What styles can a composition have?

[Edit this paragraph]

I. Poetry

The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the sound of primitive labor, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing.

Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty. There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement.

In ancient China, happy poems were called songs and unhappy poems were called poems. Whether it is harmonious or not, it has a strong musical beauty.

Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry.

1, ancient poetry

Also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", it refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly in the Han and Wei Dynasties) and the works that imitate the poems before the Tang Dynasty. It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty used Yuefu to create new poems, which still belong to the category of classical poetry.

2. Modern poetry

Compared with classical poetry, a poetic style, also known as "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", has strict rules on the number, number of words, level and rhyme of sentences. There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains.

Step 3: rhythm

A style of modern poetry, divided into five laws and seven methods. There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet.

4. quatrains

A style of modern poetry, which is divided into five sections and seven sections and consists of four sentences, is generally considered as a "half-section poem".

5. Chu ci

A poetic genre named after the appearance of the southern Chu region during the Warring States Period, represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao, is also called "Sao Style".

Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used.

6. New poetry

Also known as "modern poetry", it refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement. Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings.

New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness.

7. Singing style

A style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune".

Features ①

There is a fixed tone of words, but most of them have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, and the language is colloquial, popular and vivid; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images.

Second, fu

This is a literary expression and one of the "six meanings" in The Book of Songs, which formed a specific system in the Han Dynasty. Become a style between poetry and prose, paying attention to reasoning, rhetoric, duality and rhyme. It is called "Da Fu" which mainly describes things, and "Fu Xiao" which mainly expresses feelings, which is close to "Wen Fu" in prose.

Different from the "Fu" in today's prose title, it means "praise" and "ode" instead of laying out words.

The ancients called "Ci" and "Fu" Ci "because they were both physical and unlimited in length, and the sentences were mainly four or six words, and they were allowed to be staggered. In style, everyone pays attention to literary talent and extravagance. The difference between them is that "Ci" uses "Xi" to adjust syllables in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, while "Fu" uses prose sentences, and even the whole poem is mixed with prose sentences that don't rhyme at all.

Third, parallel prose

It is a kind of verse which is mainly composed of two sentences (namely, antithesis and even sentences), pays attention to antithesis and rhythm, and is opposite to prose. The biggest feature is that the full text is composed of antitheses, forming upper and lower antitheses with the same number of words, symmetrical syntactic structure, part of speech and word meaning pairing. Even sentences are usually composed of four words and six words, alternating with each other (four or six words), such as "Teng Jiao, Meng Ci School; Purple electric paste is General Wang's armory.

It began at the end of Han Dynasty, formed in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and prevailed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This style was still followed in the early Tang Dynasty until Han and Liu followed suit.

Compared with the ancient prose advocated by Han and Liu, ancient prose emphasizes "potential" and parallel prose emphasizes "rhyme"; Ancient prose is fluent, while parallel prose is implicit; Classical prose stresses simplicity, while parallel prose stresses elegance.

Fourth, writing.

In ancient times, it was a new poetic style suitable for chorus (that is, "lyrics by sound"). Also known as "Quzi Ci", "long and short sentences" and "Yuefu".

Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on. Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time.

Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words).

The embryonic form of Ci existed as early as the Liang Dynasty, which was shaped in the late Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty.

Verb (short for verb) novel

The main style of literary works. By describing the complete story and the specific environment, we can create all kinds of characters and reflect social life in many ways.

China's novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and experienced the development process of Six Dynasties, Tang legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming Hui novels and May 4th modern novels.

According to the length of the article, it can be divided into long stories, medium stories and short stories; According to different contents, it can be divided into social novels, fairy tales, historical novels, science novels and detective novels.

1, strange novel

It refers to an old novel about ghosts and gods in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Originated from ancient myths and legends. Such as "Looking for God".

2. Anecdotal novels

It is a novel used to describe the wild talk and anecdote of intellectuals who advocated nonsense since Wei and Jin Dynasties.

3. Legendary novels

This is a classic novel with many strange and magical plots. Generally speaking, it refers to the classical Chinese short stories created by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. It is a treasure house for novel and drama writers in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to absorb themes. Originated from the Six Dynasties.

4. Story novels

Refers to the original books used by speakers in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Write down the contents of novels and stories in popular language as your own memo or teach others. Later, it became a style of novel, that is to say, story novel. It marks the maturity of China's classical novels.

(fiction)

5. Zhang Hui's novels

A Style of China's Ancient Novels. It is a novel with chapters and narratives developed on the basis of telling history and scripts.

Its characteristic is to summarize the development and conflict of the story in paragraphs, divide it into several chapters, and often use antithesis as the title to reveal the content of this chapter. There is always a poem at the beginning. The first paragraph, bring up the last content, so as to connect this content; At the end of each episode, it usually comes to an abrupt end at the climax of the plot, leaving suspense.

Step 6 condemn novels

In order to expose social ills, whip and condemn feudal officialdom and social ills. Produced before and after the Revolution of 1911.

