Consultation on environmental problems brought by animal husbandry

Main Environmental Problems of Livestock and Poultry Breeding in China

In the late 1980s, with the rapid development of livestock and poultry breeding industry, the scale of breeding was gradually expanded, and in order to ensure the supply of vegetable baskets in large and medium-sized cities and facilitate transportation, livestock and poultry breeding industry was mostly concentrated around large and medium-sized cities. Due to the changes of breeding scale, breeding mode and distribution area, the pollution of livestock and poultry breeding tends to increase in total amount, degree and scope.

Environmental Pollution Characteristics of Livestock and Poultry Breeding in China

Livestock and poultry breeding pollution has become an increasingly serious environmental problem in China. Its main features are:

(1) There is a large amount of livestock and poultry waste. According to the investigation conducted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2000 in 23 provinces and cities with concentrated large-scale livestock and poultry breeding, the output of livestock and poultry wastes in China was about1900 million tons in 1999, which was 2.4 times that of industrial solid wastes (the industrial solid wastes produced in China in that year were 791000 million tons), and the livestock and poultry wastes contained a lot of organic pollutants, with COD alone reaching 76,543 million tons.

(2) The pollution of livestock and poultry wastes to the environment is quite serious. According to the survey, due to the large amount of livestock and poultry waste, more than 90% of livestock and poultry farms have no comprehensive utilization and sewage treatment facilities, and it is very common to discharge livestock and poultry waste sewage at will. A large number of livestock manure sewage directly enters the water body without treatment, which intensifies the eutrophication of rivers and lakes. Caused serious environmental pollution. According to the investigation and estimation, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in livestock manure is greater than that of chemical fertilizer, which is about 122% and 132% of the loss of chemical fertilizer respectively. The environmental pollution caused by livestock manure has become one of the main sources of non-point source pollution in rural areas of China.

(3) Livestock and poultry waste pollution seriously threatens and affects the regional environmental quality of large and medium-sized cities. Many large livestock and poultry farms are built in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities in order to facilitate transportation. Because there is not enough land to absorb a large amount of livestock and poultry waste in the suburbs of the city, the supervision is unfavorable, livestock and poultry waste is discarded at will, and sewage is discharged at will, which seriously affects the environmental quality of large and medium-sized cities. According to the investigation of pollution sources in the upper reaches of Huangpu River in Shanghai in recent two years, livestock manure pollution has accounted for 36% of the total pollution load, which exceeds the environmental impact of residents' life, agriculture, township industry and catering industry respectively. It is one of the main reasons for the serious pollution of Huangpu River and seriously threatens and affects the environmental quality of Shanghai.

Main hazards of livestock and poultry breeding pollution

1.2. 1 polluted water body

The untreated sewage from livestock and poultry farms contains a lot of pollutants, and the pollution load is high. High-concentration livestock wastewater discharged into rivers and lakes, due to high nitrogen and phosphorus content, the water quality continues to deteriorate, leading to serious eutrophication; A large amount of livestock and poultry waste sewage discharged into fish ponds and rivers will gradually kill aquatic organisms sensitive to organic pollution, which will seriously lead to the loss of the use function of fish ponds and rivers. Moreover, once livestock manure and sewage enter rivers and lakes, it can reduce the dissolved oxygen content in the water and increase the toxic components in the water. In severe cases, the water body turns black and stinks, resulting in persistent organic pollution, which makes the original water body useless and extremely difficult to control and restore, making rivers and lakes become dead lakes and smelly rivers.

1.2.2 air pollution

Livestock and poultry breeding process will produce a large number of malodorous gases, which contain a large number of toxic and harmful components such as ammonia, sulfide and methane, which pollute the farm and the surrounding air and affect the physical and mental health of farm employees. At the same time, some livestock and poultry farms are close to cultural and educational areas and residential areas. Due to the problem of odor pollution, the relationship between farms and the surrounding people is tense, contradictions are intensified, and even social problems are caused, which affects social stability.

