Out of the acquaintance society, how can you trust?

Letter? ! Don't believe it? ! Jiang Yue's new work issued by Xinhua News Agency/Zhu Peixian Fan Ye For human society, trust is as indispensable as air. Without the minimum trust, our life may be difficult. When you buy food, the vegetable vendor never dares to hand it to you first, and you may not be able to prove that the money thrown into the till is yours; You fell, and no one dared to help you up, because others were not sure whether you would admit him. Trust can provide stable psychological expectation for this uncertainty in people's communication and become the adhesive of the whole human society. However, trust is a very risky thing. Before deciding to trust others, a rational person must weigh the potential gains and losses and consider how likely the other party is to break his promise. The trust mechanism of our traditional society: trust because of familiarity-our traditional society is a rural society, an "acquaintance society" and a society without strangers. In rural society, people trust because of familiarity, which is a kind of "direct trust" and "personalized trust". The traditional society in China is mainly composed of villages, and villages composed of dozens to hundreds of people have become the production and life stage for villagers to live together for a long time. For this traditional society, sociologist Fei Xiaotong called it a rural society. In rural society, people are bound to the land, and the "familiarity" caused by local restrictions has become an important feature of rural society. He pointed out that life in rural society is full of locality. Locality means that people's activities are restricted geographically, and there are few connections between different regions, isolated lives and isolated social circles. Local society has become a society born in Sri Lanka and died in Sri Lanka, under the restriction of local society. In other words, this is an "acquaintance society", a society without strangers. Fei Xiaotong pointed out that in rural society, people trust because of familiarity. The credit of rural society is not the emphasis on contract, but the reliability when you are familiar with the rules of a behavior without thinking. Due to the long-term interdependence and close internal relations in rural society, once a person breaks his promise, the benefits he brings are far less than the losses he brings, and he may even have no face to stand in the village. It can be said that in the "acquaintance society", because everyone is familiar with it, credit and rules naturally arise, and few people will or dare to break them, otherwise they will be severely punished by familiar people. People in the "acquaintance society" experience the trust relationship in this way and produce and copy this trust mechanism with strong feelings. This trust mechanism is called "direct trust" or "personalized trust" by scholars because of its familiarity and spontaneity. Sociologist Max Weber called this trust mechanism in China traditional society "special trust" to correspond to the "universal trust" in western society. In his view, the trust in China traditional society is based on the blood community, personal relationship and family or quasi-family relationship. People trust only those who have personal relations with them, but not others. There are also some scholars in our country who use "differential trust" to analyze the trust problem in China traditional society, and think that the trust mechanism in our traditional society is not closed, and the generation of trust is not limited by blood and geographical relationship. In the traditional society, the social relationship used by everyone at a certain time and place is like a circle ripple when a stone is thrown on the water. Among them, blood relationship and geographical relationship will determine which "ripple" circle others are in. Therefore, centering on "self", the trust relationship between oneself and others is just like the ripples of water, pushing outwards in circles, farther and farther away and thinner. People determine whether a person is "one of their own" according to the intimacy with others, and then determine the degree of trust. But this kind of "differential trust" is not rigid, and sometimes it is even very elastic and uncertain. People can further generalize, expand and extend their blood relationship and geographical relationship to people who have no blood relationship or geographical relationship with them by taking their sons as godparents and becoming sworn brothers. The trust mechanism of western modern society: system guarantees trust-In western modern society, people's communication transcends family and blood relationship and gradually forms a "stranger society". In the "stranger society", trust is mostly generated by contract and protected by law, which is called "indirect trust" and "institutionalized trust". With the establishment of industrialization and market economy, western society has been modernized before China. After a long period of development, the trust mechanism in modern western society has matured, which has certain reference significance for the construction of trust mechanism in developing countries. Some scholars point out that the defamiliarization of modern western society makes its trust mechanism present as an "indirect trust", that is, trust must involve the media. Due to the continuous development of industrialization, urbanization, marketization, globalization and informatization, modern society is becoming more and more unfamiliar, especially the western modern society is called "stranger society". In the "stranger society", on the one hand, people live in large numbers and even form a megacity with a population of over10 million. Under this scale, it is impossible for people to know each other's roots, and it is impossible to build trust on the basis of getting along with each other for a long time and understanding each other's personality. On the other hand, with the development of social division of labor, due