Concept and development of traditional Chinese medicine

The origin and accumulation of ancient drug knowledge;

Working people in China have gradually accumulated rich medical knowledge through practice and continuous understanding in the process of fighting diseases for thousands of years. Due to the lack of documents in Archean period, this knowledge can only be dictated by teachers. Later, when there were words, they were gradually recorded and medical books appeared. These books have played a role in summing up the experience of predecessors and facilitating their circulation and promotion. China's medicine has a history of thousands of years, which is a very rich summary of our people's long-term struggle against diseases and has made great contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. Because herbs account for the majority of medicines, books that record medicines are called "materia medica". According to research, during the Qin and Han dynasties, there were many herbal medicines, but unfortunately they were all lost and could not be found. The earliest known book of materia medica is called "Herbal Classics of Imperial Doctors", and the author is unknown. According to the place names recorded in it, it may have been revised by doctors in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica contains 365 kinds of drugs, including animals, plants and minerals, each of which has its own properties, tastes, functions and indications. Another orderly example briefly describes the basic theory of medication, such as toxicity, four qi and five flavors, compatibility, medication methods, pills, powder, ointment, wine and other dosage forms. It can be said that in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tao Hongjing in the Liang Dynasty (AD 452-536) compiled and supplemented Shennong's Herbal Classic, adding 365 kinds of drugs used by famous doctors below the Han and Wei Dynasties, which was called "Bielu of Famous Doctors". Each medicine not only supplements the original flavor, function and indications, but also increases the origin, collection time and processing method, which greatly enriches the content of Shennong Herbal Classic. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the development of productive forces and the increasing frequency of external traffic, foreign drugs were imported one after another, and the varieties of drugs were increasing. In order to meet the needs of the situation, the court appointed Li Ji and others to preside over the revision of the Classic of Notes on Materia Medica by Dow, which was called Tang Materia Medica. Later, Su Jing and others were ordered to revise it again, adding 1 14 drugs, which were published in the fourth year of Xianqing (AD 659) and called New Materia Medica or Tang Materia Medica. This book was revised and published by the government at that time, so this "Materia Medica" contains 844 kinds of drugs, and is accompanied by a drug map, which created a precedent for the graphic comparison of China's herbal works. It not only had a great influence on the development of pharmacology in China, but also spread abroad soon. It has made important contributions to the development of world medicine. The above is a three-point summary of China's ancient drug knowledge. Since then, due to the continuous enrichment of drug knowledge, new summaries will appear every once in a while. For example, Kaibao Materia Medica and Jiayou Supplementary Notes Materia Medica in Song Dynasty are all summative. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tang Shenwei, a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in Shu, compiled Emergency Materia Medica with Historical Evidence. He combined Jiayou Buzhu Materia Medica with Illustrated Materia Medica, added more than 500 kinds of drugs, collected many doctors' and folk prescriptions, and supplemented a large number of drug materials obtained from historical documents, making the book more substantial in content and complete in style. The government sent someone to revise it three times, adding the titles of Daguan, Zhenghe and Shaoxing. Li Shizhen (A.D. 15 18 ~ 1593), a great medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, made a thorough revision on the basis of Zheng Bencao and compiled a Compendium of Materia Medica that met the needs of the times. This book contains 1892 kinds of drugs and has more than 1 1000 prescriptions. In this book, Li Shizhen comprehensively combed and summarized the drug knowledge of China people before16th century, and made great progress. He revised the drug atlas and corrected the mistakes. According to the natural properties of drugs, they were divided into 60 categories: 16. Under each drug, it is divided into explanation, collection, treatment, indications, inventions, prescriptions and related drugs. It is the greatest work in the history of China's pharmacology and the most brilliant achievement in the history of China's science. For a long time, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to collect herbs, inquired about local conditions and customs, and traveled all over the country. He made on-the-spot investigation and research on drugs, with a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, tried to get rid of the fallacy of pedantic Confucianism, denounced the heresy of alchemists, corrected many mistakes in the variety and efficacy of drugs in ancient Materia Medica, and made the book Compendium of Materia Medica reach a level far from that of the previous generation. This book was circulated at home and abroad at the beginning of16th century and has been used many times. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Zhao Xuemin compiled a Compendium of Materia Medica, made some corrections and supplements, and added 7 16 kinds of drugs. From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 100 kinds of herbal works, each with its own merits, but only the above-mentioned books can be called summary. The rest are Herbal Medicine of Southern Yunnan (Ming Lan Mao) and Herbal Medicine of Haiyao (Tang Dynasty), which specialize in studying foreign drugs. Materia Medica for Dietotherapy (Tang Mengxi), Materia Medica for Relief (Zhu Mingyi), Materia Medica Yi Yan (Song Kou Zong Huang) and Canning Theory (Rey, Liu Song, Northern and Southern Dynasties) are easy to learn and read. During the light years of the Qing Dynasty, Wu published two monographs on plants, Textual Research on Plant Names and Records and Compilation of Plant Names and Records. The former recorded 17 14 plants, while the latter described 838 plants. The various tastes, uses and sources of each plant are described in detail, with illustrations and pictures, especially focusing on the medicinal value of plants and textual research on foreign bodies with the same name, so it is not a drug monograph, but also has important reference value. In addition, the knowledge of China ancient people about drugs was also sown in many medical and prescription books. For example, Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Elbow Reserve Emergency Prescription by Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dry Gold Reserve Emergency Prescription by Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty, Thousand Women's Wings Prescription by Chen and Puji Prescription by Ming Dynasty. Many drugs and prescriptions contained in these books are still widely used and have good curative effects. The efficacy of many Chinese herbal medicines has not only stood the test of long-term medical practice, but also been confirmed by modern scientific research institutions. The effective components and molecular structures of some Chinese herbal medicines have also been fully or partially studied. Such as ephedrine, an effective component of ephedra for relieving asthma, dichroine, tetrahydropalmatine (tetrahydropalmatine), berberine, an antibacterial component of Scutellaria baicalensis, and sennoside, an effective component of rhubarb for relieving pain. In order to ensure the curative effect of drugs, the working people in our country have accumulated rich experience in drug planting, harvesting, processing, treatment and storage in long-term practice. A large number of facts have proved that the medical heritage accumulated by the ancient working people in China through long-term practice is extremely rich and precious. We should cherish this great treasure house of Chinese medicine and try to explore and perfect it. Looking back on the development of foreign drug knowledge, Egypt and India are the earliest. Drugs were recorded in "papytus" (paper herb) in Egypt around 1500 BC and "Ajur veda" (Veda of Life) in India later. Greece, ancient Rome and Arabia also have a long history of developing orthodox medicine, such as Materia Medica by the Greek doctor Dior Scoori Des, Materia Medica by Galen in ancient Rome (AD 13 1 ~ 200) and Cancer by the Arab doctor Avicenna (AD 980).

