The History of Chinese Science and Technology

The Xia, Shang and Zhou periods laid the foundation for the embryonic form of Chinese science and technology. At this time China entered the Bronze Age, bronze casting smelting technology is very high. At this time also appeared the original porcelain.

Especially in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, China's ancient science and technology system is basically laid in this period. At this time China's extensive use of iron, but also appeared in the steelmaking technology and cast iron softening technology. Many large-scale water conservancy projects were built at this time, the famous ones being Dujiangyan and Zhengguo Canal. The decimal system was established in mathematics; one of the earliest star catalogs in the world appeared; the length of the return year was determined with greater accuracy; and the theory of Chinese medicine was initially established. By the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the consolidation of the feudal system, the various scientific and technological sciences of ancient China had matured. The Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art defined the ancient Chinese mathematical system. The art of papermaking was invented and significantly improved. The construction of the Great Wall demonstrated the advanced construction technology of China at that time. Zhang Heng invented the Geodesic Instrument, the world's earliest seismometer.

In agriculture, crop rotation was established. The Shennong Ben Cao Jing (Classic of the Materia Medica of Shennong) and the Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of the Typhoid Fever (伤寒杂病論) had a great influence on the development of Chinese medicine in later times. The Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art defined the mathematical system of ancient China. Papermaking was invented and significantly improved during this period; shipbuilding technology was already very mature. The construction of the Great Wall reflected the development of architectural technology. The two Song dynasties led to a great development of ancient Chinese science and technology, of which Shen Kuo was the outstanding representative. At this time, China's four great inventions came out one after another, which made a significant contribution to world civilization.

The development of science and technology in ancient China reached its peak during the Two Songs. Just as there was prosperity in administration and the arts, the Southern Song was an exciting period of technological innovation. Shen Kuo (1031-1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (存中), and number Mengxi zhangren (梦溪丈人), was a native of Qiantang, Hangzhou (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), who was a scientist and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In his later years, he used his life's insights to write the note-book masterpiece Mengxi Bianan (梦溪笔谈), in the Mengxi Garden in Zhenjiang. A very knowledgeable and accomplished scientist, one of the most outstanding scientists in China's history. Proficient in astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, geography, agronomy and medicine; he was also an excellent engineer and a brilliant diplomat. In many ways he was a bit like Leonardo da Vinci, interested and knowledgeable in many practical subjects in addition to philosophy. This was in keeping with the Confucian model of the scholar-gentleman. But Shen Kuo and his contemporaries went much further than the sage's talk of investigating and studying things, raising it to the level of what might be called scientific inquiry. For example, Shen Kuo's diary records his observation that rock formations in places much higher than current sea level contain fossilized sea products. Like the Italian Renaissance man Leonardo da Vinci, but three centuries before the latter, he drew the correct inferences and wrote the first statement of a geomorphologic theory of ground uplift. The science and technology of the Yuan Dynasty reached or achieved a high level of success, with astronomy, mathematics, and even medicine ranking among the world's most advanced at the time. Arabian and Persian science and technology, which led the world at that time, were introduced to China. Before he ascended the throne, Kublai, the first Yuan emperor, recruited "Huihui as star scholars". They translated and brought such astronomical works as Ptolemy's Astronomical Collections and Ibn Yunus' Hakim's Catalog (also translated as Hakim's Almanac), etc. In 1260, the Yuan court adopted the old system of the Jin Dynasty and set up a Tiantai; in 1271, it formally set up a Hui Hui Tiantai, and in 1312 it set up a Hui Hui Tiantian Supervisor. A large number of astronomers represented by Zamaruddin (also translated as Zamaruddin and Zamaruddin) were later appointed to manage such work.

The Chinese began to use Arabic numerals at this time.

In 1280, when the Yuan mathematician and astronomer Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing formulated the Calendar of the Time, they not only listed the formula for three times of interpolation (the "method of invocation"), but also used the "method of palletizing, invocation, hooking, and arc-vectoring" to carry out meticulous calculations, in which the Muslim invention of the arc-vector was combined with the Muslim invention of the arc-vector. In addition, the Muslim invention of the arc-triangle method was applied to the art of circle cutting to obtain the "arc-vector circle cutting method" (i.e., the method of solving spherical right triangles).

