Some Problems of Taekwondo and China Wushu and Foreign Literature.

1. How many times has the World Taekwondo Championship been held so far?

A: Five sessions.

2. Up to now, China International Wushu Federation has several intercontinental member organizations and member countries.

A: There are 4 intercontinental member organizations, and 30 have several member countries.

3. What other world competitions did China Taekwondo participate in after 2004?

A: I also participated in the 18 World Competition.

4. Are there any foreign literatures about Taekwondo and China Wushu?

On the origin and history of the development of China Wushu to Taekwondo from the essential characteristics of Wushu.

Ancient taekwondo

In primitive society, most Korean people lived a family farming life, supplemented by hunting in their spare time. In order to get food and resist the invasion of foreign forces and the attack of wild animals, people have gradually developed some methods of exercising and participating in combat through repeated practice. These instinctive inventions gradually evolved into purposeful and conscious fighting activities in the process of social evolution, forming the embryonic form of ancient Taekwondo. At that time, the purpose of people's fighting skills was not only to get food, resist invasion and wild animals, but also to participate in fighting skills activities. It is recorded in history books, which shows that fighting skills were quite popular at that time.

The Forms of Taekwondo in Korea during the Three Kingdoms Period

Koguryo, Silla and Baekje coexisted during the Three Kingdoms period on the Korean Peninsula. Around the first century BC, the Three Kingdoms rose one after another. Koguryo is in the north of the Korean peninsula, Silla is in the southeast and Baekje is in the southwest. In order to compete for territory, there was a dispute, so the form of taekwondo developed rapidly during this period to meet the needs of war. According to ancient records, "Taekwondo refers to the flexible use of hands and feet to exercise limbs and body, which is the basis of martial arts." Fencing is based on the operation of knocking down an opponent with bare hands. It can be seen that the martial arts practitioners at that time were able to use their hands and feet flexibly to defeat their opponents and become excellent soldiers. Koguryo, Silla and Baekje all had different names for Taekwondo at that time.

Taekwondo in Silla era

Silla is weak and surrounded by powerful countries on all sides, but it lasts the longest among the three countries. Silla realized the value of martial arts because of Goguryeo's invasion. The youth Wushu group named "Hua", founded by, takes "loyalty to the monarch, filial piety, making friends with friends, fighting without retreating, preferring death to surrender" as its purpose, and organizes young people to get together and practice martial arts. This system has created a group of brave warriors, defended Silla and laid a solid foundation for the reunification of the three countries. There are many historical qualifications that prove that Silla is widely popular with martial arts, such as the records of taekwondo moves in Historical Records, History of the Three Kingdoms and Ancient History.

Baekje dynasty taekwondo relics

Baekje was the weakest of the three countries at that time, and there were written records or relics about Taekwondo about Gaohe Silla in historical materials. This competitive way is similar to Taekwondo today and can be considered as the embryonic form of Taekwondo. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Baekje Wanwang mostly asked people all over the country to learn martial arts such as equestrian, archery and Taekwondo (primitive Taekwondo) in order to admire martial arts. At that time, there was also a record of "beating the arm" in historical materials, and various techniques were widely used by the military and civilians.

Taekwondo in the Korean era

North Korea is a unified country, and established diplomatic relations on the Korean Peninsula in 9 18. North Korea's Zhong likes hand boxing very much, so he wants the army to practice hand boxing with Taekwondo characteristics. Soldiers often beat walls, blocks and bricks with their fists to sharpen their attack ability. King Zhonghui also invited Jin Zhenying, a soldier with superb martial arts, to perform hand-to-hand combat skills in the palace. The ruling and opposition parties highly praised the "hand-to-hand combat" skills, which greatly boosted the reputation of Taekwondo and was loved by the general public, and was stipulated as a compulsory item for military training. According to the history of Korea, hand-to-hand combat is one of the competitive events that Koreans generally like.

Taekwondo in the Korean era

In a.d. 1392, the Koryo dynasty was replaced by the dynasty established by Li Chenggui and named Korea. Buddhism was recommended in the Korean era, emphasizing literature over martial arts. During this period, North Korea's Taekwondo technology was not valued by the government, but the initial technical activities of Taekwondo, such as "hand fighting" and "Taekwondo heel", never stopped among the people. At the same time, the army also uses "hand-to-hand combat" and "Tae-to-heel" as methods to select soldiers. If a person wants to become a military attache, he must beat more than three people in the competition with "hand-to-hand combat" or "Tae-to-heel" skills.