Development and survey of modern Chinese medicine science;

Republic of China (19 12 ~ 1949)

The establishment of the Republic of China ended the feudal monarchy for more than two thousand years, but China did not change the semi-feudal and semi-colonial social nature. Coupled with years of national wars, social unrest and economic recession, China's scientific and technological development is slow and unbalanced, far behind Europe, America and Japan, and it has lost China's leading position in the world's science and technology before16th century. With the influx of western science, technology and culture, the coexistence of Chinese and western medicine has emerged. Accordingly, traditional medicine in China is gradually called "traditional Chinese medicine" and "traditional Chinese medicine", and modern western medicine is gradually called "western medicine" and "western medicine". Because the Kuomintang government adopted the policy of abolishing Chinese medicine, it hindered the development of Chinese medicine and triggered a general struggle in the field of Chinese medicine. Among academic medical workers, despite many difficulties, materia medica or traditional Chinese medicine has developed. According to incomplete statistics, there were more than 260 kinds of TCM monographs in the Republic of China, most of which were novel in style, diverse in types and practical. Because their discussion scope, style and language are different from traditional materia medica, or for popular reasons, they are generally not named after materia medica. During this period, there are many comprehensive works and lectures on traditional Chinese medicine, most of which are clinical practice. The former is represented by China Pharmacological Integration by Jiang and Jiang. This book has two parts: general introduction and various theories. Generally speaking, the basic theoretical knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine is summarized. Each treatise is classified according to efficacy, and describes the aliases, smells, shapes, functions, preparation methods, toxicity, dosage, contraindications and prescriptions of more than 400 kinds of drugs. Its style and content are basically similar to the former, but it is more concise and practical. For example, pharmacology is divided into 12 categories, such as drugs such as divergence, diuresis, regulating qi, regulating blood, warming and cooling, etc. Zhang's herbal justice belongs to the nature of traditional medical theory. This book discusses the properties, functions, identification, processing and decocting methods of medicinal materials. It has a good influence on Chinese medicine.

