Le. Five Characteristics of Corbusier's Architecture

Five Characteristics of Le Corbusier's Architecture Five Characteristics of Corbusier's Architecture

Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 - August 27, 1965), formerly known as Charles Edouard Jeannert-Gris, was one of the most important architects of the 20th century, a radical and a leading general of the modern architectural movement. Along with Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, he is known as the main representative of the Modern School of Architecture or the International School of Formal Architecture. It is also translated as Kirby Yi.

His rich and varied works and full of *** architectural philosophy has profoundly influenced the urban landscape and contemporary lifestyle in the 20th century, from the early white series of villa buildings, Marseille apartments to the church of Longchamps, from the Paris remodeling plan to the new city of Chancery, from the "Towards a New Architecture" to the "Mode Degree", his ever-changing architectural and urban ideas, always leaving his followers far behind. Behind him. Corbusier is an insurmountable peak of modern architecture, an inexhaustible source of architectural ideas.

Le Corbusier was born in a small town in northwestern Switzerland near the border with France, his parents engaged in watchmaking, and when he was a teenager, he studied at his hometown's technical school for watches, and he was interested in fine arts, and in 1907, he successively traveled to Budapest and Paris to study architecture, and he went to Paris to study at the renowned architect August Behrens who was famous for his use of reinforced concrete, and then went to work at Behrens & Associates in Germany, where he worked at Peter Behrens & Associates. The Behrens office was known for experimenting with new architectural treatments to design innovative industrial buildings, where he met Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who were also working there, and who influenced each other and together pioneered the idea of modern architecture. He traveled around Greece and Turkey again, visiting and exploring ancient and folk architecture.

Le Corbusier, who settled in Paris in 1917 and practiced both painting and sculpture, co-edited the magazine Le Nouvelle Spirituelle with the painters and poets of the new school of Cubism, and took the pseudonym Le Corbusier after his maternal grandfather, who wrote in the first issue, "A new era has begun, rooted in a new spirit, a constructive and comprehensive new spirit with a clear purpose. and comprehensive new spirit." Later, he compiled some of his articles on architecture and published a single book, Toward a New Architecture, which fiercely rejected the old-fashioned architectural viewpoints and retrofuturistic architectural styles of the nineteenth century, glorified the achievements of modern industry, and proposed that "our time is deciding its own style every day", and extolled the working methods of engineers, "engineers are governed by the economy of the economy". The engineer is driven by economic laws and guided by mathematical formulas that bring us into harmony with the laws of nature." Suggested that "the house is a machine for living" and advocated industrial methods of mass construction "The first task of architecture is to contribute to the reduction of costs and of the components of the house." The architectural design emphasized that "the original form is the form of beauty" and praised simple geometric forms. Le Corbusier's architectural design gave full play to the characteristics of the frame structure, because the wall is no longer load-bearing, it can be designed for large horizontal long windows, some of his designs were not accepted at that time, many designs were rejected, but these structures and design forms were later popularized and applied by other architects, such as apartments that are set back one floor at a time, and exhibition halls with suspension structures, etc., he was a pioneer in many aspects of architectural design and had a very wide impact on modern architectural design. He was a pioneer in many aspects of architectural design and had a very wide impact on modern architectural design.

Le Corbusier also put forward a lot of ideas on urban planning, he was against the trend of opposing the big city, advocating a new urban planning, that under modern technical conditions, it is entirely possible to maintain the high density of the population, but also the formation of a quiet and hygienic urban environment, the first to put forward the idea of high-rise buildings and the three-dimensional intersection, is extremely visionary. He always stood in the forefront of the trend of architectural development in the 20's and 30's, and played a driving role in the modernization of architectural design and urban planning.