7. Romance novels

An old novel. Summarize history books and legends and write them in modern spoken English. It developed from a story-telling book.

Essays on intransitive verbs

In ancient times, prose was generally called prose, which did not rhyme or rearrange couples, including historical masterpieces. Modern prose refers to a literary genre on an equal footing with poetry, novels and plays.

Prose is characterized by a wide range of materials, "scattered in form and gathered in spirit"; Free form and flexible writing; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its expression is implicit and meaningful.

According to the different content and expression, it can be divided into:

Narrative Prose-Prose focusing on recalling people, events, objects and scenes.

Lyric prose-through the narrative description of characters, events or scenery, it achieves the purpose of supporting things, chanting ambitions and containing feelings in things. Symbols are often used to express the author's hidden passion and guide people to remember and associate.

Discussion prose-reasoning is often carried out with the help of the brief description of the case, image description and emotional expression. There is no need for logical reasoning and rigorous argumentation.

1, ancient prose

Prose written in classical Chinese, as opposed to parallel prose. Tang Hanyu opposed the parallel prose style since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and advocated the prose widely used in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, which was called ancient prose and later used as the proper name of prose.

2. Commemoration

(1) Inscription: an ancient style carved on a stone tablet to tell the life story of a character.

② Travel Notes: It is a prose genre describing travel experiences.

Miscellaneous notes: It is a genre of ancient Chinese prose, which is based on things, without much discussion, and writes out what you have seen and heard.

(4) Notes: It is a style that records the life stories of ancient people.

⑤ Notes: A short and rich style in ancient times. Meng Qian Bitan.

3. Ancient argumentative writing style

① Original text: the argumentative style of ancient exploration. Yuan Jun (Huang Zongxi)

2 discrimination; This is an ancient way of distinguishing right from wrong.

(3) Storytelling: it is an ancient way to explain the style of things by narrative, discussion or explanation. Ma Shuo and Shi Shuo

④ Theory: the debating style of ancient irrational reasoning. On six countries

4. The ancient ministers presented the throne to the emperor-argumentative style.

(1) Sparse: It is a style in which lieutenants present their opinions to the emperor. Also known as commemoration and remembrance. On accumulation and storage (Jia Yi)

Table 2: Style of stating opinions or things. Chen Qingbiao (Shimi)

(3) Strategy: The way of asking questions in the imperial examination is called strategy question.

(4) Irony: In ancient times, people were euphemistically persuaded to accept the opinions of subordinates by means of metaphor and suggestion. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi.

5. Preface and Postscript

6. Gift orders

One of the ancient styles was written for farewell. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang

7. Historical biographies

(1) Chronicle: A kind of biography, which specifically describes the deeds of emperors.

② Family: Mainly narrate the deeds of princes and special people.

Biography: It is used to record the deeds of ordinary officials and ordinary people, and also to record the history of ethnic minorities and other countries.

8. Reportage

The new style in prose is a general term for close-up and literary exchange. It is news, vivid and political to report things that people care about in social life quickly and timely by literary expression. Known as the "light cavalry" on the literary front.

Three iconic works of China's reportage: Bonded Worker, Who is the cutest person and Goldbach's conjecture.

Seven, drama

Comprehensive stage art uses literature, music, dance, art, sculpture, architecture and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions and reflect social life.

In China, drama is the general name of traditional operas, dramas and operas in China. Also often refers to drama. In the west, it refers to drama.

The basic elements of drama are contradiction and conflict.

The language of drama includes dialogue and monologue; Stage description.

The structure of drama: single act and multiple acts.

Classification: according to the types of works, there are tragedies, comedies and dramas; According to the theme, there are historical dramas, modern dramas and pantomime; According to the structure, there are one-act dramas and whole dramas.

1, Yuan Zaju

Including Sanqu and Zaju.

1) Sanqu

A new style of poetry that rose in Yuan Dynasty was developed and strengthened on the basis of Jin's "folk songs". There are two kinds of small orders and sets.

"Xiao Ling" is a monotonous song, short and pithy, not as strict in meter as words, and is often used to write lyrical scenery, such as Ma Yuan Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" [Tianjingsha].

The number of sets is a set composed of more than two pieces according to certain rules, also called "loose sets" and "sets". The whole set must be the same palace tune. The number of episodes can be used to describe more complete plots, deeds or arguments, such as The Return of the Great-Great-Ancestor written by Jing Chen in Yuan and Sui Dynasties.

2) Zaju

It is a comprehensive art including music, singing and dancing. It is divided into three parts: Qu Ci, Bai Bin and Ke Xun.

The lyrics are composed of divertimento in Sanqu, which actors use to sing. Every fold is a solo, and other actors only have dialogue. Coulson is action and expression.

Structure: "four folds and one wedge", and "wedge" is to explain or introduce characters, which is connected with the plot. Folding is the unit of music organization and the natural paragraph of story development.

The roles of Yuan Zaju: "Duan" and "Dan".