Modern taekwondo

In A.D. 19 10, after Japan invaded Korea, a colonial government was established, and all cultural activities in Korea were once banned. During this period, Taekwondo skills disappeared in North Korea, and only Taekwondo artists who fled to Japan and China merged with Japanese and China's martial arts, which enriched and developed Taekwondo and gradually formed a new Taekwondo technical system. After the Second World War, South Korea became independent, and the country's political and social outlook changed with each passing day, and self-defense rose again accordingly. Many Koreans who were forced to stay in foreign countries have also returned to their hometowns. At the same time, they also brought the martial arts techniques of various countries back to their own countries, and further integrated these techniques with taekwondo techniques, gradually forming the basic system of modern taekwondo.

Historically, martial arts is the essential feature of China Wushu. Although great changes have taken place in the technical system of Wushu since modern times, attack and defense should always be the value premise of Wushu development. However, in today's competitive arena, whether it's routine sports close to the appearance of Wushu or Sanshou sports with protective gear, it has put a question mark on the sustainable development of Wushu in China. The healthy development of Wushu is inseparable from the guidance of scientific theory and the absorption of traditional Wushu. Only in this way can Wushu find its place at the intersection of history.

Keywords: essential characteristics, present situation and development trend of Wushu

China Library Classification Number G852

On the development trend of China Wushu from the perspective of Wushu development

Its essential characteristics

The art of attack and defense is its essential feature.

Although great changes have taken place in the technical system of China Wushu.

In modern times. However, in modern competitions, whether it is a series of movements,

Seemingly harmonious, but actually inconsistent with the art of attack.

And defending or protecting boxing just puts a question mark on the duration.

Development of Wushu in China. The healthy development of Wushu depends on both.

Theoretical Guidance and the Absorption of Traditional Wushu

Keywords essential characteristics of Wushu; Current situation; development trends

Introduction: "Wushu is a traditional sport in China, with Wushu as the main content, routines and fighting as the form of exercise, and both internal and external training." 1988 the literal definition of Wushu at the national Wushu symposium not only clarified the sports nature of Wushu, but also expressed its national characteristics. China Wushu is a subsystem of China's traditional cultural giant system, which embodies the Chinese nation's understanding and application of offensive and defensive techniques, and also shows the national cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation such as thoughts, feelings and aesthetic tastes. In the long historical process, China Wushu has always developed around the value and law of "martial arts". It is a special skill and skill, which is also the vitality of its continuous development in the long river of history. However, we regret to see a phenomenon that can't be ignored in the recent martial arts movement: the development of martial arts deviates more and more from the traditional values and laws of martial arts, thus entering a narrower alley, which can't help but hinder the healthy development of this national sports project that has been sucked by thousands of years of culture. At the same time, it has also attracted great attention from Wushu circles at home and abroad.

Reflections on the Essential Characteristics of 1 China Wushu

The so-called essential feature refers to the external expression of the internal stipulation of things reflected by the concept of things. Although Wushu has become the most representative traditional sport in China since modern times, people still have great differences on this issue, mainly in whether Wushu is a fighting method with the essential characteristics of fighting or just a physical activity of "moving hands and feet and getting used to limbs". On this issue, we might as well examine it from the formation and development of Wushu, which may be more helpful to our understanding.

In ancient times, people mainly used hand-to-hand combat technology in offensive and defensive fighting. Whether it is a large-scale battle in military martial arts activities or a "two-on-two" battle between a few people, they master such technical skills mainly through training and apply them to actual combat. This is not only the embodiment of the value of Wushu at that time, but also the main purpose of Wushu. Therefore, whether it is the fighting training of direct physical confrontation, or the martial arts routine practice that is both national and can meet the needs of teaching, memory and training, and various training means and methods that exist around these two forms are generally developed and developed around this goal.

When discussing this issue, some scholars often cite the criticism of Qi Jiguang, a military strategist in the Ming Dynasty, who thinks that Wushu routines are not practical, thus proposing the distinction between martial arts and martial arts. In fact, as long as Qi Jiguang's comments before and after are integrated, it is not difficult to see that Qi Jiguang's criticism of routine martial arts as a gesture of flower boxing and embroidery is based on the perspective of military combat. In fact, in Qi Jiguang's martial arts view, he never single-handedly denied the value of routine martial arts in the "two-out-of-two", but clearly put forward that routine martial arts is "equal, superior to the enemy, with endless changes" (1). With the appearance of firearms, the value of offensive and defensive functions of Wushu in the military arena has also weakened, and attacking and killing has become a small supplement in modern military warfare. Wushu itself has also been brought into the torrent of modern sports, and its technical system has also undergone great changes, especially in modern times, a competitive Wushu system with professional teams as the main body has been formed. But from a historical point of view, we must not deny that fighting skill is the logical premise of the essential characteristics of China Wushu because of the influence of competitive Wushu with professional teams as the main body in society, nor can we ignore the cultural identity and value orientation of Wushu in the whole society.