There are also many kinds of local traditional materia medica, among which Xiao Budan's Records of Herbs Collected in Lingnan and Gao Zongyue's Records of Taishan Herbs are more distinctive and enrich the varieties of drugs. Dietetic materia medica has made great progress, most of which are rich in content and practical. For example, Qin Bowei's dietary guidelines are characterized by tradition and simplicity; Shen's Common Sense of Dietotherapy and Lu's Edible Materia Medica are mostly based on experience. In other aspects, for example, Cao's "Identification of Counterfeit Drugs" based on "Identification of Counterfeit Drugs" in the late Qing Dynasty included 1 10 drugs, and discussed or compared their origin, shape, smell and indications. It provides valuable experience for identifying the authenticity of drugs. Yang Huating's Textual Research on Drugs quotes herbal literature to conduct scientific textual research on drug varieties, with maps attached, which is of great reference value. In processing drugs, such as "Pharmacy in China" by Yang Shucheng and "Pharmaceutical Guide" updated by Zhou Fusheng, the relevant contents are more practical. At that time, in addition to the traditional expression, the works of traditional Chinese medicine also produced the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine. Huitong medical scientists use some achievements of natural science and western medicine to supplement the expression of the source, composition, efficacy and pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine, or to explain the interaction between Chinese and western pharmacology; In the meantime, the depth, gains and losses are uneven. Among all kinds of works, New Feeling of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Latest Experimental Pharmacology and New Notes on Materia Medica by Ruan Qihui and Dong Keren are more representative. In view of the large number and wide knowledge of Chinese medicine in this period, which brought inconvenience to the research and dissemination of Chinese medicine, I not only read and included a large number of introductory books on Chinese medicine, but also made a new dictionary of Chinese medicine. Among them, 1935 China Pharmacy Dictionary edited by Chen Cunren has a great influence. This book contains 2.7 million words and 4300 kinds of drugs. Each drug introduces 2 1 item, such as naming, ancient book aliases, basics, origin, shape, properties, ingredients, efficacy, indications, historical records and textual research, syndrome differentiation and treatment, approachable theory, compatibility and application, dosage, application taboos, reference materials, etc. The information is rich and comprehensive, and it brings together relevant expositions from ancient times to the present, with attached drawings. It is the first large-scale dictionary in the history of TCM development. In addition to the above, reflected in the academic progress of materia medica or traditional Chinese medicine, it is worth mentioning that efficacy and indications have been clearly separated, efficacy has been expressed more accurately, the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine has increased, and the basic sources of traditional Chinese medicine have gradually been expressed by families, genera and names. During this period, medicinal botany and pharmacognosy became new disciplines to study the natural sources (classification), characteristics or identification of plant Chinese medicines, and made outstanding achievements. For example, Zhao Yihuang's Notes on China's New Sketch, qi zhou's Medicinal Notes, Modern Materia Medica Pharmacognosy and Pei Jian's Notes on Chinese Medicinal Plants are very representative. At the same time, a lot of research work has been done on some commonly used Chinese medicines from the aspects of chemical composition and pharmacology. Among them, Chen has the most in-depth study on the composition and pharmacology of ephedra, which has attracted the attention at home and abroad. Other scholars have studied Flos Daturae, Rhizoma Corydalis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Changshan, Areca catechu, Fructus Bruceae, Herba Leonuri, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, etc. 100 from the aspects of composition, pharmacology or clinic, which has opened up a road for modern research of traditional Chinese medicine. During the Republic of China, there were many Chinese medicine associations and colleges. Although they were private, they played an important role in spreading academics, exchanging experiences and cultivating talents.

