Literature Classification of China's Classical Philology

Documents refer to ancient contracts, official documents, contracts, letters, cases, letters, memorials, proclamations, complaints, etc. , such as post-Shu, Dunhuang, Turpan and Huizhou documents.

Archives are all kinds of documents and materials with reference and utilization value after centralized filing and preservation, which are called archives.

China's archives originated very early, and the Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Anyang, Henan Province in the late Qing Dynasty were "records belonging to the royal family, and archives belonging to the royal family of the Yin Dynasty" (An Overview of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Chen Yin Ruins, page 46). The preserved and unearthed inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty recorded important activities in life, reward, ambition, conquest, litigation and other aspects. , naturally has the nature of a file. In China, the archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties are the most existing archives, with about10 million pieces (volumes), which are mainly kept in the First Historical Archives of China.

Archives are naturally produced by people in various social activities, are original written records, have never been modified and processed, are first-hand materials for studying history, and can directly reflect the original appearance of history. Archives are different from books. Because of its originality and objectivity, archives are more authentic and reliable than other historical materials and classics.

A collection is a collection of single poems by multiple authors, which is called a collection. It is relative to other sets.

The emergence of the genre "Collections" first promoted Jin Zhiyu's Collection of Articles. "Biography of Jin Shu Zhi Yu": Zhi Yu "wrote an ancient chapter, divided into 30 volumes, named Liu Bieji, each with his own theory, and his words were appropriate and more important than the world". Unfortunately, this collection of essays has been lost today. Therefore, the earliest existing anthology should be the anthology of children in the Southern Dynasties.

Anthology refers to a collection of literary works created by an author in various styles, as opposed to "collection".

The word "don't be yourself" appeared 2000 years ago, as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Bie Ji began to prevail and developed greatly, and it became more prosperous after the Tang and Song Dynasties, and quite a few Bie Ji were published.

Class books are reference books that collect or copy all kinds of ancient books in China, sort them out in different categories, and arrange them under subordinate categories for people to consult.

This kind of books is characterized by being called by miscellaneous words. The content collected often ranges from astronomy to geography, touching social life, science and technology, and cultural knowledge. All human knowledge and world knowledge are collected in this way, and it is a classic document with the nature of an encyclopedia.

The political book is a reference book that compiles the information of laws and regulations in the literature, sorts them out and narrates them for reference. In short, a political book is a special book that records the laws and regulations of past dynasties or generations. It covers a wide range of contents, including political system, economic system, cultural system, astronomy and geography, literature and art, etc. The earliest creator of this genre was Herry Liu in the Tang Dynasty. He collected a large number of laws and regulations and compiled the Political Code, which was compiled in the last year of the Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan (7 13 ~ 74 1).

According to the time range of collecting laws and regulations, political books can be divided into two categories: one is "connecting the past and the present", that is, the so-called "nine links" and "ten links"

One is dating, which is called "meeting" and "meeting code"

Series, also known as serialization, serialization, linking, linking and linking, is a collection of works compiled by editors with a general title according to a certain purpose. There are thousands of books, only a few of which are rare. For the series, these included works are called the subtitles of the series.

The earliest book named after "Series" was Li Ze Series by Lu Guimeng in Tang Dynasty, but this book is not a series, but a collection of poems and fu by the author. The real compilation series began with Nine Classics edited by Feng Dao in the Five Dynasties. This is a compilation series. Generally speaking, it became the earliest Confucian warning compiled by Ding Sun and Yu Jing in the second year of Jiatai in the Southern Song Dynasty (1202). This book is the first comprehensive series of books in China, which is compiled from seven books "Promoting the cause of children, admonishing and punishing personnel".

There are many kinds of books, which can be generally divided into two categories: comprehensive category and professional category. China Book Comprehensive Annals can be divided into "compilation" and "category compilation". "Compilation" is divided into five categories: miscellaneous compilation, compilation, county and city, and independent compilation, and "category compilation" is divided into four categories: classics, history and sub-compilation.

Notes refer to the short texts recorded by ancient Chinese authors and the books published by compiling these short texts into a book, also called written talks or essays. Notes have a wide range of contents, including all aspects of social life; This is of great reference value for studying the economy, politics and culture of ancient China society.