2 From the essential characteristics of Wushu to see the status quo of contemporary China Wushu.

In the mid-1950s, theoretical discussions on the nature and development direction of Wushu appeared in New Sports and sports literature. Many scholars unanimously pointed out that martial arts is the most fundamental essential feature of martial arts, and the development of martial arts "must retain the inherent style characteristics of martial arts." Unfortunately, the opinions of scholars have not been well implemented. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the technical level of Wushu has been greatly improved, but the attack and defense required by the essential characteristics of Wushu have been greatly weakened, which has also hindered the benign and sustainable development of Wushu to a certain extent, and there have been some trends worthy of consideration.

For a long time, Wushu appeared on the competitive stage in the form of routines in China. The lever of competitive competition, which takes action standard as the main scoring standard, tilts the pursuit of Wushu goals with kung fu practice as the means and fighting and practicality as the main purpose. Competitive Wushu only embodies a spiritual conquest of the surrounding environment, that is, an aesthetic effect on the audience. This kind of competition routine is often arranged by the creator according to his own experience and the specific situation of the exerciser. In the process of arrangement, the necessary conditions of Wushu application are generally ignored, which is divorced from the objectivity and randomness of practical value. The so-called "fighting consciousness" embodied in the process of sports is also subjective and practical, and can only be divorced from the real fighting consciousness. In the training method of routine, competitive Wushu takes hands as the starting point and the ultimate goal, so it is different from the traditional training method that pays attention to killing and practicality and pays attention to various training methods, which is single. Under this development background, the main goals and essential features that China Wushu has been pursuing are gradually drifting away from us.

Having said that, some people may take Sanshou as an example and think that it is not Sanshou that is developing Wushu vigorously at present. The development of Sanda is indeed a breakthrough in traditional Wushu, which is dominated by routines, and has injected new vitality into China Wushu. It can also be regarded as a return to the essential characteristics of Wushu when the previous Wushu developed to a certain stage.

Sanshou martial arts includes the use of kicking, hitting, throwing, holding and other movements, with rich and colorful techniques and tricks; But unfortunately, the present Sanshou in China lacks the technology that can reflect these characteristics of Wushu. Many Sanshou players haven't even practiced the basic skills of Wushu, and the technical foundation of Wushu is generally poor. It is difficult to use martial arts tricks in Sanshou, and it is easy to confuse China Wushu with general fighting techniques, thus losing the inherent characteristics of Wushu.

At present, there are two forms of competitive Wushu: routine and Sanshou, but neither of them keeps the essential characteristics of Wushu well. The routine is more and more like "skill plus gymnastics", and Sanshou is about to become "free fighting"; But routines are not as beautiful as gymnastics, and Sanshou is not as fierce and powerful as Taekwondo. It is difficult to ensure that Wushu will not lose its essence and charm, let alone promote Wushu and go global.

3 Development trend of Wushu

To develop Wushu, we must first inherit its essential characteristics, constantly absorb the nutrition of traditional Wushu to enrich ourselves, and retain the inherent style and characteristics of Wushu. Therefore, it is necessary to organize experts to study how to carry out processing and transformation on the basis of the current routine competition and Sanshou competition. For this work, first, we should do it in the spirit of seizing every minute, and we can't delay it any longer; Second, the project transformation should adopt a step-by-step method, and this work should be carried out steadily and orderly to fully reflect the characteristics of Wushu.

Offensive and defensive techniques are the essence or soul of Wushu. The arrangement of routines should be based on offensive and defensive movements, with various fighting skills, techniques or tricks as the content. Routine is the basis of Sanshou technique. If you don't practice the basic skills of routines, you will only learn brute force to practice Sanda, just like castles in the air. (4) There are not only punches and kicks in Sanshou, such as the boy worshipping Buddha in Shaolin Boxing, the white snake spitting letters in Bagua Palm, and the pipa waving in Tai Ji Chuan. Once these techniques are properly used in fighting, their attack power and effect are far above fists and feet, so people who practice routines should strengthen the actual combat practice of fighting techniques; Those who practice Sanshou should practice more routines, and both routines and Sanshou should be infiltrated and integrated; Only in this way can the essential characteristics of Wushu be inherited and carried forward, and modern Wushu can be truly "Kung Fu".

Conclusion: The development of Wushu can not be separated from the guidance of Wushu scientific theory, which has been recognized by contemporary Wushu circles. We need to make Wushu scientific, and we need to explain and guide the development of Wushu scientifically in theory. To this end, we call on relevant departments, experts and scholars to make plans for Wushu scientific research as soon as possible, increase the intensity of Wushu scientific research, and make this outstanding cultural heritage of China more scientific and perfect, and go to the world with its magnificent posture.

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