During the Second World War, he took refuge in the countryside, and later went to India and Africa to work, after the war, his architectural design style obviously changed, from focusing on function to focus on form; from the importance of modern industrial technology to the importance of folk architectural experience; from the pursuit of smooth and clean to the pursuit of the rough and old and sometimes primitive interest. As a result, he remained at the forefront of the new school of post-war architecture. His design philosophy was a great inspiration to architects around the world until his death. His designs were often highly controversial, and the grotesque appearance of his church of Notre Dame de Longchamps, which outraged the old guard, was regarded as a classic by the innovators. His design for the headquarters of the League of Nations in Geneva was the subject of a long debate in the jury and was finally rejected by the politicians. His Marseille apartments, which were sued by the French Association for the Protection of the Landscape, later became a local attraction; his plans and architectural designs for the city of Algiers were rejected by the municipal authorities, but his floor-by-floor setbacks have since been adopted by many African and Middle Eastern coastal countries

Le Corbusier, the architect of the New Architecture, was the first to be recognized by the French government as an architectural masterpiece, and the first to be recognized by the French government as an architectural masterpiece. Le Corbusier - 5 Characteristics of the New Architecture

Master of Modern Architecture, one of the most important architects of the century, and an active member and general of the modern architectural movement, he organized the International Association of Modern Architecture in 1928 with W. Gropius and Mies van der Rohe

Le Corbusier Le Corbusier, the main advocate of modernist architecture and the founder of machine aesthetics, published his masterpiece Toward a New Architecture in 1923, in which he proposed that the house is a "machine for living". 1926, he proposed five characteristics of the new architecture:

1. Independent columns on the ground floor of the house;

2. Roof gardens; 3. free plan; 4. long transverse windows; and 5. free elevations.

His innovative ideas and unique insights were a strong influence on the architectural thinking of the academy. The masterpieces of this period are the Villa Savoye (1928-1930), the Swiss Student Residence in Paris, and the Villa Terrace.

Villa Savoye: the perfect combination of the architectural ideal - the three elements of sunshine, air and green space and the five points of the new architecture.

Proposed a set of architectural system - slab and column load-bearing system

Social ideals - standardized components, machine production, able to undertake social responsibilities. It embodied the indelible classical complex in the depths of the European psyche

After the Second World War, his architectural style changed significantly, which was characterized by the exploration of free organic forms

and the expression of the material, especially like to express the unmolded reinforced concrete, which was named brutalism (or neo-robustness), and his representative works include the Maser Apartment, the Langhorne Chapel, the Chandi Chapel, and the Chandi Chapel. Apartments, Longchamps Church, Chandigarh Court, La Touhai Monastery, etc., of which Longchamps Church's external form and internal mystique has gone beyond the scope of Christianity, reverting to the form of prehistoric catacombs of the Megalithic Age, which is considered to be a fine example of modern architecture.

Le Corbusier is also an expert in urban planning, he engaged in a large number of urban planning research and design, representative of the works of Chandigarh, India, such as planning.

Langxiang Church: Citroen load-bearing system, peculiar shape, curved walls. The main space is surrounded by three niches, the upper part of each of which is a "tower" that rises upward and protruding beyond the roof. The individual elevations vary greatly. Taking the Mediterranean folk house as a source of ideas, the internal spatial relationships are similar to the treatment of the halls and surrounding spaces within the Pantheon.

Its architectural form and space proves that Corbusier had an extraordinary imagination, but also reflects the qualities of modern Western religion

Le Corbusier Residential Design - The Origin of Architectural Design:

Corbusier's entire career is related to residential design, and his greatest contribution is the residence, which is the original and direct carrier of people and space. The home is the original and direct *** carrier of people and space, so the design of the home can be measured by the excellence of an architect. By analyzing these small residential models, we understand that Corbusier sought a new artisan for each design.

Corbusier designed his first house in his Swiss hometown in 1905, entirely in the style of the local vernacular, full of geometric decorations inside and out, two floors, owned by a gem of a fine arts school, Corbusier was introduced by his teacher to complete this maiden building, when he was only 17 years old.

In 1914, Corbusier had already foreseen the birth of modern architecture through the domino-type house, he had designed mass-produced houses for laborers, and also a white test house group, which includes the minimum limit of the house, and Corbusier also invented the method of construction for the sake of unskilled craftsmen, and the design of local houses due to the regional differences is also the field of Corbusier, Corbusier's work is very much like an architectural anthropologist, he is very interested in the construction of the house. Corbusier worked like an anthropologist in the field of architecture, and he was interested in the types of houses all over the world, and he also carried out research on houses based on primitive huts in the non-Western European circle, houses for war victims, and the system of inches, and so on. Through a wide range of housing design, Corbusier expressed his concern for mankind.