Notes began in the pre-Qin period and developed greatly in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, there were many strange notes, such as Zhang Hua's Natural History in the Jin Dynasty and Gan Bao's Search for the Gods. Shi Shuo Xin Yu, written by Liu Yiqing in the Southern Dynasties, is a masterpiece of anecdote notes in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, notes were "turned into legends and anecdotes into miscellaneous records", such as Youyang Zaju. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, notes developed further, the number surged and the subject matter expanded.

Table spectrum refers to a reference book that reflects the concepts of time and history according to the category or system of things, and is the general name of historical tables such as calendars and chronologies. Notation can help people to study and convert different calendars, years, months and days, so that readers can systematically understand the development and evolution of historical figures and events, which is helpful to the horizontal comparative study of Chinese and foreign history.

The spectrum is divided into annual spectrum and spectrum.

Local chronicles refer to books describing the natural and social aspects of an administrative region, also known as local chronicles. The contents of such books are very extensive, generally including administrative system, evolution, territory, mountains and rivers, Tianjin and Hebei, places of interest, resources, products, astronomy, climate, disasters, people, culture, education, science and technology, sports, nationalities, folk customs and so on, reflecting the social and historical living conditions at different stages and the development of politics, economy, culture and technology. This is of great significance to China's economy, economy and science and technology.

China's local chronicles originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to the book Li Zhou Guan Chun, there was a post of "unofficial history" in the Zhou Dynasty, who was responsible for "taking charge of the aspirations of the four directions". Local chronicles originated from Shan Hai Jing and Shang Yu Shu Gong, and recorded the ancient geographical knowledge of China. 1, title and author

(1) Many ancient books have no titles.

In China, the ancient people wrote books, or narrated lyricism, or argued, all of which were emotional, while the form was written in words, which were often written first and then drafted, not drafted first and then written. According to the historian Li Sheng's Lu Jiachuan, Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, instructed Lu Jia to write a historical story for him. Liu Jia wrote twenty articles, and Liu Bang was very happy to read them. He thought the story in the book was unheard of, so he named it Newspeak. Therefore, Lu Jia did not draw up a title before writing.

It is common for ancient books to have no titles. Most of the names of ancient books now known are added by later generations. (2) About the naming of ancient books:

The title is the beginning of this book. For example, there is a cloud at the beginning of the literacy textbook "Ji Jiu Pian" written by You Shi in Han Dynasty: "Ji Jiu is unusual, listing the names of all things and living in different toilets." Is to use the word "hurry" as the title of the book.

Ram biography school-based

Take the author's surname or title as the title of the book. Such as three biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period: Zuo Qiuming wrote Zuo Zhuan; Biography of Ram, written by Ram Gao; Gu Liangxi's Biography of Gu Liang. Named after the abstract. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu's history book was called Spring and Autumn, which summarized a year with the word Spring and Autumn all year round, and showed a chronology of major events by year.

Named after a moral. For example, Han Feizi's Five Cheaps, Indignation and Puzzle, and Qu Yuan's Li Sao.

Pre-Qin classics often don't mention the author's name. In the Book of Songs, most of the more than 300 books are anonymous except a few whose names can be found. The works of the pre-Qin philosophers were called One Son, but they were not written by themselves. Many of them were written by students, disciples, guests and their descendants.

After the Han Dynasty, the names of authors recorded in ancient books gradually increased, and the marking methods were also different, or the names were marked at the same time, or the names were replaced by names, or the author's native place and official position were marked. For example, Zhang Yan, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was named Yutian, whose native place was Tianshui, and his collection of words "White Clouds in the Mountains" was named "Western Qin (referring to Tianshui)". Another example is recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian: "Duan Mingtang's bachelor and imperial academy's bachelor, Dr. Chao San suggested to compile and present the temple, and Chongfu Palace in Songshan, Xijing was promoted, and founding ceremony, a bamboo country in Hanoi County, had 1,800 restaurants, and Sima Guangfeng, the minister of Zijin Fish Bag, presented it. "

2. The title and order of ancient books

The ancient books are listed after the main text.