It is generally believed that some parts of Euclid's Geometria were translated and introduced into China by Xu Guangqi of the Ming Dynasty with the help of the Italian Matteo Ricci (the first six volumes of Geometria), but some scholars (Fang Hao, A History of East-West Transportation) believe that the book had already been brought to China by incoming Muslims before that, during the Yuan Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Ming dynasty in the mid- to late 14th century, ancient Chinese mathematics, which was built on the basis of arithmetic, declined due to the popularization of the eight-legged model of the imperial examinations and the deletion of mathematical content, as well as the prevalence of bead calculations.

During the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese medicine developed greatly, with the emergence of the four major schools of medicine in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which greatly enriched the knowledge of medicine by incorporating and exchanging ideas on the basis of inherited traditions. Hui Hui medicine prescription (hereinafter referred to as "medicine prescription") is China's large-scale comprehensive Hui Hui medicine books (author unknown), the original 36 volumes, a few surviving copies are now available in the Beijing Library. The book is mostly written in Chinese, with many Arabic and Persian medical terms and Chinese phonetic translations. Only a few surviving copies of the catalog can be seen, the "prescription" is a

including internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, orthopedics and dermatology, etc., rich in content, with the characteristics of the East and West of the medical canon; scholars studying the history of medicine in China based on the surviving part of the presumption that the "prescription" of the prescription of about 6,000-7,000, the value of its value and the Chinese medicine ancient book, the "Secret of the Foreign Desk" equivalent.

Today's Beijing was built on the basis of the Yuan dynasty capital. As far as architectural achievements are concerned, Yuan Dadu can be regarded as an architectural and artistic treasure that is renowned both in China and abroad. Yuan Dadu city in the technical aspects of the presiding design and participate in the construction, is to come to China Muslim architects also black Die Er Ding. It is inconceivable that this architect was able to utilize traditional Chinese architectural features and combine them with advanced architectural styles in the world to design the Yuan Dadu, which was a grand and well-planned city in harmony with nature. A large number of experts, scholars and craftsmen were involved in the design and construction of the metropolis.

All in all, Yuan Dadu is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the Chinese nation. Since the construction of the Yuan dynasty capital in 1267, to 1285, which took 18 years to complete (the previous JinZhongDu city site is located in today's Beijing southwest east of the Lotus Pond, YuanDaDu of the new city built in the northeast of the old city of the capital).

In 1291, Guo Shoujing directed the construction of a canal from the Yuan capital to Tongzhou. From Tongzhou to the Yuan capital, he designed seven sluices, which were about half a kilometer away from each other, and a bucket gate. Guo Shoujing is through the sluice gates and bucket door closure and opening, regulating the water level of each section of the canal, to guide the smooth passage of ships. Upon completion of the project, Yuan Shizu himself named the 164-mile-long section of the canal "Tonghui River". The Tonghui River is a masterpiece in the history of Chinese engineering and construction, and the ingenious methods it utilizes are essentially the same as the techniques used in some foreign canals.

Yuan Shizu period that began to pay attention to agriculture, well formulated policies conducive to the development of agriculture, so that the level of agriculture has improved greatly. Wang Zhen compiled the book "Book of Agriculture" has thirty-seven volumes (now exists thirty-six volumes), is an ancient Chinese great work on agricultural production for a comprehensive and systematic discussion. The book has more than 130,000 words and more than 300 drawings, the whole text is divided into "agricultural mulberry know-how", "hundred grain spectrum", "agricultural equipment atlas" three major parts. Nongsang Tongxie" includes a comprehensive discussion on various aspects of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, by-products, fishery and water conservancy, etc., and puts forward the important idea of farming "to obey the time of heaven, to adapt to the conditions of the land, and to survive in the people". Hundred Cereal Spectrum" on a variety of crops, characteristics, cultivation, planting, harvesting, storage and utilization of knowledge to be introduced, especially Wang Zhen will be divided into six major categories of crops such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, miscellaneous, etc., can be regarded as China's founder of the classification of crops; in addition to the author for the description of the plant's traits, but also the books have not been previously available. And "agricultural atlas" is "agricultural book" the focus of the part of the system, the part of the field system, warehouse, boat, irrigation, sericulture, weaving fiber, hemp and mango and other 20 categories, a detailed introduction to the 257 kinds of agricultural machinery, but also with the drawing of the map 306 and text description, its value exceeded the previous books on agricultural machinery, and even later in the ancient China in this regard, there is no one beyond the exposition of the Wang Zhen.