Le Corbusier Architecture as an Imaginative Architect:

Le Corbusier was an imaginative architect whose interpretation of the ideal city, his appreciation of the natural environment, and his strong belief in and reverence for tradition were all quite distinctive. As an internationally influential architect and urban planner, he was a rare talent who was adept at applying popular styles - he was able to combine sleek rolling elements with factors such as roughness and refinement. He designs with grids and cubes, and often builds seemingly simple patterns out of simple geometric shapes, general squares, circles, and triangles. As an artist, Le Corbusier understood the importance of controlling volumes, surfaces, and contours, and this is reflected in the large number of abstract sculptural patterns he created. Thus, in Le Corbusier's designs, the production of a lifelike visual effect through the massing of patterns dominates, and his architectural models are translated into architectural objects in the same way that an artist sculpts and cuts into molds of clay. Through careful design, with contrasts of light and darkness, he succeeded in maximizing limited space and in producing a good visual effect.

What are the five characteristics of Corbusier's new architecture

Le Corbusier, French: Le Corbusier, October 6, 1887 - August 27, 1965, also known as Corbusier, formerly known as Charles Edouard Jeannert-Gris), was born on October 6, 1887 in the Swiss town of Chaux- des-Fonds, Switzerland, and settled in Paris in 1917. Edouard Jeannert-Gris is regarded as the originator of modernist architecture and the most prolific architect of the 20th century. He, together with Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, is known as the main representative of the Modern School of Architecture or the International School of Formal Architecture. He devoted his life to the design of modern high-rise buildings, leaving behind numerous classic heirlooms

What are the five characteristics of the new architecture?

In 1930, Corbusier put forward the "Five Characteristics of the New Architecture" for his own residential design, which are:

(1) elevated ground floor with sole support, the main use of the house is placed above the second floor, and the ground floor is completely or partially vacated, leaving independent pillars;

(2) roof garden;

(3) the roof of the house is a large, open space, with a large, open space, and a large, open space; and

(4) the roof of the house is a large, open space, and a large, open space. Roof gardens;

(3) Free planes;

(4) Long transverse windows;

(5) Free elevations.

Characteristics of Brazilian Architecture

The Basilica is a form of public **** building in ancient Rome, characterized by a rectangular plan, with a colonnade on the outside, the main entrance on the long side, and auricular chambers on the short side, with barred arcades for roofs. The later church buildings are derived from Basilica, but the main entrance was changed to the short side. The word Basilica is derived from the Greek word meaning "hall of kings", and the full Latin name is basilica domus, which was originally used as a courtroom or a large shopping mall in the metropolis of a luxurious building.

Main Features of Western Architecture

Traditional housing includes stone houses, bamboo houses, hammock houses, courtyard houses, and courtyard houses. It is mainly derived from ethnicity, culture, custom, identity, and aesthetics. From the point of view of its composition, it comes from the natural conditions of life, climate, geography, topography, etc., which *** with the formation of the characteristics of the building.

Characteristics of Ancient Architecture in Xi'an

Ancient architecture in Xi'an is represented by the Ming City Wall, with the Bell and Drum Towers, and the large and small Wild Goose Pagodas as examples, where timber and masonry are the main building materials, and timber frame structure is the main structural method.

Characteristics of Gaudi's architecture?

Curves, the use of elements in nature, brilliant and bold colors, and the integration of geometric forms

Characteristics of Qin and Han Dynasty Architecture

The residential architecture of the Qin and Han Dynasties is a product of the highly developed stage of China's architectural culture, which presents a patterned and unified trend. Qin-Han architecture is mainly brick and tile wooden structure, the so-called "Qin brick and Han tile" is a generalization of the Qin-Han period of housing construction. As a stage in the development of residential culture, the Qin and Han Dynasties took over from each other, forming the *** same style, so the academic community is often compared to each other

Residential houses are mainly adobe bricks

Cities are mainly fire-burnt bricks

Citadels are mainly rammed earth, and there are also stone masonry

Streets are mainly leveled earth

Characteristics of Maya Architecture

Found a few sources below:

1 The Maya architectural style differs from Greek, Roman, and Gothic architecture in that it is basically stylistically uniform, although it has regional characteristics. There are indications that the pointed thatched huts with sloping roofs on two sides in which the Maya lived were the prototypes of stone-arch architecture, and this theory is not unrealistic; the thatched huts in which the common people lived have remained unchanged through more than 2,000 years, and this thatched hut is rectangular, with rounded corners and a shape, 22 feet long by 12 feet wide, and with walls made of twigs and mud or unpolished stone, and is not more than 7 feet in height. Upon this a braced structure picks up 12 or 15 feet in height to support the pointed thatched hut which slopes on two sides.