1.2.3 spread germs

The pollutants in livestock and poultry wastes contain a large number of pathogenic microorganisms, parasitic eggs and mosquitoes and flies, which will increase the types of pathogens in the environment, make pathogens and parasites multiply in large numbers, and cause the spread of infectious diseases in humans and animals, especially when people and animals are sick, which will lead to epidemic situations and bring disastrous harm to people and animals.

1.2.4 Endangering farmland ecological environment

Long-term use of high-concentration livestock and poultry wastewater for irrigation will make crops steep, lodging, late maturing or immature, leading to reduced production, even poisoning crops and causing large-scale rot. In addition, high-concentration sewage will lead to soil pore blockage, which will lead to the decrease of soil permeability and water permeability and harden, which will seriously affect soil quality.

Because of this, many countries regard the supervision and management of livestock and poultry breeding environment as an important part of environmental protection, and formulate special laws and regulations for strict control and management.

2 Analysis of the causes of environmental pollution in livestock and poultry breeding industry

2. 1 Production and technical reasons

2. 1. 1 Adjustment of rural industrial structure, rapid development of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding.

The scale of breeding is getting bigger and bigger, and livestock production has undergone qualitative changes, and gradually developed into an independent industry. Since the reform and opening up 20 years ago, China's meat production has increased at an average annual rate of more than 10%; Milk and eggs are also advancing by leaps and bounds, with an annual growth rate of more than 10%. 1986 China surpassed the United States for the first time, and 199 1 year China surpassed the United States for the first time. Since 199 1, China's meat production and total output of poultry and eggs have been ranked first in the world for several years. The role of animal husbandry in the development of rural economy has been paid more and more attention by governments at all levels, and it has been listed as a pillar industry in many places and has become an important source of farmers' income.

2. 1.2 Significant changes have taken place in the mode and scale of livestock and poultry breeding.

In the past, the livestock and poultry industry was mostly scattered and only produced as a sideline in rural areas. The number of livestock and poultry is small and the scale is small. Livestock manure can be treated in time and has little impact on the environment. In recent ten years, large-scale livestock and poultry breeding industry has developed rapidly and has become an independent industry. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 1999, there were nearly 33,000 large and medium-sized livestock and poultry farms in China. Intensive livestock and poultry breeding in large and medium-sized cities has developed rapidly. In Zhejiang province alone, there are 1999 pig farms 1373 and live pigs 1440000. 1999 There are 1230 pig farms in Fujian, of which 226 have more than 5,000 heads. Intensive pig raising in Guangdong province has accounted for more than 90% of the total number of pigs in the province.

2. 1.3 great changes have taken place in the layout of livestock and poultry farms, from agricultural areas and pastoral areas to large and medium-sized cities and urban suburbs.

Since the implementation of 1988 "Vegetable Orchid Project", governments at all levels have attached great importance to the development of animal husbandry and successively built a number of intensive farms to solve the problems of meat, eggs and milk for urban residents. Considering the traffic problems, most of these aquaculture enterprises are built in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities. In recent years, due to the development of urban construction, the urban area has been expanding, and some farms have gradually entered the urban area, causing more environmental pollution problems of livestock and poultry.

2. 1.4 The disconnection between agriculture and animal husbandry and the insufficient utilization of livestock and poultry wastes are the main reasons for the pollution of livestock and poultry wastes.

The traditional livestock and poultry industry in China is based on family dispersed farming, and the wastes produced by livestock and poultry farming can be naturally digested by timely fertilization in the surrounding farmland, forming a virtuous circle. For decades, the agricultural production mode with livestock-fertilizer-grain cycle as the main form has formed a good ecological balance system in China's agricultural production. However, with the rapid development of large-scale livestock and poultry industry, the livestock and poultry industry has shifted to the periphery of the city, which has caused a serious disconnect between agriculture and animal husbandry, and finally led to the separation of breeding and planting. Farmers don't cultivate land, waste can't be consumed in time, and livestock and poultry waste, a valuable agricultural resource, can't be used in time. At the same time, due to the development of chemical fertilizer production, farmers use chemical fertilizer instead of livestock manure and are unwilling to use livestock organic fertilizer. Therefore, livestock waste is randomly piled up and discarded, causing serious environmental pollution.