Since 1927, in the area under the leadership of China * * * Production Party, great attention has been paid to the popularization and development of Chinese medicine, and a lot of experience and achievements have been made in drug development and disease prevention. It laid the foundation for the cause of traditional Chinese medicine after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (1949 ~)

1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the people's governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China attached great importance to the cause of traditional Chinese medicine, formulated the policy of traditional Chinese medicine with the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine as the core and adopted a series of effective measures to develop the cause of traditional Chinese medicine. With the rapid development of modern natural science and China's economy, culture and education, Chinese medicine has made great progress. Since 1954, the state has organized and published a number of important ancient herbal books in a planned way, including Classic, Newly Revised Herbal Medicine, Certified Herbal Medicine and Compendium. Since the 1960s, more than ten kinds of materia medica, such as Upp Materia Medica, Bielu, Newly Revised Materia Medica and Herbal Supplement, have been compiled successively, which is of great significance to the study and preservation of ancient herbal literature.

With the development of traditional Chinese medicine and academic circles, a large number of new works on traditional Chinese medicine have emerged, with a wide variety and complete categories. Among them, a number of works on traditional Chinese medicine reflect the contemporary level: ① Records of Traditional Chinese Medicine compiled by the Institute of Pharmacology of China Academy of Medical Sciences, the original book is divided into four volumes, and the revised book is divided into six volumes, of which the first and second volumes are roots and rhizomes, containing 206 kinds of drugs; Three volumes are seeds and fruits, containing drugs 138 species; The four volumes are all grasses, containing drugs 135 species; The five volumes are leaves, flowers, bark, rattan, resin, algae and others, containing drugs 148 kinds; Six volumes are animals and minerals, which will be published soon. Each roll of medicine is accompanied by ink paintings, photos and color photos. Each drug introduces the historical evolution, original plants (animals), collection and processing, medicinal materials and production and marketing, chemical composition, identification of medicinal materials, taste and efficacy, pharmacological action and clinical application, and matters needing attention. ② The Compendium of Chinese Herbal Medicines compiled by the Chinese Herbal Medicines Compilation Group in 1970s included 2,288 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, with more than 2 100 ink lines. This paper introduces the source, morphological characteristics, habitat distribution, cultivation or feeding points, collection and processing, processing, chemical composition, pharmacological action, taste function, indications and prescriptions of each medicine, which is comprehensive and brief. It widely reflected the resources and application of Chinese herbal medicine in China at that time. ③ The Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine compiled by Jiangsu New Medical College after long-term efforts has included 5767 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines. Each drug is divided into drug name, nature and taste, meridian tropism, main function, prescription selection, clinical report and various discussions until 19. Contains the ancient and modern contents of traditional Chinese medicine. ④ The Manual of Primary Color Chinese Materia Medica compiled by the Compilation Committee of Primary Color Chinese Materia Medica consists of 25 volumes, including 5,000 kinds of painted Chinese medicines, with written descriptions, including the original, plant (animal) morphology, collection and processing, chemical composition, pharmacology, taste and efficacy, indications, usage and dosage, and matters needing attention. ⑤ China Journal of Ethnic Medicine compiled by the Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products of the Ministry of Health and Yunnan Institute for Drug Control introduced more than 200 kinds of ethnic drugs in China for the first time. Each drug is divided into national drug name, source, national drug use experience, medicinal material inspection, scientific research data, etc. The basic source, scientific name, medicinal parts, morphology and drawings, historical position, function, composition, pharmacology and clinical application of this medicine are introduced in detail. In addition, Xu's Pharmacognosy, Xie Zongwan's Variety of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine reflect the research results of traditional Chinese medicine from different angles, which have great influence at home and abroad.