Descriptions of such huts can be found in wall and fresco depictions of the post-classical period, and foundations of such huts have been found on an early horizontal standard of a palace at Uvashaktun, and from the inside this thatched hut resembles the stone building so much that by the slope of the interior of the thatched roof we can see the provenance of the original idea of the stone-armed vault.

Raw materials for stonemasons were plentiful, and this had many easily worked building materials, local limestone that could also be used to make lime, and a lot of sedimentary rock that was used to make the sandy gravel for mortar. Considering the high level of intelligence and the intense religious fervor of the ancient Maya, there is no doubt that they were about to build a great religious structure, and no other activity could have consumed so much of their energy and time, apart from the immediate needs of their own economy.

The Oldest Examples of Maya Architecture

It may be inferred that there were no stone buildings during the early formative period of the Uvashaktun. However, in the later part of the formative period, dwarf stone walls appeared. One has to wonder whether stone buildings were constructed at this time, and the walls that accompanied the excavation of the Chakanir pottery may be the remnants of a low terrace parapet that was designed to support a perishable superstructure. Toward the end of this period, we find the first large stone structure, a pyramid supporting a temple made of twigs and thatch.

The earliest known instance of a Maya stone building is a pyramid E-VII-Sub at Uaxacotun covered with stucco. it is so well preserved that when it was built soon after it was covered by a pyramid built of rough stone and stucco E-VII. This pyramid was intended for its protection and preservation, and the surface of the latter building, too, was adorned with a copious covering of stucco, the top of the latter pyramid being so small that it was quite evident that no stone building could be constructed. Likewise, the top of the former could not have supported any stone building. Four postholes were found in the mortar floor beneath the pyramid, and it is clear that these four postholes were used to support the corner posts of the hay and twig structure. This stucco-covered pyramid, with a step in each week, decorated with 16 rectangular ornaments or masks of stucco, is a marvel of early Maya architecture, and although made of mud and stone and with only a single architectural foundation, it should be regarded as the first stone building.

Stone vault with buttresses

In the presentation of the details of the monuments and pottery of the 8.14.0.0.0 (317 A.D.) period at Uaxacotun, we find the earliest Maya stone vaults, and it is probable that the first ones were constructed at the time of the 8.12.0.0.0 (278 A.D.), and that the earliest of these have very rough stone walls, which have rough, uncut walls. They were made of rough uncut flat stones placed on a thick bed of mortar and gravel, and at the base of the arch, or lower part of the slope, a thick layer of coarse mortar was often applied.

The utilization of stone vaults seems to have begun to spread widely at the time when they entered Uaxacotun, and in 9.0.0.0.0 (A.D. 435) it reached Copan in the extreme south-east. In 9.2.0.0.0 it reached Oxcant in the north-west Yucatan, in 9.6.10.0.0 (A.D. 564) it reached Turon in the north-east Yucatan, and in 9.10.0.0 or probably at an earlier date the valley of the Usumacinta.

At the end of the Classic period, in 10.3.0.0.0 (889 A.D.), the stone vault was almost ubiquitous in the Maya area, but its use was confined to this region, and it is not found in other adjacent areas, extending as far west as Comacalco, Tabasco, and as far south-east as Papal and Azumita, and as far south-east as Guatemala. Guatemala, the use of the stone vault is hardly found in the highlands of Guatemala, except on the roofs of some few tombs, probably because its wide application is prevented by the more frequent seismic activity here.

Lime-cement and Beam Roofs

In addition to the stone vaults of the buttresses, the use of flat-topped, lime-cast post-and-beam roofs is often found on Maya buildings. During the Classic period, they are found at Piedras Negras, Uaxacatun, and Tizimincax. In the Postclassical period, they are found in Chichén Itzéza and relatively late in some places along the eastern part of the Yucatán in areas such as Tulum and ?a?m. The cast-lime roofs were constructed on crossed beams, and the spaces between the beams were filled with a temporary architecture of some branches, on which the mortar infused some roofing material that would reach a thickness of a foot or so, and when it finally hardened, the branching architecture could be withdrawn. This method of roofing is very common in the Yucatan to this day, but the remnants of this roofing were very difficult to distinguish at the time of the excavations, as it had disintegrated into small stones and some fragments of lime powder, yet in most of the ashlar buildings that have been excavated no examples of stone vaults have been found, and it may therefore be inferred that the structure was a roof of mortar casting and crossbeams.

