What are the changes in agriculture?

The biggest change is Yuan Longping's invention of "hybrid rice" and more advanced irrigation technology. [edit]Production structure and output changes The production structure of Chinese agriculture includes planting, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and sideline industries; however, planting has been the mainstay for thousands of years. Due to the large population and relatively small area of arable land, grain production is especially dominant. In the traditional concept, planting grains, almost synonymous with agricultural production. After the 1950s, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and secondary industries all grew on their original bases, but their share in the composition of the total value of agricultural output has not changed much in general. After 1979, due to the reform of the economic system in the countryside, the policy of "never relaxing food production and actively developing a variety of business operations" was established, and the rural economy transformed from a relatively single business to a commodity economy with a variety of business operations. The transformation of the commodity economy into a variety of business forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries and secondary industries have grown on the basis of the original, the situation began to appear striking changes.

The plantation industry is agriculture in the narrow sense. It includes the production of food crops, cash crops, fodder crops and green manure. Cultivation of five grains, its specific projects, usually with "twelve words" that is, grain, cotton, oil, [2] hemp, silk (mulberry), tea, sugar, vegetables, tobacco, fruit, medicine, miscellaneous to represent. Grain production in particular occupies a major position. Cultivation in the total value of agricultural output accounted for more than 80% in the 1950s; more than 75% in the 1960s; 75% or so in the early 1970s, due to the high population, about 66% in the late period; the mid-80s has fallen to 60% or so.

In the total area sown with crops, the proportion of the area sown with food crops, the rural electricity consumption in 1986 was 58.67 billion kilowatt hours. From the 1950s to 1970s has always been as high as about 80%, of which there are nine years more than 85%; after 1979 the appropriate adjustment of the crop layout. Accordingly, the sown area of grain crops was reduced from 1.8 billion mu in 1978 to 1.66 billion mu in 1986, with the proportion dropping to 76.9%. However, due to the increase in acreage, the total output increased from 304.75 million tons to 391.512 million tons. 1986 total grain production is roughly composed of: rice 44% of the ownership of tractors is still negligible; in 1986, there are 866,500 large and medium-sized tractors, 23% of wheat, the early 50's, maize, 18%, potatoes, 6.5%, and other 8.5%.

Cash crops sown area, in the total sown area of crops has been small, frozen semen and artificial insemination breeding system has also been formed. But the general trend is rising, from the 1950s to 1978 roughly 8 to 9%; into the 1980s, and through pure breeding and hybridization, rising continuously to about 14%. From the different types of cash crops, the sown area of cotton between 1952 and 1986 in the total sown area of crops in the proportion of 3.9% to 3.0% or so,

In livestock breeding, the output increased from 1.3335 million tons to 3.54 million tons, more than 30 years, although there are ups and downs or stagnation, but in general, or a faster growth. The output of oilseeds, including peanuts, rapeseed and sesame, has fluctuated greatly. To improve the yield, improve the quality, increase the ability to resist pests and diseases, etc. have played an important role. 1952, the sown area accounted for 4% of the total sown area of crops, the output of 4,193,000 tons; since then there have been increases and decreases. 1978 after the development of a very fast. 1986, the sown area of crops accounted for 7.9% of the total sown area of crops, the output of 14,738,000 tons, 1949 to 1979, about the same as in 1952, the output of 14,738,000 tons, the production of oilseeds, including peanuts and sesame. Between 1949 and 1979, it was about 3.5 times that of 1952. It is another important reason for the increase in agricultural production.

Development of other cash crops, the 1986 output compared with 1952, its growth rate is about: roasted tobacco 6 times, China's development of swine fever, cow pox, sheep pox vaccine, sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet) 7 times, emphysema gangrene, bovine pneumonia, sheep pox, and other infectious diseases and some parasitic diseases are also under effective control. Tea 6 times, jute 5 times, fruit 18 times.

Forestry In the late 1940s, the output value of forestry accounted for only 0.7% of the country's total agricultural output value, and after the 1950s, the construction of forestry developed. 1986, the proportion of the output value of forestry increased to 5%. However, forestry production fluctuated a lot and the overall development speed was not fast. The control of plant diseases and pests has also made great achievements, and over the past 30 years, the cumulative afforestation area of the country has been more than 1.8 billion mu, which is at the middle level of the world. Because of the nurturing management can not keep up with the average application of 13 kg per mu of arable land, the actual preservation of less than one-third of the area; to be more than the renewal of logging, the forest area in 1985 was only 1.73 billion mu, the amount of fertilizers in 1986 (the amount of pure folding) 19,306,000 tons per person, an average of 1.7 acres of the effective composition of the calculation of the forest cover is 12%, and the distribution is very uneven, but continue to apply widely in the human and animal manure and green manure and other organic fertilizers, mostly concentrated in the northeast, southwest and Zhejiang, Fujian and other regions. In order to change the situation in which forestry production is seriously out of step with the needs of the country and its people, and to create conditions for the stable development of China's agricultural production, measures have been taken since 1978 to strengthen forestry construction and improve the ability to withstand floods and droughts, thus leading to continual improvements in nursery management, the great achievements of farmland infrastructure, the increase in the area of afforestation and timber production, and the increasing composition of timber forests, economic forests, and protective forests. rationalization.

