What is scientific argumentation?

what is science? I took the liberty to write such a statement, that science is a knowledge system that correctly understands and understands objective things. I should explain the word knowledge, and here I will explain it in a relatively simple way. There are five W's to answer in knowledge questions. What are these five W's? It is what, why, where, when, who, what, why, when, where and who. Everything, from elementary particles to the whole universe, can be called anything. Why, it is the mutual mechanism and principle of matter. When is the whole history of the universe, from a long time to the shortest time. Where, the earth represents space, from the size of elementary particles to the size of the universe, which also includes biology. I specifically pointed out that among all things, besides the fixed things, there are moving things, including biological space. Who is from one person to all mankind in the world. In solving these problems of "He", this knowledge is called natural science, and natural science does not include human factors. Including human factors, especially the study of the relationship between people or between people and society, we call these aspects humanities or social sciences. ■ The characteristics of science and the style of science The first characteristic is called monism. Everything moves with natural regularity, and the regularity is unique, independent of human will. To put it more mysteriously, it is actually independent of other factors. If the law of natural material movement is said to be providence, then there is only one day, and there is no second day. Monism should not be regarded as a kind of preaching or dogma, it is the most basic and primitive law obtained through long-term historical practice of mankind. The second characteristic, which I call honesty, can also be called strictness. Scientific understanding is a basic form of knowledge activity, and its core is to understand the essence of things. Confucius famously said, "What you know is what you know, and what you don't know is what you know." This is scientific "knowledge" and true knowledge. What is particularly important here is not to "know what you don't know". Putting true knowledge and "not knowing to know" together is a dividing line of whether knowledge is scientific or not. For example, theism regards "ignorance" as "knowledge", which is unscientific. From ignorance to civilization, in this process, many things can't be understood and speculated at first. As a result, some people attribute this phenomenon to the will of God, which has been recognized for at least thousands of years now. However, human understanding of science is only a few hundred years old, and the tradition and culture of theism still pervades the whole world. Many countries closely combine theism with political power as a means to maintain social order and stability. This happened to me when I was abroad. He asked me what religion I believed in, and I said I didn't teach it. He said it was outrageous. Some people still don't believe in religion. Contemporary science is highly developed, but it still retains the brand of theism in consciousness and behavior, and so do scientists. He is an atheist in the laboratory, but in society, he may also become a two-faced person with theism and atheism with the great flow of theism. I have done the same. When I was abroad, because I applied for a patent and went to the patent office, the principal asked me to put my hand on his Bible and make sure that everything I said was true. In this case, why should I say that I don't believe in your teaching? Forget it, I'll follow the crowd. This shows that the ideology of the whole society is still far behind the advanced road pointed out by scientific thinking. There is still a long way to go to make the ideology of all mankind consciously scientific, which is probably a major obstacle to the realization of scientific socialism. Third, the correct scientific line is rigor. The understanding of truth is beyond our reach. In the process of understanding, the scientific route is from the outside to the inside, from shallow to deep, from simple to complex, and from the middle to both ends. Science does not recognize transcendentalism without factual basis. The core of science is the process of rational understanding from low level to high level. However, rational knowledge should be established through rigorous argumentation and the test of facts. Fourth, practice is the only criterion for testing truth. I don't need to explain this sentence, just saying what methods are used now. First of all, it is demonstrated directly through laboratory experiments and simulation tests. The second is to use the natural environment to observe and analyze various factors. For example, when studying meteorology, the conditions of the sky can't be moved to the laboratory, but can only be observed on the spot. The third is to draw inferences from others and draw inferences from others to obtain circumstantial evidence. Some laws were originally applicable to a local scope, but from the inference of various phenomena, their applicable scope can be expanded. For example, the theorem of mechanics is done on the earth, but it can be extended to astronomy, which is to draw inferences from others to obtain circumstantial evidence; The fourth is a local pilot, which is gradually revised and improved. If you want to know whether some work practices are appropriate or not, if there are any problems, you can carry out a local pilot, find out the problems through the pilot, and then gradually correct them, so that the measures you take are closer to reality. You can also find the relationship from the internal factors of things. I am afraid that many people do this in social science. Find out the relationship between various social factors and prove whether your theory is appropriate and can be seen in action. In addition, the discovery of abnormal phenomena indicates that there are new things in it, and unexpected abnormal phenomena are often the source of discovering new things and new laws. I told a story. Once I was in a car with an