The simplest and easiest language to learn in the world? I think it belongs to China. Chinese is easy to learn.

You are absolutely right! ! ! It is said that Chinese is difficult to learn, but Chinese grammar is actually very simple.

brief introduction

Chinese (Chinese? Language is the cognate language of Chinese, which is one of the major languages in the world and the language with the largest number of users in the world. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family and is the most important language in this language family. Besides Chinese mainland, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, Chinese are also distributed in Singapore and Malaysia. There are about 65.438+300 million native speakers of Chinese (30 million as a second language). Chinese is one of the working languages of the United Nations.

The standard language of Chinese is based on Northern Mandarin, supplemented by northeastern mandarin, which has been gradually formed in recent hundreds of years. Its standard sound is Beijing sound. The standard language of Chinese is called Mandarin in Chinese mainland, Mandarin in Taiwan Province Province and Mandarin in Singapore and Malaysia. In a broad sense, it refers to the language of the Han nationality, and in a narrow sense, it refers to Putonghua. Besides, Mandarin, Mandarin, Chinese and other appellations refer to Chinese. Undoubtedly, Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and about 1/5 people in the world speak Chinese as their mother tongue. Chinese has also had an important influence on the languages and characters of neighboring countries. For example, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese all retain a large number of Chinese loanwords and Chinese writing systems. Chinese is a language in China.

As a unique hieroglyphic language in the world, Chinese has a high degree of unity and standardization, and modern Chinese has a unified and standardized grammar. Although the pronunciation of dialects is particularly different, the written language is standardized and there is no obstacle to written communication caused by local language differences. The super dialect of Chinese has played a great role in maintaining the unity of the Chinese nation.

Chinese belongs to independent language and analytical language. China script is a pictographic Chinese character. The written language used before the May 4th Movement is called "Classical Chinese", which is a kind of written language based on elegance used in the Confucius era. The written language popularized after the May 4th Movement is usually called "vernacular", which is a modern written language based on northern dialects. In the written language of modern Chinese, classical Chinese is rarely used, but some parts of classical Chinese remain in the form of idioms in modern Chinese.

It is said that Chinese is difficult to learn. In fact, Chinese grammar is very simple. Chinese tenses, verbs and adjectives have not changed, and there are no conjunctions. The language is concise, the pronunciation is clear and the speech speed is slow. This is an easy language to learn. What is difficult to learn is Chinese characters, tones, light and heavy reading, tones and so on. However, function words in Chinese sometimes cause some complicated grammatical phenomena and cause some obstacles to learning. In addition, some special words and collocations in Chinese will also hinder Chinese learning.

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Chinese characters have a history of 3,000 years, counting from the earliest written materials we can see at present-Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a fairly mature writing system, we can infer that Chinese characters must have appeared as far back as 3,000 years ago. The development of Chinese characters can be divided into two main stages. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Biography is a stage; Judging from the official script of Qin and Han dynasties, there is still a stage. The former belongs to the category of ancient Chinese characters and the latter belongs to the category of modern Chinese characters. Generally speaking, there is not much change from official script to modern Chinese characters used now.

Judging from the relationship between Chinese characters and Chinese, Chinese characters are a kind of morpheme words. As far as the structure of Chinese characters is concerned, Chinese characters are a writing system composed of ideographic, phonetic (pictographic and phonetic) and symbols that neither ideographic nor phonetic.

Chinese characters originated from pictures. In the early stage of Chinese characters, the shape of pictographic characters is directly related to the meaning of morphemes it represents. Although each word has its own fixed pronunciation, the glyph itself is not a phonetic symbol, which is different from the pinyin letters. The pronunciation of hieroglyphics is transmitted to it through the morphemes it represents. With the evolution of glyphs, pictographs are becoming less and less pictographs. As a result, the glyph loses its original connection with the morpheme it represents. At this time, the glyph itself is neither phonetic nor semantic, and becomes an abstract symbol. If all morphemes in Chinese are represented by such symbols that neither express sound nor meaning, then Chinese characters can be said to be pure symbolic characters. But this is not the case. Chinese characters can be divided into single words and combined words. Only letter combinations are purely symbolic characters. Combination characters are composed of single characters. Structurally speaking, compound words are one level higher than single words. Because a single word that constitutes a combined word is itself a symbol, when it is a part of a combined word, it participates as a meaningful "word". Combination characters can be divided into the following three categories:

① pictophonetic characters. Pictophonetic characters are composed of two parts: pictophonetic characters representing meaning and phonetic characters representing pronunciation. For pictophonetic characters with the simplest structure, pictophonetic characters and homophonic characters are used as characters. As an integral part of pictophonetic characters, these letter combinations are phonetic and meaningful characters. But the shape only takes its meaning, not its sound, such as the "bird" next to the word "pigeon"; The phonetic side only takes the sound, but does not take the meaning. For example, due to the evolution of the meaning and pronunciation of the radical "nine" of the word "pigeon", some pictophonetic characters have lost the function of expressing meaning or pronunciation. For example, "ball" was originally the name of a jade, so it was shaped with "jade". Now the word "ball" doesn't refer to jade, and this shape has no function. Another example is the word "sea", which originally used "every" as the sound. Due to the change of pronunciation, the pronunciation of "sea" and "plum" is far from each other now, and the "plum" beside the sound is useless. Sometimes, the form and sound have lost their original functions, such as "giving, waiting, short". This kind of characters can no longer be regarded as pictophonetic characters.

There is no clear boundary between pictophonetic characters and non-pictophonetic characters. At the beginning of word-making, pictophonetic characters are not necessarily close to their pronunciation. With the development of modern Chinese characters, this difference is even greater. Some people take more than 7500 modern combined Chinese characters for statistics. As far as the pronunciation of Putonghua is concerned, less than 5% of compound words are completely homophonic (initials, finals and tones are the same). About 10% initials have the same vowel but different tones. Only one vowel is the same, accounting for about 20%. If only the first two categories are regarded as pictophonetic characters, then pictophonetic characters only account for 15% of commonly used Chinese characters. If the above three categories are regarded as pictophonetic characters, pictophonetic characters will probably account for 35% of popular Chinese characters. If the standard is relaxed, or the pictophonetic characters are determined completely according to their origins, the percentage of pictophonetic characters in popular Chinese characters will be much higher.

2 Fit and understand words. The ancients said, "Military strategists must contend" and "people keep their word." This explanation is wrong for the words "nothing" and "letter". However, there are indeed such words in the Chinese character system, such as "incorrect is crooked" and "bad is bad". This kind of words is characterized by combining the meaning of radicals to express the meaning of the whole combined word. There are few such words, only a few examples.

The radicals in the above two types of combined words have ideographic function and phonetic function. The following situation is different. (3) Combined marker words. The radicals of this compound word are neither ideographic nor phonological. There are two main situations. First, due to the changes in pronunciation and meaning of words, the original phonetic and pictographic characters no longer express pronunciation and meaning. For example, the words "give, wait and be short" mentioned above. Another situation can take the word "Zhang" as an example. According to Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty, the word "Zhang" changed from "sound" to "ten". However, when people say "establish an early chapter" (to distinguish it from "bow long"), they analyze it into two parts: "establish" and "early". In fact, from the perspective of ancient Chinese characters, "Zhang" is a unique hieroglyph, which has nothing to do with "sound, ten, standing and morning".

Chinese characters have been used to record Chinese for more than 3000 years, and they have been used until today without interruption. In such a long historical period, Chinese characters not only serve people's real life, but also record extremely rich cultural materials; Even across national boundaries, it was borrowed by neighboring countries such as Japan, North Korea and Vietnam to record non-Chinese languages.

On the other hand, people have been criticizing the shortcomings of Chinese characters for a long time, mainly saying that Chinese characters are difficult to recognize, write and mechanize (printing, typesetting, typing, etc. Therefore, it is not as efficient as pinyin in literacy, children's literacy education and cultural communication.

Compared with Pinyin, Chinese characters have their shortcomings, but they also have their advantages. The biggest advantage of Chinese characters is that they can be beyond space and limited by time. There are great differences in pronunciation between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese. However, since 2000, the font has been quite stable and the meaning of words has not changed much, so the ancient books of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties can still be partially understood by ordinary people today. If ancient books are written in pinyin, modern people simply can't understand some dialects with different pronunciations, so they can't communicate with each other, but if they are written in Chinese characters, they can understand each other, and the reason is the same. Even in Japanese where Chinese characters are used, Chinese speakers can understand the meaning in some places where Chinese characters are used.

The work of simplifying Chinese characters began in the 1950s. 1986 republished Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters stipulates more than 2,000 simplified Chinese characters (including those based on simplified Chinese radicals). At present, this work has come to an end and will remain stable for some time to come, and will not continue to simplify. Because continuous simplification will destroy the stability of characters, and after simplifying a batch of characters, the original traditional Chinese characters cannot be abolished. Therefore, the total number of Chinese characters is increasing, which increases the burden on people who study and use Chinese characters.