to the needs of work and life, people have to conduct various exchanges and cooperation, and the issue of trust has become extremely important. Therefore, in the communication of "stranger society", people's trust objects can include not only people they are directly familiar with, but also a wider range of strangers. At this time, there must be an intermediary to form "indirect trust". This intermediary can be an individual such as an expert or an institution such as a social organization. For example, experts can be a medium for people to trust all kinds of information in a "stranger society", and their opinions can be a criterion for judging. Some scholars believe that the trust mechanism in modern western society is not so much the "indirect trust" reached by both parties through the media, but rather the trust of both parties in contracts or laws, that is, "institutionalized trust". In western society, the concept of contract is deeply rooted in people's hearts, laws are effectively implemented, and contracts and laws act as good trust media. Because in order to achieve a certain degree of trust, both parties must first ensure that the other party's behavior is predictable, and secondly, ensure that if one party breaches the contract, it can be effectively punished. On the one hand, contracts or laws restrict people's behavior within the scope permitted by law, so that both parties have certain expectations of each other; On the other hand, it puts both parties under the protection of the law, and at the same time plays a deterrent role to both parties, thus ensuring the trust relationship. -Social transformation has broken the trust mechanism of our traditional society, but the trust mechanism of modern society is still not perfect. To build the trust mechanism of our modern society, we need to learn from the trust mechanism of western modern society and draw wisdom from the trust mechanism of China traditional society. Some scholars believe that although the trust mechanism of our traditional society has been broken, it still plays a role in many aspects in disguise. Many people still use acquaintances to handle affairs, ignoring the role of laws and institutions, which has become an obstacle to the current social development in China. This trust mechanism based on acquaintances is very harmful. First of all, it is not based on the universalism principle required by the "stranger society". In the long run, this is not conducive to the expansion of the trust relationship in the "stranger society". Once "murder" becomes a common phenomenon, it will even lead to a greater social trust crisis. Secondly, it is not conducive to system construction, leading to corruption and nepotism. Finally, it is not conducive to the development of the socialist market economy. Therefore, some scholars believe that the key to building a trust mechanism in China's modern society lies in thoroughly eliminating the negative impact of the traditional trust mechanism in acquaintance society and building "institutionalized trust". Because modern society is highly institutionalized, the institutional environment is the most important living environment for everyone. Most of the social resources needed for the survival and development of social members are allocated to individuals according to the rules determined by the system. In the modern "stranger society", as long as people build trust in the system, they can build trust in strangers. This requires us to thoroughly implement the basic strategy of governing the country according to law, which is the longest and most basic countermeasure to build a trust mechanism in China's modern society. On the other hand, some scholars believe that China is currently in a period of social transformation, and it is difficult to improve and effectively implement the relevant legal system in a short time. Therefore, the construction of China's modern social trust mechanism still needs the support of "personalized trust" and the restraint of moral power in the traditional social trust mechanism. We can and should learn from the trust mechanism of modern western society, but we cannot copy it. Instead, we should follow the development track of China society and develop our own modernity from our own "tradition". Moreover, with the diversification and complexity of interpersonal relationship, the interpersonal relationship in the contemporary west has also begun to change from a relatively rigid contractual relationship to a trust relationship mixed with human feelings. This is also an inspiration to the current construction of trust mechanism in China. In the process of establishing modern institutionalized trust mechanism, the traditional personalized trust mechanism can still play a certain role. Some scholars have also discussed the concrete measures to build the trust mechanism of modern society in China. For example, some scholars suggest establishing a credit information disclosure mechanism. The government, public utilities, financial institutions, trade associations and other subjects of the social credit system shall, in accordance with the requirements of relevant state laws and regulations, disclose the credit information they have in their administrative management and business activities in different forms on the premise of protecting state secrets, commercial secrets and personal privacy. Some scholars suggest that the supply and demand mechanism of credit products should be cultivated. Credit service institutions use public credit information to process credit products, provide credit services, and form the supply of credit market. Market subjects make rational decisions by using credit products to avoid credit risks in market transactions. Some scholars have suggested that a credit punishment and praise mechanism should be formed. Through the media, we will strengthen the exposure of those who violate the law and break promises and the publicity of those who are honest and trustworthy, and increase the punishment of those who violate the law and break promises through the law.