In terms of printing technology, Wang Zhen designed a wooden movable type and rotary typewriter frame, and in 1298 with wooden movable type typewriter Jingde County Records; its "make movable type printing calligraphy" (attached to the end of the "Nongshu") is the earliest systematic introduction of movable type typewriter printing technology literature. The scientific and technological achievements of the Ming Dynasty were as brilliant as stars, and extraordinary achievements were made in all walks of life, and many famous masterpieces emerged.

1, scientific writings

Li Shizhen, "Compendium of Materia Medica" (1578); Zhu Zaiyu, "New Sayings on Rhythm" (1584); Pan Jitai, "List of River Defense" (1590); Cheng Dawei, "Algorithm of Unification of the Zong" (1592); Tu Benjun, "Minzhonghai Error" (1596); Xu Guangqi, "Complete Book of Agricultural Politics" (1633); Song Yingxing, "Tian Gong Kaifu" (1637); Song Yingxing, "Tian Gong Kaifu" (1637); and Song Yingxing, "Tian Gong Kaifu" (1637). Tian Gong Kai Wu" (1637); Xu Xiake's "Travels of Xu Xiake" (1640); and Wu You Shi's "Treatise on the Plague" (1642).

The appearance of so many excellent scientific monographs in just over 60 years is unprecedented in Chinese history in terms of frequency and range of disciplines. As researchers have pointed out, the number of Western books shipped to China at that time was very impressive, including almost all the knowledge of theology, philosophy, science, literature and art disciplines after the Renaissance movement". "view of the earth", along with Catholic theology, came with it.

2. The work of translation

In Xu Guangqi's "to be victorious, we must be able to understand; before we can understand, we must translate" the principle of thought and "seek Taoist artists with an open mind to raise the question, so that their 3,000 years of gradual progress in the industry, I years and months of the arch to be its success! Under the guidance of the goal of ", as well as the organization and support of the Ming government, the Chinese carried out conscious and targeted large-scale translations of Western books on mathematical engineering and so on. Among the known translations of books (including translators or authors):

"Measurement of the law of righteousness" Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi, 1607, "table degree said" Xiong Samba, 1611, "Tessie water law" Xiong Samba and Xu Guangqi, 1612, "Geometry Originally" Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi, 1613, "the same text counting finger" Matteo Ricci and Li Zhi Zao, 1613, "the qiankun body righteousness" Matteo Ricci, 1614, "the round capacity is more righteous" Matteo, 1614, "the round capacity is more righteous" Matteo Ricci. In 1614, the round capacity to compare the meaning of Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao, in 1614, Tianwen Liao Yang Mano, in 1615, the job outside the square Ji Ai Ruoliu, in 1623, the far mirror said Tang Ruowang, in 1626, the huan have interpreted Fu Panji and Li Zhizao, in 1628, the name of the reasoning of the probe Fu Panji and Li Zhizao, in 1631, the main system of the Qunzheng Tang Ruowang, in 1636, the huanwu Beginnings and End of the world Wang Fengsu, in 1637, the five latitudes and calendars and the calendar of the five latitudes and the five latitudes and the calendar of the five latitudes and the five latitudes. 1637 "five latitude calendar finger" Luo Yagu, 1637 "sexology rough description" Ai Ruluo, 1637 "Kunzi Gezhi (mining and metallurgy book)" German mining and metallurgy George Bauer, Tang Ruowang, Yang Zhihua, Huang Hongxian translation of the "Architecture ten books" Roman architect Vitruvius, "Mathematical Notes" Dutch mathematician, military engineer Simon Steffen, "all kinds of exquisite mechanical devices" Italian engineering and technology experts Rumeli, "Original" (the original). The Original (Latin text), Cologne edition, The Complete Measurement, Jacob Rogers, Theory of the Workings of the Heavenly Bodies, Copernicus, Copernican Outline of Astronomy, Kepler, Mediterranean Navigations, Roman edition, The Proportionate Gauge, Rojagua, The Relation between the Perimeter of the Earth and its Diameter, The Cosmograph, Jacques Besson, The Invention of the Geometrical Astronomical Spectroscopic Instrument for Dual Purposes of the Land and the Sea by Pierre + Lecomte, The Manufacture and Usage of Magnetometers. Guillaume de Nottigner, "The medicine of emesis" Sara Angelou, "Salinity of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and other oceans, and the cause and effect of the flow of the ebb and flow of the sea currents" Claude Cure