The debate about pinyin of Chinese characters has a long history. Theoretically, any natural language can be recorded in Pinyin. However, due to the differences of Chinese dialects, it will bring great difficulties to people in dialect areas before the work of popularizing Putonghua has achieved extensive and practical results. In addition, due to the long history of Chinese characters, a large number of documents are recorded in Chinese characters. Once you change your tune, it will inevitably lead to certain difficulties in the wide use of literature, and may also cause fluctuations in social psychology and national feelings. In fact, due to the long-term use of the ideographic writing system of Chinese characters, a large number of homophones can appear in Chinese, and this phenomenon does exist. Now a syllable can correspond to dozens or hundreds of Chinese characters at most. If you use pinyin to record pronunciation, you can't understand it without reading it. Even after a long period of training, this problem cannot be completely solved. Therefore, if you really want Latin Chinese characters, it will definitely not be completed overnight. Before Chinese develops to a suitable level.

"Stone Chambers Stone Chambers Stone Chambers" Zhao Yuanren

Lion lover Shishi Shishi vowed to eat ten lions.

Shi always sees lions in the market.

At ten o'clock, ten lions are suitable for the market.

Shishi is in the right market at the right time.

Stone regards it as ten lions, relying on the vector potential to make its ten lions immortal.

Stone picks up the bodies of ten lions, which is just right for stone chambers.

The stone room is wet, and the stone room is waiting to be cleaned.

The first taste of the stone is ten lions.

When eating, the first thing I know is that the bodies of ten lions and ten stone lions are real.

Trial interpretation is a problem.

A branch of Chinese.

The language types contained in Chinese are controversial in the field of linguistics. At present, there are two different views: one is that Chinese only includes one language; Another view is that Chinese includes Min, Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Gan and Xiang languages, which belong to the same Chinese language family but not the same language. Most domestic scholars support the former, while most foreign scholars, especially those in the west, support the latter from the linguistic point of view. Those who support the latter view believe that Chinese is not a single language, but a group of interrelated languages. Those who support the former view list Fujian dialect, Cantonese, Hakka dialect, Wu dialect, Gan dialect and Xiang dialect as Chinese dialects. For example, Zhao Yuanren thinks that the standard language (Mandarin) is a dialect, and Minnan and Cantonese are also dialects. But in fact, the so-called "Chinese dialects" can't communicate with each other, nor can they communicate with standard Chinese, and the language distance is often farther than that between languages in the same language family in Europe. For example, a person who can only speak Spanish may be able to communicate with another person who can only speak Portuguese in Spanish (writing can't communicate), but when talking with a person who can only speak Cantonese, he can't understand what the other person is saying at all (writing Chinese characters can communicate completely).

According to the different characteristics of different branches of Chinese, domestic linguists in China divide Chinese into seven traditional dialects. Within these seven dialects, there are different sub-dialect areas. Sometimes users in these dialect areas can't understand each other. People in different dialect areas also have certain differences in language awareness. For example, a Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong person may feel a lot like a Taishan-speaking Cantonese, although they may not understand each other.

The regional differences of dialects are also obvious. In North China Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin or Southwest Mandarin areas, people who are hundreds of kilometers apart can generally communicate orally, but the pronunciation and vocabulary in some areas have also changed greatly. However, in many areas of southern China, especially in mountainous areas, there may be dialects that are difficult to communicate with each other in a small geographical area. To take an extreme example, for example, in a certain place in Fujian, local residents who are only ten kilometers apart may not be able to communicate freely.

Mandarin dialect, or Mandarin dialect, refers to the mother tongue dialect used in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, most of Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, northern Hunan, areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangxi, north-central Anhui and north-central Jiangsu. Mandarin can be roughly divided into North China Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin. North China Mandarin is distributed in the eastern part of the north, represented by Beijing dialect, Northwest Mandarin is distributed in the western part of the north, represented by Xi 'an dialect, Southwest Mandarin is distributed in the western part of the south, represented by Chengdu dialect, and Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed in the eastern part of the south, represented by Yangzhou dialect. In ancient times, the elegant sounds of the Central Plains were divided into Middle Ages after the Wu Rebellion and the Southern Crossing of Yiguan. Modern "Mandarin Dialect" was mainly formed in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. After the formation of Putonghua, it developed in the north and the south respectively, and was divided into Southern Mandarin and Northern Mandarin, which became the official language of various generations in China. Northern Mandarin is still the basis of modern standard Chinese (called Mandarin in Chinese mainland and Mandarin in Taiwan Province Province). People who use this dialect account for 70% of the population in China.