2 Architectural styles in the ancient Maya ceremonial region varied, with buildings and layout setups at different sites characterized by broad

broad influences from a range of regional traditions, within the context of similarities in form and function.

Within the complex, the overall planning of the liturgical centers is of the utmost importance. The main ceremonial centers functioned as regional capitals -

- controlling the vassal kingdoms politically, religiously, and economically, and therefore necessarily contained buildings of an administrative nature. At many

sites, for example, there is a distinction between public buildings and private residences, but there is also a clear difference between squares surrounded by public buildings and squares surrounded by private residences

. Temples, palaces, stadiums, steam baths, and other buildings are all geographically differentiated,

and architectural traditions are also contemporary.

The ****ness of the various regional architectural styles is demonstrated by the varying degrees of emphasis placed on certain architectural features

. Regardless of their function, almost all Maya buildings were built on substructures ranging from single-story platforms (on which houses were built), to large platforms with undulating surfaces that were renovated (on which palace complexes were built

), to tower-like pyramids (on which temples were built). With the exception of some of the low house platforms, the buildings required

access to the superstructure, which was generally a single- or multi-stage median stairway that was itself the main structure of the building

.

The most common form of roof in public ****ing buildings is the stone arch - the stones are brought inwards in steps to form a narrow gap at the top

, over which a vaulting stone is placed across the gap. The interior side of the stone facing the chamber was usually beveled, so that the inner face of the vaulted structure

formed a neat, smooth slope. This Maya vault structure is closest to the pressure vaults of the Old World, which have been in use since the late Preclassic

period, with the walls progressively higher and the spans of the arches progressively larger as practical experience and confidence increased.

The Maya cities had a planned overall layout at the beginning of their construction. The city unfolded according to a central plaza or center

and was built around this center repeatedly over time, each time according to plan. At the same time also pay attention to

according to certain calendar requirements to arrange a variety of buildings and their interconnections between the orientation, angle ...... so that the building complex in

to a certain extent played the role of astronomical observation instruments. Such as Palenque Palace watchtower top in the winter solstice just to see the sun set

In the mausoleum of Bakar.

This combination of architecture and astronomy, the unity of the architectural layout and astronomical observation is rare in ancient architecture.

These indications show that pre-planning and rigorous design of architectural layouts were common in the Maya, and that it became a proud achievement of Maya architecture to stand on the forest of ancient

modern architecture.

3 The Maya were also skilled craftsmen. They were able to create flint tools from obsidian. Flint tools could chisel through hard rock and carve jade. Maya people with this tool building a large number of cities, before and after **** built the size of the city has more than 100. Famous are Tikal, Vasaktun (in today's Guatemala), Copan (in today's Honduras territory), Palenque (in today's Mexico Chiapas state territory), and so on.

In the Yucatan Peninsula, the Maya built the cities of Usmal and Chichen Itza by the "Governor's Palace", "Nun's Palace", "Temple of the Warrior", "Tiger Temple" and pyramids and other components of a large-scale complex. They are not only beautiful, majestic, the building's outer walls, door frames, stone lintels are covered with finely carved feathered serpent relief.

Today in Yucatan or Guatemala's tropical jungle remnants of the Mayan ruins, we can see in those broken walls on the bright colors and beautiful patterns. The fineness of the carvings and the flamboyance and proportionality of the images call for awe.

4 Pyramids

The Mayan pyramids are different from the Egyptian pyramids. First of all, the shape is different, 99% of the Mayan pyramids are quadrilateral stepped, the top of the platform, some platforms are also built on the temple; while the Egyptian pyramids for the pointed top of the square cone. Secondly, the Egyptian pyramids are all pharaohs' tombs, while the Maya pyramids are mainly held in the place of sacrifice, of course, has been found for the ruler's tomb of the pyramid (such as Palenque pyramid). Once again, the volume is different, the size of the American pyramids, a great disparity, the big high tens of meters, hundreds of meters in circumference, but only a small one or two-story so high; and the Egyptian pyramids are very high and very large behemoths (the shortest also up to dozens of meters).