The translations and compositions at that time also include the "Illustrations of the strange artifacts of the Far West" (from the collection of the book, by Deng Yuhang and Wang Zheng, 1627), the "Overview of the person of the West of the Thai Empire" (1635), the "Illustrations of the person of the West of the West of the world" (1635), and the "Western Country" (1595). Recorded Law" (1595), "rough description of sexology" (1623), "Chongzhen Calendar about", "Physical small knowledge", "number of degrees of diffraction", "Tessie water law preface", "spinning rhyme map", "geometric body theory", "geometric usage", "Tessie counting to be", "western Confucian ear and eye resources", "education small defense", "sun, moon and star sundial type" (Tianqi years Lu Zhongyu), "Hun Gai Tong Xian Tu Shuo", "by the sky that ...... and so on more than seven thousand books.

3, the original geometry

Xu Guangqi that "want to win, must first be able to pass", visible in its mind, "pass" Chinese and Western is the first step to means, "win" Western learning is the goal. "Western learning is the purpose. In Xu Guangqi's scientific thought, translation is the foundation, is the way to learn advanced western science and technology. In the conditions at that time, Xu Guangqi attached great importance to translation and other work, focusing on the translation work to train their own Western talents. Let the astronomical students to learn Western law and personally taught, "so that the people after the practice of understanding, and therefore seek to progress, when the rest is better than today." In this regard, Ji Zhigang commented that: today, when the Chinese nation stands again in the world's national forest, when we realize that "innovation is the soul of the nation's progress", "innovation is also the inexhaustible power of the country's prosperity," when Xu Guangqi The scientific thought of "to be through the super winning" shines more brightly. In the spring of 1607, Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci translated the first six volumes of the original geometry. As a Christian who converted to the missionary Matteo Ricci, Xu Guangqi did not choose religious texts, but first translated the ancient Western mathematical classics, "the original geometry". He said: "Geometry originally" is the principle of the degree, so the poor square, round, flat and straight feelings, all the rules and regulations of the use of also. ...... both stroke and restoration, from the obvious into the subtle, from the doubt to believe, not use for use, the use of the base, it can be said that the image of the shape of the catch, a hundred of the sea of learning ......" for the first time to the Chinese people explained the nature of geometry.

4, Chongzhen calendar

Chongzhen two years, that is, June 21, 1629 A.D., the Chintian Supervision projected the eclipse error, and Xu Guangqi with the Western projections with the actual measurement match. Xu Guangqi was Secretary of the Ministry of Rites, he once again put forward proposals to amend the calendar, is the year the Chongzhen Emperor approved the Xu Guangqi proposed ambitious plan to repair the calendar, ordered the establishment of the calendar Bureau, led by Xu Guangqi, compiling a new calendar. And asked him to "collect a wide range of long, open-minded listening, Western methods may be accepted, the different views of the family seek to synthesize." Xu Guangqi Chongzhen Emperor's will, in the Qin Tianjian opened the Western Bureau. 1629 ~ 1634 Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao and Li Tianjing, successively to the Western method of supervising the repair of the calendar, the appointment of Westerners Tang Ruowang (Germany), Luo Yagui (Italy), Long Huamin (Italy), Deng Yuxin (J. Terrentius, 1576 ~ 1630), etc. Repair into the Chongzhen Calendar * * * * 46 kinds of 137 volumes.