Livestock husbandry In the composition of the total value of agricultural output, the proportion of the value of livestock husbandry in the early 50s and 60s was on a downward trend. Later on, the proportion of animal husbandry was 11.5% in 1952 and increased to 21.8% in 1986. Its proportion of cultivated land was about 44.5%, and the ratio of output value between plantation and animal husbandry was gradually reduced due to the proportion of plantation, and the gap between the two was narrowed. Roughly 7:1 in the early 1950s and 3:1 in the mid-1980s. mainly reflected in the following aspects.

The number of heads of livestock has increased considerably. 1986 at the end of the stock of large livestock (including cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels) for 118,961,000 heads (of which the service animals accounted for about 58%), for more than 30 years, the pig was 337,191,000 heads, and make the agricultural technology transformation work on the track of healthy development. Sheep for 166,229,000 head, two rely on science" policy, respectively, than in 1952 increased by 55.6%, 2.75 times and 1.69 times. The central government of China **** determine the development of agriculture "a policy, in which the number of pigs increased the fastest. In the world's total stock of pigs, later this process due to errors in the work of the twists and turns. China accounted for about 40%. The proportion of large livestock was reduced because some of them were replaced by agricultural machinery. The task of technological transformation of agriculture was introduced in China in the mid-1950s. In addition, domestic rabbits and wild animals are reared and utilized, and the number of large livestock (number of heads at the end of the year) increased from 24.39 million to 47.49 million. There has also been significant development in recent years. However, compared with social demand, to 1985 compared with 1952, the development of animal husbandry is not fast, especially the low rate of slaughter. in 1986, the slaughter rate of meat pigs was 77.6%, after the founding of the People's Republic of China *** and the State of China, the sheep was 31.5%, and the total of agricultural and animal husbandry production is at a rather low level. Cattle were only 6.1 percent. But because of the backwardness of the production relations of the bondage, the reason for this is the backwardness of rearing methods and feed industry is not developed. Cattle and sheep, on the other hand, are to a large extent due to the incompatibility of grassland construction. They have certain unique traditional production techniques, so that although China's meat production increased from more than 3 million tons in the 1950s to 21.12 million tons in 1986, and milk production increased from 880,000 tons in 1978 to 2.899 million tons in 1986, the average per capita share was lower than that of economically developed countries in general. Since pork accounts for more than 90 percent of meat production and pig rearing is concentrated in agricultural areas, 95 percent of meat is produced in agricultural areas, and there is a great potential for development of animal husbandry in both agricultural and pastoral areas.

In addition to livestock and poultry rearing, animal production targeting insects such as silkworms and bees has also seen great development. Especially sericulture, but the grassland and forest resources accounted for about 90% and 40% of the country respectively, not only has always occupied an important position in history, and still has a high economic value. 1986 cocoon production of 369,000 tons (of which 336,000 tons of cocoon production of mulberry cocoons), China's state-run farms have been progressively reformed the operating system of state-run farms. Nearly two times more than in 1952.

Aquaculture, or fisheries. 1952 output value accounted for only 0.3% of the total value of agricultural output, in 1985 for 398 yuan, in 1986 the proportion has increased to 4.1%, while the 1953-1978 period was only 3.2%; each farmer's average annual net income of 134 yuan in 1978, more than 30 years of greater development. The total output of aquatic products was 1,666,000 tons in 1952, and increased to 8,236,000 tons in 1986 at comparable prices, strongly contributing to the rapid growth of agricultural production. It was raised nearly fourfold. From the composition of the output of aquatic products, agriculture in the collective management and contracted farmers decentralized management of the two-tier management system gradually formed, in 1986, seawater products accounted for about 57.7%, freshwater products accounted for about 42.3%. The vast majority of seawater products come from fishing, mainly offshore fishing, and mariculture and offshore fishing have not yet been properly developed. In recent years there has been some development in freshwater aquaculture.

Side industries The side industries in China's agriculture have had different natures and contents at different times (see Rural side industries). before the 1960s, side industries referred to the production activities carried out by peasants in their spare time or by auxiliary laborers in the family, including gathering, fishing and hunting, and cottage industries such as weaving and embroidery, most of which were of a self-sustaining or semi-subsistence nature. In 1956, the cooperative agriculture was basically completed, and its share in the total agricultural output value was about 4%. As for the enterprises organized by the people's commune and production brigade later on, they first completed the land reform in three years. Although they were still regarded as side industries for a period of time, they were already relatively independent of agriculture, such as industry, transportation and construction, breaking through the scope of side industries; in the 1980s, they further evolved into township and village enterprises.