The way ancient people compiled books was often different from that of later generations. The content of essays and chapters is usually placed at the end of an article or chapter. For example, there is a fu in Xunzi, including five fu: courtesy, ambition, luck, silkworm and treasure. At the end of each assignment, the names of the assigned objects are written, and the names of the objects overlap. This overlap is by no means unnecessary. These five words, courtesy, knowledge, cloud, silkworm and remonstrance, are the titles of these five poems, and they are all inscribed at the end of each poem. There are four kinds of lost articles in the first volume of Laozi, a silk book of Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, and the titles are all in one chapter or after.

Probably after the popularity of block printing, the catalogue of ancient books was put in the frontispiece. With the increasing application of books, the title of the book is placed at the end of the whole book, which is inconvenient to find, so this change naturally occurs.

The preface of ancient books often ends with the whole book.

To understand the content, theme, style and process of a book, it is best to read its preface first. Ancient books are often orderly (collectively referred to as preface). The preface to Historical Records Taishi Gong is a typical preface, which summarizes the author's own lineage, describes the process of writing books, researches the academic origin, and summarizes each narrative one by one.

The preface of modern books is listed at the beginning of the volume, and the preface of ancient books is listed at the end of the book. For example, The Preface to Taishi Gong, A Brief Introduction to Huainan Zi, A Biography of Hanshu, Xu Shen's Explaining Words, and Liang's Preface to Wen Xin Diao Long.

3. The meaning of ancient "articles" and "volumes"

The description of ancient documents is based on articles and volumes, starting with Liu Xiang's Bielu and Liu Xin's Qilv.

inscribed wooden slip

China used bamboo slips and wooden slips to write books in ancient times, and compiled strategies (volumes). Usually, one strategy is to compile (articles). Therefore, it is called "article". While bamboo slips and wooden slips are popular, books are also written in silk and counted as "volumes". Therefore, for the interpretation of the words "pian" and "Juan", it is generally believed that "pian" is a group of bamboo slips and bamboo slips, which are later used to refer to an article with a complete ending and also to refer to the components of a work. Such as Historical Records, Biography of Mencius and Xunqing, and Seven Chapters of Mencius. "Volume" refers to the paper written on the silk book, and later refers to a part of the book. Ming Hu Yinglin's "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection Classic Collection I": "The books before the Tang Dynasty were scrolls, and now they are called scrolls, which are ancient axes." In the era of simplified books, proofreading is a link of book proofreading. Liu Xiang's definition is: "When a person reads a book, he proofreads it up and down, and his fallacies and heresies are proofread"; "One person holds a book, one person studies, and if the enemy is opposite, it is called". The so-called "proofreading" is the proofreading in today's collation, that is, version proofreading. Because the pamphlets were cumbersome at that time, this job was usually done by two people. Today, the meaning of collating is much broader than collating, including our own schools, other schools, management schools and other methods.

The difference between proofreading and proofreading: proofreading is a link in publishing, and its only task is to ensure the absolute consistency between publications and manuscripts. So proofreading is basically a mechanical job. Sometimes, in order to ensure the correct rate, the proofreader even proofreads backwards from the end of the article, so that the proofreader can't see the sentence clearly to ensure that every word and punctuation are checked correctly with the manuscript. Proofreading is both "right" and "proofreading", much like the collation of "one person holds the book and one person studies", but it is one-way and must be faithful to the manuscript, so it is obviously different from the collation of academic works. 1, collation is helpful to the collation of ancient books;

The collation of ancient books mainly includes collation, punctuation, annotation, translation and compilation. Collating is not only an important task of collating ancient books, but also the forerunner of collating eight other ancient books. Because, these eight tasks need a copy with correct words. If we don't do a good job of collating first and take the wrong edition as the background, it will not only be in vain, but also not worth the loss.

2. Collation is helpful to the study of ancient books;

To study an ancient book, we must first have a correct transcript.

3. Collation helps to clarify the meaning of words: (1) dispel doubts. It is difficult to clean up the mistakes in the text, and fallacies and heresies often make mistakes. I hope the text makes sense, so I deceive myself and mislead others. (2) show the truth. Although some words are wrong, their meanings have not changed much. In this case, proofreading is also necessary. ③ Wei Ming. The meaning of some words seems easy to understand, but it is not easy to understand. (4) appreciate. In written works, the difference between words often affects the charm of the works and buries the author's painstaking efforts.