It should be pointed out that the "Mandarin Dialect", once called "Northern Dialect", is not limited to northern China. On the contrary, the southern dialects in Southwest China and Jianghuai region also belong to Mandarin dialects.

The obvious features of Mandarin include: Except Jianghuai Mandarin, a small part of Southwest Mandarin is reserved for entering tone [-? In addition, most Mandarin dialects have lost all entering tones in the Middle Ages. The endings of "-p, -t, -k, -m, -n and -ng" in the middle ages now only have "-n and -ng", but there are many rhymes of "-r". The initial consonant "G, K, H" originally connected with vowel "I, ü" has been transformed into initial consonant "J, Q, X" by jaw sound. In the process of losing the opposition between clarity and turbidity, Putonghua did not have a sharp tone differentiation, but appeared a light tone beyond the medieval level. Therefore, Putonghua dialect contains a large number of homophones and corresponding compound words. The above phenomenon is relatively rare in other dialects.

Wu dialect: Wu dialect is spoken in China, southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, Shanghai and most parts of Zhejiang. The typical Wu dialect is represented by Suzhou dialect. Among them, southwest Anhui is influenced by Gan dialect, while south Zhejiang retains many features of ancient Baiyue dialect, so that Taihu Wu dialect cannot be regarded as a typical Wu dialect. The number of users accounts for about 8.4% of the total population. The difference between voiced and unvoiced sounds in this dialect is an obvious feature. However, Wu dialect retains the vague tone of middle ancient Chinese.

Hakka dialect, or Hakka dialect: It is widely used by Hakka people and most She ethnic groups in southern China, including eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, western Fujian, southwestern Jiangxi and southeastern Guangxi, with Meixian dialect as the representative. Although it is a southern dialect, Hakka dialect was formed under the influence of northern immigrants going south. Therefore, Hakka dialect retains some features of Zhongyuan dialect in the Middle Ages. The population using Hakka dialect accounts for about 5% of the total population. The characteristic of Hakka dialect is that the ancient voiced sound and the fricative sound are flat and even.

Some overseas Chinese in Fujian, Hainan, eastern Guangdong, Taiwan Province, the Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia speak Min dialect. Due to great internal differences, Min dialect is usually divided into Minnan dialect (represented by Xiamen dialect), Northern Fujian dialect, Eastern Fujian dialect (represented by Fuzhou dialect), Puxian dialect and Central Fujian dialect. Among all dialects, Min dialect is the only dialect that does not completely correspond to the rhyme book of Middle Ancient Chinese, among which Minnan dialect has the greatest influence. However, according to the existing phonetics research, the pronunciation of Min dialect is quite close to that of ancient Chinese.

Have "-m, -n, -ng, -p, -t, -k,-?" Use Minnan dialect. The international phonetic symbol that looks like a question mark is tight throat. ) Before the entering tone [-p/-t/-k] disappears, the entering tone first weakens, and [-p/-t/-k] becomes-? . Shanxi dialect, Wu dialect and Jianghuai dialect still retain the seven consonant endings that weaken the tone. Minnan dialect is one of the dialects with complex tones in Chinese. Quanzhou has eight tones (excluding light tone), and Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Tongan and Taiwan Province provinces usually have seven tones (excluding light tone). At the same time, Minnan dialect is also one of the most complete dialects that preserved Middle Ancient Chinese. Quanzhou pronunciation and Zhangzhou pronunciation are the mother tongues of other branches, and the Minnan dialect in Fujian (South) Taiwan films is relatively consistent. In a broad sense, Minnan dialect also includes Hainan dialect, Chaozhou dialect and southern Zhejiang Min dialect. The population using Minnan dialect accounts for about 4.2% of total population.

Cantonese: represented by Cantonese, it is used in most areas of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese. Guangzhou dialect is one of the most complicated dialects in Chinese, with nine tones (there are ten tones in Goulou chapter in southern Guangxi). At the same time, it is also one of the most complete dialects that preserved Middle Chinese. Cantonese contains six consonant endings: p, t, k, m, n and ng. There is little difference within Cantonese. The population using Cantonese accounts for about 5% of the total population. However, there is no mixed tone in Cantonese, so it can be considered that the ancient Chinese elements retained in Cantonese are earlier than Wu dialect and later than Min dialect.