Since the founding of New China, the government has organized many forces and resources to conduct large-scale surveys and collect data. Most of these achievements are reflected in the works of Chinese medicine, medicinal plants and animals all over the country. At present, there are12,807 species of traditional Chinese medicine resources, including1146 species of plants,158/kloc-0 species of medicinal animals and 80 species of medicinal minerals. On the basis of the investigation of traditional Chinese medicine resources, remarkable achievements have been made in the development and utilization of domestic resources of some imported medicinal materials, such as Rauvolfia, benzoin and Aquilaria sinensis. The protection of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the introduction of plant medicines in different places, the domestication of medicinal animals and the comprehensive utilization of traditional Chinese medicine have also achieved considerable results. American ginseng, gastrodia elata, pilose antler, bear gall, ginseng and Uncaria are all typical examples in this respect.

Most of the modern research on traditional Chinese medicine has made remarkable progress: ① The basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been systematically and comprehensively combed, and a lot of research has been done on its medicinal properties, meridian tropism and eighteen evils, and great achievements have been made in the experimental research on eighteen evils. However, this research is difficult and there are many problems to be solved. (2) Pharmacognosy and identification of traditional Chinese medicine, besides general source and character identification, microscopic and physical and chemical methods are also widely used in identification of traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover, the identification technology has developed rapidly, and it can be accurately identified with a small number of samples. (3) Through the modern research on the processing technology and principle of traditional Chinese medicine, the processing science of traditional Chinese medicine has made great progress. Accordingly, the processing of many traditional Chinese medicines has been improved and standardized, and many advanced equipment and technologies have been adopted to improve the quality of decoction pieces. ④ Establish the chemistry of traditional Chinese medicine, and extensively study the chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine. Most commonly used Chinese medicines have identified their main effective components, and some have clarified their chemical structures. ⑤ Pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine was established. The pharmacology of most commonly used Chinese medicines was systematically studied. A large number of drugs with antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antipyretic, diuretic and antihypertensive effects have been screened. Polysaccharides, tannins, amino acids, peptides, etc. , which was ignored in the past, has been found to have a variety of biological activities. It plays an important role in clarifying the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine. ③ With the development of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, the increase of new dosage forms and the improvement of quality inspection and control methods, the production of Chinese patent medicines has been modernized. In order to unify the formulation of drug standards, the Ministry of Health first established the Pharmacopoeia Compilation Committee, and later changed it to China Pharmacopoeia Committee, and successively published "1953, 1963, 1977, 1985, 1990,/kloc-" Starting from 1963, the Pharmacopoeia is written in two parts. "Part I" is a part of traditional Chinese medicine, which mainly includes traditional Chinese medicine and prescription preparations of traditional Chinese medicine. In the general case and appendix, there are also general rules and inspection methods of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. All editions of the Collection of Traditional Chinese Medicine have been adjusted. 1995 edition of Pharmacopoeia Part I contains 920 kinds, including 522 kinds of medicinal materials and vegetable oils, and 398 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and single-taste preparations. According to different varieties and dosage forms, the contents of traditional Chinese medicine are listed in turn: Chinese name, Chinese pinyin and Latin name, source, prescription, preparation method, characteristics, identification, inspection, extract, content determination, taste and meridian tropism, functional indications, usage and dosage, matters needing attention, specifications, storage, preparations, etc. The contents of the appendix and advanced detection methods have been greatly increased. At the same time, the state has always attached great importance to drug management and legal system construction, and has formulated a number of measures for the administration of traditional Chinese medicine, and in 1984, the state passed the Drug Administration Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). The promulgation of the Drug Administration Law is of great significance for protecting people's health, developing China's medical and health undertakings and improving China's drug use level.