2.2 Policy and management reasons

2.2. 1 In the development of animal husbandry, agricultural policies are out of touch with environmental policies. This is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the disconnection in policy formulation. Vigorously developing livestock and poultry breeding has always been the policy goal of the agricultural sector. Agricultural departments at all levels regard the development of animal husbandry as an important part of rural industrial structure adjustment and agricultural growth. Because environmental protection is not its core function, the prevention and control of livestock and poultry pollution is not fully reflected in their policy objectives. Similarly, in the past, because the environmental protection function of rural areas and agriculture was not in the environmental protection department, and because of the limitation of manpower, material resources and financial resources, the environmental protection department mainly strengthened the pollution prevention and control of cities and industries, so the pollution of livestock and poultry breeding was not included in the key content of water pollution, air pollution and solid waste pollution prevention and control. In this way, under the background of emphasizing industrial development, there has been a so-called "policy vacuum" in the environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding. The second is the disconnection in the process of policy implementation. In the process of policy implementation, this disconnect in policy formulation has been constantly amplified. In the grass-roots environmental management, the function of the agricultural sector to promote agricultural development including livestock and poultry is very clear. However, the environmental protection department lacks corresponding functions and means for rural environmental management issues, including livestock pollution. Therefore, the pollution prevention and environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding is quite weak.

2.2.2 Affected by their functions, environmental protection departments at all levels have not paid enough attention to and managed the environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry wastes. For a long time, environmental management in agricultural production has always been the responsibility of agricultural administrative departments, and the management of agricultural environment by environmental administrative departments at all levels is basically blank due to functional restrictions. In addition, large-scale livestock and poultry breeding has been developed in recent ten years. The current environmental management regulations, systems and standards are mainly aimed at urban and industrial pollution sources, and the environmental impact assessment and "three simultaneities" system have not been implemented for livestock production enterprises. Therefore, environmental protection departments at all levels have not implemented effective environmental management on the environmental pollution of livestock and poultry wastes. Moreover, the construction of large and medium-sized livestock and poultry breeding bases is an important part of the municipal government's "vegetable basket project" and is of great significance to ensuring the supply of urban non-staple food. It is impossible to simply implement "closing, stopping, merging and turning", and the supervision and management of environmental protection departments is quite difficult.

3 China's livestock and poultry pollution prevention and control countermeasures and suggestions

The general idea is: proceeding from reality, learning from foreign experience, aiming at protecting and improving the rural ecological environment, taking the recycling and comprehensive utilization of wastes as the basis, taking the environmental capacity as the benchmark, taking the "target responsibility system" as the leader, taking the principles of reduction, recycling, harmlessness, practicality and cheapness as the principle, making rational planning, combining prevention and control, strengthening management, and taking the road of pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding with China characteristics.

3. 1 learn from the experience of environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding in developed countries.

Judging from the management situation of pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding in developed countries, pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry wastes is mainly managed from the following two aspects:

3. 1. 1 Implement balanced integration of breeding areas, emphasizing the comprehensive utilization and resource utilization of livestock and poultry wastes. The development of livestock and poultry breeding in developed countries mostly belongs to the mode of raising livestock and farming, and there is enough land for livestock and poultry waste to be utilized and digested. For example, there are only four large farms in the Netherlands, and the whole agriculture and animal husbandry is scattered in the country137,000 family farms, and the livestock and poultry wastes generated are digested by their own farms; Denmark relies on 80,000 farmers who both grow grain and raise livestock; Although there are large livestock farms in the United States, the protagonist of raising pigs is a small farm combining agriculture and animal husbandry, with an annual output of 200-500 pigs. Japan recognized the pollution and harm of large-scale aquaculture to the environment 20 years ago, called the pollution of livestock farming "livestock pollution", strictly restricted the construction of large-scale farms, and stipulated that the scale of pig farms near towns should not exceed 50, and measures must be taken to control sewage.