Xiang dialect, or Xiang dialect: used in Hunan. According to whether the voiced initials are preserved or not, it can be divided into two categories: Laoxiang and Xinxiang, and the new Xiang dialect with the voiced initials removed is closer to the Southwest Mandarin. Represented by Changsha dialect (new) and Shuangfeng dialect (old) respectively, users account for about 5% of the total population. Historically, Hunan and Hubei provinces have been greatly influenced by the northern culture, so Hunan dialects are very different. Moreover, there are overlapping phonetic features of ancient Chinese in many periods.

Gan dialect, represented by Nanchang dialect, is also called Gan dialect, which was called Nuo dialect in ancient times. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family and is mainly used in most areas of Jiangxi, eastern Hunan and southwestern Anhui. The number of users is about 5 1.48 million (see the figure, the previous data of 30 million is not accurate enough), and it is one of the seven major dialect areas in Chinese. Gan dialect

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Whether the following dialects constitute an independent large dialect area is still controversial:

Jin dialect: it is used in most parts of Shanxi, as well as in northern Shaanxi, western Hebei, northwestern Henan and Hetao area of Inner Mongolia. , represented by Taiyuan dialect, enters the rhyme-[-? The international phonetic symbol that looks like a question mark is tight throat. Before the entering tone [-p/-t/-k] disappears,' entering tone weakening' appears first, and [-p/-t/-k] becomes [-? ])。 Its white reading system is completely different from Mandarin. In the past (now many linguists) classified it as Mandarin.

Pinghua: It is used in some areas of Guangxi. Traditionally, Guinanping dialect is classified as Cantonese. In recent years, it has been argued that Beiping dialect in Guangxi exists as an isolated dialect.

Hui language: used in southern Anhui and some adjacent areas of Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. In the past (and now there are some linguists), it was classified as Wu dialect.

Chinese history

Chinese is one of the oldest languages in the world and one of the languages with the longest common language. The historical evolution of Chinese is a very interesting question. China's writing system, Chinese characters, is not phonetic, so it can't directly know the historical pronunciation of the same word like phonetic. Fortunately, effective information can be found in the translation of Chinese characters (especially pictophonetic characters), the rhythm of poetry and foreigners' names.

ancient Chinese

According to legend, there were "nations" in the Yellow Emperor, 3,000 in the Xia Dynasty and 800 vassals in the early Zhou Dynasty, but "the people of the five parties can't speak" (Book of Rites).

China existed in the early and middle period of the Zhou Dynasty (1 1 to the 7th century BC), and written records included bronze inscriptions, the Book of Songs, history books and some Yijing.

According to Chapter 28 of the Doctrine of the Mean, "Get off the train today, write the same book and do the same thing". It can be seen that the unification of language and writing began in the period of the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty.

In the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were more than 170 recorded vassal states. In the Warring States period, the "seven chivalrous men" appeared, that is, "the princes were in power and did not unify with the king, ... the words were different, and the words were different" (Preface to Explaining Words).

Hundred schools of thought's homonym of * * in his works before Qin Dynasty was called "Elegant Speech". "Zi's words, Poems, Books and Rites are all elegant." (The Analects of Confucius)

After the unification of Qin dynasty, the characters were further standardized, with Xiao Zhuan as the official script.

Middle ancient Chinese

This kind of Chinese was used in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty (from the 7th century to10th century), which can be divided into the early period involved in Qieyun (60 1 year) and the late period reflected in Guang Yun (10th century). Gao Benhan called this stage "ancient Chinese".

Linguists have been able to reconstruct the medieval phonology with confidence. This kind of evidence comes from several aspects: various modern dialects, rhyme books and foreign language translation.

Just as Indo-European can be reconstructed from modern Indo-European, so can Middle Chinese be reconstructed from dialects. In addition, China ancient writers spent a lot of energy to summarize the phonetic system of Chinese, and these materials are still the basis of modern linguists' work. Finally, Chinese pronunciation can be learned from the translation of foreign languages.

contemporary Chinese language

Modern Chinese is between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, represented by early vernacular literature.

Contemporary Chinese

Modern Chinese is a dialect based on northern dialect, with typical modern vernacular as its grammatical norm.