There was also opposition to the Western calendar in Chongzhen. At that time, a civilian Wei Wenkui wrote two books, "Calendar Yuan" and "Calendar Measurement", which were dedicated to the court and accused Xu Guangqi of appointing the Western method, but were not subject to administrative interference. The government set up a civilian calendar agency for him, the East Bureau, and Xu Guangqi's organization and leadership of the Western Calendar Bureau, as well as the original Taitung Calendar Bureau, Hui Hui Calendar Bureau, four institutions equal and open debate. And Wei's debate, Xu Guangqi recorded in the book "academic small debate", entitled "Calendar Bureau and Wei Wenkui debate manuscript". "In this ten years of struggle, the Chinese and Western calendars were eight head-to-head contests, and finally the Western calendar won all eight times, and declared the correctness of the Chongzhen Calendar." It is in this good atmosphere of a hundred schools of thought and a hundred flowers blossomed that the calendar changes organized by Xu Guangqi, Li Tianjing and others conquered the hearts and minds of the people.

"Chongzhen Calendar" is in the Chongzhen emperor as the head of the Ming government organization support for the compilation of a large series of the introduction of Western mathematical astronomical knowledge, "Chongzhen Calendar" **** 137 volumes, including the "measurement of the sky about that" "armillary sphere said that" "sidereal calendar refers to" more than 30 kinds of books. Among them were references to astronomical knowledge that was new and even not yet fully accepted in Europe at that time: Kepler's Harmony of the Universe of 1619, Copernicus' Compendium of Astronomy of 1621, and the Danish Astronomy of 1622 by Diku's disciple Longomontanus, translating and using 17 of the 27 observational records of Copernicus, introducing Galileo's work on the Sunspot phenomenon, translated Kepler's "On the Motion of Mars" a number of materials in the book ...... and 1/3 of the space expounded the solar system structure system of the Diya, the calculation method used Copernicus and Kepler's Western modern geometric methods. The Shogun's Almanac quotes extensively from chapters and diagrams in the Treatise on the Workings of the Heavens, and regards Copernicus as one of the four greatest astronomers in European history.

The Chongzhen Almanac adopted the Dagu system, was quickly accepted by the Chinese astronomical community, such as the end of the Ming Dynasty, Suzhou, Bo Jue has written "the heavens have the original movement, have pushed, have driven the theory" to explain. Chongzhen calendar is divided into the basic five items: law original, law number, law calculation, law, and will pass.

Xu Guangqi in the presidency of the calendar, put forward a set of development of astronomy, he said: "want to tomorrow's affairs, only the deep ethics, the number of clear, fine selection of people, review of the creation of equipment, at any time the test, the pursuit of the day is only. ...... Other than that, there is no other way." In Xu Guangqi's view, the revision of the "Chongzhen Calendar" is not only for the repair of the calendar, he said: things finished calendar into the requirements of the big ready, a righteousness of a law, it must be said that the reason why it is so, from the stream back to the source, due to the branch up to the root, and can be the fundamental for the business of the world. This book will be healed several times, the matter must be read for years and years. Both the law is clear, clear that the person can legislate, passed on to its people, hundreds of years later to see a violation of the departure, push to understand the reason, and thus measure the day to change the constitution, which is called the law can be more in the future, after the people will be victorious over today's also. Chongzhen Calendar" is written according to this goal, as the basic theory of the part of the "law of the original" to introduce the basic astronomical theory, to discuss the movement of the celestial bodies of the geometric model and its establishment of the way, and this part of the content ranked in the "five eyes" first. The "law of the original" occupies the core part, *** more than 40 volumes, accounting for "Chongzhen calendar" of 1 / 3. This is unique in the revision of the Chinese calendar in all generations.

In the "Chongzhen Calendar", "large measurement", "measurement of the whole meaning", "cut the circle eight lines table", "eight lines table", "North and South High Arc Table" and "High Arc Table" and so on the introduction of planar and spherical trigonometry, "proportionality rule solution" and "calculation" to introduce the two kinds of calculation tools.