3. 1.2 Large-scale livestock and poultry farms must have certain comprehensive utilization and pollution treatment (disposal) facilities to treat livestock and poultry sewage and achieve the discharge standard. Or enter the municipal sewage treatment plant for treatment according to the discharge requirements, and the livestock and poultry farms pay the sewage treatment fee of the sewage treatment plant. For example, Yokohama, Japan requires ranchers to separate the waste, urine and washing water produced by livestock and poultry breeding, and all urine and washing water enter the sewer, which is charged according to the discharge and concentration and treated by a special sewage treatment plant.

3.2 Suggestions on environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding in China

Combined with China's actual situation and the main experience of developed countries, the prevention and control of livestock and poultry pollution in China should focus on the following aspects:

3.2. 1 Actively take various measures to support and encourage the comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry wastes.

Different from many industrial pollutants, livestock and poultry wastes are rich in fertilizer sources and valuable resources in China's agricultural production. A large number of livestock and poultry wastes are lost or discarded, which is a huge waste of resources. Making good use of livestock waste and converting it into organic fertilizer can not only reduce the pollution of livestock waste to the environment, but also improve soil fertility and soil structure, which is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of agriculture in China. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate various preferential policies to encourage and promote the comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry wastes.

3.2.2 Combination of dredging and blocking to prevent and control pollution.

On the one hand, actively guide comprehensive utilization, advocate the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, balance between planting and breeding, strengthen comprehensive utilization, reduce emissions from the source and production process, reduce treatment costs, and improve environmental, economic and social benefits; On the other hand, it is necessary to establish strict regulations and standards, strictly manage the environment of large-scale livestock and poultry farms, take effective measures to prevent pollution, and strive to achieve emission standards.

3.2.3 Adhere to the principles of circulation, reduction and low price.

In view of the large discharge of pollutants from livestock and poultry breeding in China, firstly, the principle of resource utilization is emphasized in environmental management. Under the condition of environmental capacity, livestock and poultry wastes can be used in agricultural production to the maximum extent, and the forms of utilization can be diversified, and they can be enforced through laws and policies. The second is the principle of reduction. Through a variety of ways, the implementation of "rain and sewage separation, dry-wet separation, manure and urine separation" and other means to reduce the total discharge of pollutants, reduce the difficulty of treatment and utilization, and reduce the treatment cost. Create conditions for improving the level of resource utilization. The third is the principle of cheap. Different from the prevention and control of industrial pollution, the overall profit rate of livestock and poultry breeding industry is not high and the pollution is quite serious. If the cost of pollution control is too high, it will make it difficult for aquaculture to develop. Only through scientific and technological progress, under the premise of resource utilization and reduction, can the "win-win" of economic development and environmental protection of livestock and poultry breeding be truly realized.

3.3 Main policy recommendations for the implementation of livestock and poultry breeding management

In view of the pollution characteristics of livestock and poultry breeding industry and the present situation of environmental management in China, the main policy means to implement environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding industry at this stage should include:

3.3. 1 Establish and improve the environmental management system. The legal system of livestock and poultry breeding in China has been established. In 200 1 year, the State Environmental Protection Administration issued Management Measures for Pollution Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Emission Standards for Pollution Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Technical Specifications for Pollution Prevention and Control. In order to further strengthen the legal construction of environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding, the State Environmental Protection Administration is working with the Ministry of Agriculture and other departments to draft the Regulations on Pollution Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Breeding. It is believed that with the promulgation of these regulations, the environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding will be gradually brought into legal management.