Written and oral language

The difference between written language and spoken language has always been considerable. Before the May 4th vernacular movement, the difference between written language and spoken language was actually the difference between ancient and modern languages. Take the Tang and Song Dynasties as an example. At that time, the vernacular was spoken by the population, and the classical Chinese was written by pen, that is, it was written after the famous works Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records widely read by pre-Qin philosophers. This situation can probably be pushed to the Han Dynasty. Until the beginning of the 20th century. 1925 Sun Yat-sen's will was written in classical Chinese. However, since 2000, as a written language, classical Chinese itself has also changed. Antique is hard to confuse after all, and it is impossible for later generations to imitate the old saying without being influenced by spoken language at that time. It has been pointed out that there are obvious inconsistencies in Han Yu's articles with the pre-Qin grammar. The ancient writers of Tongcheng School in Qing Dynasty imitated the articles of ancient writers of pre-Qin and Tang and Song Dynasties, and the result was certainly more complicated. Liang Qichao wrote political essays in plain classical Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty. Because it is easy to understand, it is widely used in newspapers and magazines. At present, most Chinese newspapers and periodicals in Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and overseas still use this style. The literary revolution during the May 4th Movement put forward the idea of opposing classical Chinese and advocating vernacular Chinese. This movement swept across the country and had a far-reaching impact. In just a few years, vernacular literature has gained a firm foothold. However, the language of this vernacular literature is not spoken in the real sense, but based on the northern mandarin, which is greatly influenced by the vernacular novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties, with different degrees of dialect elements and a mixed style of many new words and Europeanized syntax. Lu Xun's works can be regarded as a typical representative of this style.

The above are literary works. As for news reports, government announcements, official documents, business contracts and even personal letters, classical Chinese is often used. On the one hand, this is due to traditional habits, on the other hand, it is also because classical Chinese has the advantage of simplicity. This situation, as far as the whole country is concerned, lasted until the end of 1940s. 1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), classical Chinese gave way to vernacular Chinese completely. No one writes classical Chinese anymore except telegrams and intentional imitation of ancient times.

As mentioned above, modern Chinese written language is a mixture of many different levels of language components. This is syntactically and lexically correct. Syntactically, apart from the same parts as spoken language, some sentence patterns of written language are derived from classical Chinese, and then gradually integrated into written language, becoming a part of written language sentence patterns. For example, "go on, give, give" are several verbs often used in written language. The original meaning of these verbs has been blurred, and their main function is to put them in front of disyllabic verbs to meet the requirements of syntax and rhythm. This syntactic structure comes from classical Chinese. The predecessor of "proceed" is the predecessor of "proceed" (discussed separately), "add" (strictly controlled), "give" and "give" (not investigated). In classical Chinese syntax, a monosyllabic adverb must be added to "Xing, Jia and Yu" to form a disyllabic structure, and the verbs behind it must also be disyllabic. In modern written language, these verbs are all disyllabic, and it is required to follow the disyllabic verbs. Grammatical restrictions come down in one continuous line.

When modern written language began to form, it inherited some sentence patterns of the old vernacular novel language. This stage is now over. All we can see are some relics. For example, the structure of the word "in+" can be placed before the verb ("sitting on the stage") or after the verb ("sitting on the stage"). In Beijing dialect, the preposition "zai" uses "heel", [āi] or [t m 4 i], and the postposition "zai" uses [t? ], don't even have to "in". The saying of "you" is inherited from the old vernacular novels.

Some written sentence patterns are directly or indirectly influenced by foreign languages (English, Japanese, Russian, etc.). ) (by translating the work). In this regard, we can take an important grammatical phenomenon that affects all written sentence patterns as an example. As mentioned earlier, the subject-predicate relationship in Chinese is loose. The subject of a sentence can often be left unsaid. Some sentences even have no subject at all. This is true of both modern spoken language and ancient Chinese. However, modern written language requires that sentences have a subject in form. If not, you will feel that the structure is incomplete and the logic is not careful. This is obviously influenced by Indo-European languages.

The lexical feature of written language is the large proportion of disyllabic words. Except for some disyllabic words inherited from classical Chinese, most disyllabic words in written language have appeared in 100 years since the end of 19. Some are borrowed from Japanese (such as economics, cadres, etc.). ), some are newly made. Most newly coined words are compound words composed of original morphemes (Chinese characters in writing). This way of word formation is fruitful and full of vitality.

Chinese is accurate. I remember when I was studying in my early years, the Chinese textbook publicly wrote: "It is an inevitable trend for Chinese to take the road of Pinyin." One of the main reasons is that English can type and Chinese can't. With the development of computer technology, the keyboard input speed of Chinese characters has far exceeded that of English, and the speed is still increasing rapidly. But what about English input? But it seems to be stagnant.