The achievements of the Chongzhen Calendar were the most advanced in the world at that time. Chongzhen Calendar" not only represents "Western learning" academic achievements, but also represents China's acceptance of Western astronomy. Valuable is that the Ming scientists to the Western scientific and technological knowledge to be absorbed critically, the government for scientific research to provide a favorable environment.

The Chongzhen Calendar was completed in 1634, when Xu Guangqi was appointed "university scholar of the East Cabinet" and "university scholar of the Wen Yuan Pavilion. He was in Chongzhen five years when the Cabinet of University, trusted by Chongzhen. He was sick, but Chongzhen did not let him go home, so that he died in office. "Chongzhen Emperor Xu Guangqi died y saddened, heard the funeral after the suspension of a day, posthumously awarded the 'lesser protection', posthumously 'Wending'. And sent officers to give to do funeral used items and mourning money, etc., but also sent the Ministry of Rites Secretary Li Kang presided over the funeral offerings, and sent to escort the funeral back to Shanghai." To express his condolences. And in 1633 Galileo, who was regarded as one of the founders of modern science, was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Holy See, and his later years were extremely miserable. It is fair to say that the Chinese government of the Ming Dynasty supported scientific research, especially the study of mathematics and astronomy, more than Europe.

5, the royal science and technology

Ming Dynasty not only the literati have great interest in science and research results, the court's active support for scientific research, and even the ruling class itself has a great interest in science, and made great contributions. In addition to the most obvious examples of Xu Guangqi, who reached the rank of Shangshu, and Li Tianjing and Li Zhizao, let's take a look at a few others.

Zhu Shengtao (c. 1361-1425) was the fifth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and the younger brother of Zhu Di, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, whose mother was Queen Ma. He was once crowned King of Wu, but later changed his title to King of Zhou. The scientific and technical works organized and participated by Zhu Saoxao include Baosheng Yu Lu, Pocket Formula, Pu Ji Fang and Salvation Materia Medica.

Zhu Zaiyu (1536-1611), the ninth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, the sixth grandson of Emperor Renzong, and the first generation of the royal family of Zheng Fan. He was a famous legal scholar, calendar scholar and mathematician in the Ming Dynasty. He wrote a large number of musical and mathematical works in his life. His father, Zhu Houhan, was proficient in the science of music and rhythm, and had great influence and inspiration on Zhu Zaiyu. Zhu Zaiyu has made great contributions to science, he is a creative scholar in China's feudal society, a superstar in science and art in Ming Dynasty, and scholars in China and abroad respect him as "Oriental Renaissance Sage". Zhu Zaiyu and Guo Moruo together are listed as "world historical and cultural celebrities".

Xiong Mingyou, who was the Secretary of the Ministry of War during the Chongzhen period, was one of the scholars who preferred Western learning at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and wrote a book entitled "Gezhi Cao", which featured: "Not only did he make scientific research and records of individual natural phenomena, but more importantly, he intended to find out the general rules and theorems from these individual researches. Therefore, there are many so-called 'constant theories' and 'speeches' in his works. For example, Volume I has the 'Constant Theory of Principles' and 'Oration on Principles'." Xiong Mingyou's son, Xiong Renlin, was also a famous Western scholar, author of Hanging Elephant Sayings, Earth's Weft, and Hanyutong. Xiong's influence on Fang Yizhi, a great thinker of the late Ming Dynasty, was also very great, and Fang's interest in natural science and Western learning was related to Xiong's enlightenment.