American scientist. I asked him, are you happy or unhappy that the results of your research work are exactly the same as what you expected? He said it was the most unlucky thing because nothing new was obtained. Suppose he has unexpected problems in the laboratory, then he will be happy, and then he will make new discoveries. It is precisely because of this that science or all our actions and work can make progress through the solution of this unpredictable problem. As a matter of fact, many scientific discoveries that won the Nobel Prize were put forward by the winners by chance, and his discoveries caused a great deal of progress in science or a field. Finally, wait for the opportunity. There is no other way, so you have to wait. Einstein studied the theory of relativity, so he had to wait for an experiment. Only when there was a solar eclipse could he do this experiment. This experiment was correct and proved by facts. Fifth, identity, which can also be called rigor. Different disciplines have their own characteristics in raising theoretical questions. In adjacent and interdisciplinary disciplines, there is bound to be theoretical mutual coverage, which can only complement each other in principle, and there should never be contradictions. For example, Chinese and western medicine each have a set of theoretical statements, and both have achieved results in practice. After all, these two theories will be unified, and the inaccurate parts will be discarded and the parts that should be supplemented will be supplemented. This is also a way of scientific progress. Sixth, science and technology develop in parallel, which is a main point of advocating scientific spirit. In addition to understanding the world, it is a main viewpoint of scientific spirit to transform the world through understanding the world. At present, due to the new scientific discoveries and their application in production practice, the current high level of material civilization, especially high and new technology, has not only changed the current social and economic outlook, but also helped to promote the scientific thinking of human beings. ■ Several manifestations of non-science Let's talk about many manifestations of non-science. The first one is theism, which has already been discussed above. The second is unrealistic dogmatism and blindness. These two tendencies violate the spirit of seeking truth from facts and are self-righteous and form a left-leaning or right-leaning line. The third is pseudoscience. In the argument of things, the basic contents of non-science are hidden on the surface of science, and the incorrect aspects are covered with the correct tendency on the surface, even if it is a little bit. This is a problem that should be paid attention to in the seriousness of science. In scientific judgment, there is not a little bit of pseudoscience and specious things. In the conclusion, sometimes a tiny difference, a thousand miles away, will lead to big problems. Then there are witchcraft and superstition. Regarding the unscientific style of work, such as falsification, falsification of data, plagiarism, etc., this can be said to be an academic thief. These unscientific actions and measures have caused great harm and loss to society. Therefore, the scope of application of scientific ideas is the whole society, not just what simple scientific and technical workers need. ■ What kind of scientific ideas do we need? What kind of scientific ideas do we need? The first is seeking truth from facts, and the second is sizing up the situation. This includes temporality and spatiality, the present and the future, and some problems of sustainable development. The third is inheritance and innovation, that is, science has inheritance, and every discovery and achievement is formed on the basis of existing regular discoveries. On the one hand, we should spread this existing law, on the other hand, we should carry forward the past and do innovative work. The fourth is to seek excellence and forge ahead bravely. With innovative work, we must find the best way to implement this measure and innovate to make it come true. The scientific spirit is applicable to the whole society. Today, we have entered the era of knowledge economy. We base all economic activities and measures on theory, that is, on the theory of knowledge, which is definitely scientific knowledge. Knowledge has advanced to this extent, and technology has also advanced to this extent. Problems that could not be studied in the past can be studied today, and some more complicated problems can also be studied. However, some basic sciences have not been well developed. One is biological science, because it is complicated. In the past, it was avoided to study in this field. Now it's a new way, such as the study of life science. Another is social science. As a science, social science should be studied by quantitative methods. In the past, although many economics were qualitative, they were also quantitative in essence. Especially now, many scientific methods have prepared many conditions for the study of social sciences. Everyone feels that when you make an economic report, if there is no data as the basis, your report will be unconvincing. Today, disciplines such as statistics and operational research are put forward to study social problems to a great extent. Over the past half century, the development of our country has gone through many twists and turns. One of the reasons is that some practices, some explorations and some principles and policies do not conform to the principle of seeking truth from facts, and we have learned a profound lesson in this respect. Whether the principles and policies are scientific or not should be tested by practice. There is also a very important one, that is, when the science can be better, everyone's understanding will be easy to agree. On the basis of science, we are most likely to form a * * * knowledge and unite together. We believe that science will play a very positive role in building a strong country for us. Let's have a good understanding of the scientific problem, and under the guidance of the scientific spirit, let's go forward hand in hand.