3.3.2 Implement hierarchical management and strengthen departmental cooperation. Due to China's vast territory and complex situation, the environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding in China should be implemented in different scales, which not only reflects the moderate centralization of the central government, but also gives full play to the enthusiasm of local environmental protection departments at all levels. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation with the competent departments of livestock and poultry breeding and strengthen the management of pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding in China.

3.3.3 Pollution control of large-scale livestock and poultry farms should be the focus of management in the near future. Specifically including:

3.3.3. 1 Strictly regulate the construction of new livestock and poultry farms, and the construction of livestock and poultry farms should be rationally planned according to the principle of combining agriculture with animal husbandry and comprehensive utilization;

The new large-scale livestock and poultry farms in 3.3.3.2 should carry out environmental impact assessment and have "three simultaneities" measures;

According to the principle of total control, 3.3.3.3 should control the livestock and poultry farms built in specific areas, and according to its environmental function zoning, make rectification in stages and batches in a planned and step-by-step manner within a time limit;

3.3.3.4 must resolutely relocate and close livestock and poultry farms built in environmentally sensitive areas;

According to the law, the pollution control of livestock and poultry wastes in 3.3.3.5 will be included in the total control target, and the system of declaration and registration of livestock and poultry pollutant discharge and the system of pollutant discharge permit will be implemented.

3.3.4 Implement whole-process environmental management for the prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution. Livestock and poultry wastes should be piled up in fixed places and facilities, and the ground cement should be hardened and strengthened in management and maintenance to prevent the pollution and harm of livestock and poultry wastes to the surrounding environment, such as overflow, leakage, rain leaching and stench; If livestock and poultry wastes are directly returned to the fields, they should be treated to reach the prescribed harmless standards to prevent the spread of germs. In the process of transportation, measures must be taken to prevent leakage, loss or other environmental pollution, and the cleaning wastewater of storage and transportation tools must be properly disposed.

3.3.5 Take a multi-pronged macro-management approach. Environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding industry is a comprehensive management, involving many aspects of rural policy. So it should be matched in many ways, including:

3.3.5. 1 adopt the idea of integrating agricultural and environmental policies, adjust the production structure, implement the agricultural development strategy, and especially establish the production systems such as ecological agriculture and organic agriculture that are conducive to the balanced integration of planting and breeding in China;

3.3.5.2 has adjusted some existing rural policies to promote the recycling of livestock and poultry wastes. For example, reasonably adjust the price of environmental resources, cancel the preferential price of electricity for fertilizer production, and increase the sales price of fertilizer; Increase the preferential treatment of organic fertilizer production and promote subsidies; Collecting sewage charges for livestock and poultry breeding;

3.3.5.3 combines the environmental management of livestock and poultry breeding with the development of small towns, carries out environmental planning and realizes reasonable layout;

Increasing the government's investment in the environmental management of livestock and poultry in 3.3.5.4 can change the past production incentive subsidies into comprehensive utilization and environmental protection subsidies, and ensure the implementation of comprehensive utilization and environmental protection investment.

3.3.5.5 strengthens the research and development of applicable technologies and processes for pollution prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding, including technologies such as biogas production and power generation using livestock manure, and establishes an environmentally-friendly commercial operation market;

3.3.5.6 strengthens publicity and education, improves the environmental awareness of leaders and farmers at all levels, and realizes effective management and technology popularization.

Recently, according to the instructions of the Party Central Committee and the leading comrades of the State Council, the State Environmental Protection Administration, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture and other departments will implement the "Environmental Action Plan for a Well-off Society in Rural Areas" in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", and six major projects will be implemented, one of which is the "Large-scale livestock and poultry breeding pollution prevention and biogas project". It is believed that through the above work, the pollution problem of livestock and poultry breeding will be gradually solved, thus promoting the sustainable and healthy development of livestock and poultry breeding.