar, no buttons, tied with a belt and only covering the chest; Long skirt, called "Chima" in Korean, has fine pleats at the waist and is loose and elegant. This kind of clothes is mostly made of silk, and the color is very bright. Young women generally like to wear tube skirts and short skirts, while old women often wear wrapped skirts and long skirts. Middle-aged and elderly women wear cotton (leather) vests in winter. Men's clothes are short, trousers are long and fat, and they wear vests, and some wear Taoist robes or Korean robes. Taoist robes used to be used by literati and Confucian scholars, but later they became dresses for men to go out. Robes can be worn as coats and can be divided into singles, clips and cotton.