Ricci died in Beijing in 1610 (38th year of the Wanli reign) at the age of 59. During his lifetime, he had more than 200 followers. It was customary for foreigners to be buried in Macau after their deaths. However, in order to honor the memory of Matteo Ricci, the Chinese petitioned the imperial court to grant him land for burial in Beijing. Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty made an exception and granted the request, personally gave the burial fee, and gave the western suburb of Beijing "Erligou Buddhist Temple, with thirty-eight houses and twenty acres of land for the burial of Matteo Ricci," and "set up a stone for the record," and the tombstone was erected by the Shuntian prefect, Wang Yinglin. When he was buried in October of this year, all the civil and military officials attended the funeral, which was very solemn and grand. Italian Jesuit missionaries have recorded, "when an internal eunuch said to the Minister Ye Wenzhong (cited note: that is, the Cabinet Chief Ye Xianggao) said: 'all the guests from afar, from ancient times are not given a funeral, why is it only thick in Lizi?', Wenzhong said: 'the guests, from ancient times are not given a funeral, why is it only thick in Lizi? , Wenzhong said: 'I see from the ancient guests, their moral learning has as Li Zi person? If no matter what else, that is, its translation of the geometry of the original "book, that is, it is appropriate to give the burial place.'" The ruling class of the Ming dynasty can be seen on the importance of science and extraordinary mind. Qing's science and technology some proud of the development of the Qianlong official repair of the "Medical Zong Jinjian" ninety volumes, the collection of a number of new secret and experience of the good prescription, and the "Golden Chamber Essentials", "Typhoid Fever," and other books made a lot of examination and revision of the book is an introduction to the clinical experience of Chinese medicine is an important work. Wang Qingren, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, had outstanding achievements in medicine and wrote a book entitled "Reform and Error in the Medical Forest". He emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge for medical treatment and questioned the records about internal organs in ancient books. Through the anatomical research on the internal organs of the cadaver, he drew twenty-five kinds of "personally see the corrected visceral organs map", corrected some mistakes of the predecessors, and made useful contributions to the development of anatomy in the motherland.

Wang Xi-expansion, word Yinxu, No. Xiao-an, Suzhou Wujiang people, with "Xiao-an new method", "five-star traveling degree solution" and other astronomical works of more than a dozen. He was well versed in both Chinese and Western calendars, and was able to explain the origin of the differences between the two, and investigate their gains and losses. He affirmed the advanced aspects of the Western calendar and pointed out many of its shortcomings and errors. He made pertinent comments on the algorithm of solar and lunar eclipses, the application of some astronomical data, and the length of the return year, the age difference constant, and so on. Because he was able to combine Chinese and foreign experience and conduct independent and creative research, he made significant achievements and promoted the development of Chinese calendar and arithmetic.

Mei Wending, with the character Dingjiu and the name Beian, was a native of Xuancheng. He devoted his life to the organization and explication of the ancient Chinese calendar and arithmetic, and also to the study and introduction of Western science. Written astronomy, calendar, mathematics books, *** up to 86 kinds, in the organization of Chinese and foreign scientific knowledge, made a significant contribution. He wrote the "Ancient and Modern Calendars", which is the first history of calendars in China. His mathematical masterpiece "Chinese and Western Mathematics" included almost all the knowledge of the world mathematics at that time and reached the highest level of Chinese mathematical research at that time. In the book's Equation Theory section, he elucidated the originality of the ancient Chinese equations, pointing out that such algorithms were not found in the West; in the sections of Gouxuezhi Measurement and Nine Numbers of Cungu, he also carried forward the achievements of the ancient Chinese algorithms; in the sections of Rift Valley and Plugging Measurement and Geometric Complementation of Prejudice, he introduced the Western spherical trigonometry, and discussed and developed Western three-dimensional geometry; in the sections of Chihuaiji

Mingantu, was a famous Mongolian calendar and arithmetic scholar. He was the head of the Chintian Supervisor during the Qianlong period. At that time, three analytic formulas about trigonometric functions were imported from Europe, and the three methods of cutting a circle (circle diameter for circumference, lonely back for sine, and string back for vector) were only formulas, but there was no method of proving the formulas. Chinese scholars had long suffered from the knowledge but did not know the reason, this situation to the math workers at that time to master and use this knowledge has brought some difficulties. After more than thirty years of in-depth study, Ming An Tu wrote "cut circle rate Jiefa" four volumes, not only the creation of the "cut circle even proportionality method" proved the three formula, and further created a series of new formulas, such as the arc back to seek through the chord, through the chord to seek the arc back, the vector to seek the arc back and other new formulas. This is Ming An Tu's outstanding contribution to mathematics. He was the first person in China to conduct research on pi by analytical methods. It is especially worth mentioning the geographic mapping, Kangxi, had organized manpower to conduct geodetic survey of the country, after more than thirty years of planning, surveying and mapping work, made the "Emperor's Opinion All-round Map". This map was "not only the best of all the maps of Asia at that time, but also better and more accurate than all the maps of Europe at that time" (Joseph Lee, A History of Science and Technology in China, Volume V). At the time of the Qianlong Emperor, Ming Antu and others were sent twice to Xinjiang and other places to conduct surveys and mapping, and finally, on the basis of the "Imperial Opinion Map", based on the new information from the surveys and mapping, the "Qianlong Imperial Opinion Map of the Imperial Palace" was made. In this map, the Xinjiang region of the Qing Empire was mapped in detail for the first time. These two maps are still of great reference value today. In 1820, the Qing Dynasty boundary map in the "Re-establishment of the Great Qing Dynasty" basically reflected the territory of China, but due to the prohibition of religion during the Yongzheng period and the subsequent closed-door policy, advanced Western science could not be imported into China, and the opportunity to learn from each other was lost, coupled with the continuation of the Ming Dynasty's bad habits of the imperial examinations in the Qing Dynasty, the penal system, and the eight-legged essay, which had gradually lost the leading position in the world in terms of science. gradually lost its leading position in the world. After the Opium War, a large number of western sciences were introduced into China, and from the Foreign Affairs Movement, the Hundred Days' Reform, to the Xinhai Revolution, China tried its best to absorb the achievements of western sciences. In the early years of the Republic of China, after the founding of the Chinese Science Society and other private academic societies, China's science and technology began to be more systematically integrated with the development of science and technology in the world, and the emergence of the Central Academy of Research in 1928 and the founding of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1949 made it possible for the development of China's scientific and technological research to receive financial support from the government.

Republican gunsmithing, shipbuilding, steam technology, and airplane technology were all technological attempts made at home by overseas students.

China successfully exploded China's first atomic bomb in October 1964, and its first hydrogen bomb in June 1967; at 6:30 p.m. on Nov. 20, 1999, China's first hydrogen bomb was successfully launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center by the new Long March Launch Vehicle Shenzhou I, which landed in the central region of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 15:41 p.m. the following day. At 15:41 the next day, it landed successfully in the central region of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The launch of the Shenzhou V manned spacecraft on October 15, 2003 made China the third country capable of sending people into space on its own, following Russia and the United States. On October 24, 2007, at 18:05 UTC, the Chang'e-1 probe was successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March 3A carrier rocket, and on September 25, 2008, at 21:10:04 UTC, at 988 milliseconds, the Shenzhou-7 was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center's manned launch site by a Long March 2F rocket. The Long March 2F carrier rocket was launched at 21:10:04 988 milliseconds (UTC+8, the same below) on September 25, 2008;

The rocket jettisoned the booster and escape tower at 120th second of ignition; the first and second stages of the rocket were separated at 159th second; the fairing was separated at 200th second; the third stage of the rocket was shut down at 500th second;

the spacecraft was separated from the rocket at 583rd second.

September 27, 04:03 to start the orbit change control program, 04:04 to complete the orbit change. Astronaut exit takes place after the spacecraft enters orbital operation and orbits the Earth more than five times

16:35 Astronaut Zhai Zhigang opens the hatch and begins his exit activities. Zhai first probes his head and waves to the default closed-circuit camera outside the cabin, and then his whole body walks out of the cabin. Liu Boming also poked his head out of the cabin and handed Zhai a small five-star red flag. Zhai Zhigang took the five-star red flag and waved it to the camera for a moment. Zhai then retrieves the solid lubrication experiment samples loaded outside the module. 16:58 The astronauts successfully complete their extravehicular activities and return to the orbital module. 17:01 The orbital module door closes.

The spacecraft successfully landed on the main landing site in Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia, China, at 17:37 on September 28, 2008. The Shenzhou VII spacecraft *** counted 2 days, 20 hours and 27 minutes of flight.