What are the characteristics of ancient Egyptian architecture

A. Ancient Egyptian architectural style and features

1, huge: the most famous ancient Egyptian architectural art, such as the pyramids, sphinxes, obelisks,

are huge works of art, but also the survival of the kingdom.

2, the building materials are mainly stone: all the buildings in the world built with stone, the first out of Egypt. Characterized by the majestic and thick, grand and solid. To the pyramids, for example, all of its building materials weighing several tons, or even more than a dozen tons of stone, after thousands of years, not deformed, not collapsed, still stands on the west bank of the Nile.

3, a strong sense of order: we will not find surprising elements in ancient Egyptian painting, sculpture and architecture. Each part of the production will follow a certain law, such a style, continued for at least 3000 years. This sense of order sometimes strikes us as rather unnatural: in order to keep things organized and visible, the faces of the figures were generally sideways, but possessed a large eye that belonged to the front; the arms and legs were not shortened. So, although the ancient Egyptian architecture is a bit raw, but gives us an extraordinarily calm and steady feeling, which is due to the strict sense of order.

4, the application of geometry in art: the ancient Egyptian pyramid architecture and a variety of carvings, all reflect the use of geometry in it. The development of geometry in ancient Egypt originated from the regular annual flooding of the Nile River. When the river washed away farmland, the people had to redivide the land, redrawing the fields with straight lines and geometric shapes. Geometry in the role of ancient Egyptian architectural art, mainly to make it rich in three-dimensionality, sharp angles, but also to strengthen the law of order, the apparent rigidity, but exacerbated the solemnity and rigor of the feeling.

5, continuity and fixity: Plato said "in Egypt, all things never have any change". People are loyal to the firm religious beliefs, resulting in thousands of years of ancient Egyptian art style has remained incredibly fixed, unchanged style, continued for thousands of years.

Second, religious beliefs and ancient Egyptian architectural art is closely related

1, Egyptian art is a process leading to eternity, thirst for immortality, which is because of religious beliefs and the cultivation and derivation of the concept of art ---- Ancient Egyptian art expresses the content of the core of the religion and faith. The ancient Egyptians used stone to build the great works on the banks of the Nile, and the pyramids stood like a mountain on the desert horizon. A pyramid, a king's tomb, the Egyptians believed that the emperor was the embodiment of the gods, and when he died, people tried to preserve his body from decaying, so that his soul could continue to exist in the future. They applied many antiseptic spices and medicines to the body, and then wrapped the whole body in linen, which was mummified. The mummy was placed in a coffin, deep inside the pyramid. Incantations and spells were written around the coffins to comfort the emperor's soul on its journey to rebirth. This is the profound connotation of ancient Egyptian architecture ---- death is eternal, life is even more eternal.

2, religious belief is the driving force of ancient Egyptian architectural art, producing a great cohesion. Religious beliefs so that each emperor in his lifetime to convene a large number of clan members and slaves, with their flesh and blood drive in the grueling conditions piled up a descendant marveled at the giant mound. Although it was the Pharaohs who used their supreme power to finalize the construction of their tombs, in reality the entire dynasty was far more involved and motivated than we can imagine. It was believed that these great pyramids, obelisks and temples would immortalize the ancient Egyptian dynasty for generations to come.

3. Religion, as an important part of ancient Egyptian culture, was present throughout the history of the dynasty. Heliopolis, Memphis, Thebes and Hermopolis are the four most important religious cities in Egypt. People worshiped those "gods" and primitive totems, which led to the static and fixed state of ancient Egyptian art for thousands of years. In short, religious belief is the core and driving force of ancient Egyptian architectural art and even all kinds of art.

Third, the analysis of the typical architectural forms of ancient Egypt

1, pyramid: Egypt's ancient slave society of square conical imperial tombs. One of the seven wonders of the world. Numerous and widely distributed. Southwest of Cairo on the Nile River west of the ancient city of Memphis around the most concentrated. Giza southern suburb of 8 kilometers in the Libyan desert in the three particularly famous, called the pyramids of Giza. The largest of these is the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty, which is famous for its high degree of architectural skill, in addition to being amazing for its sheer size. Built in the twenty-seventh century B.C., this pyramid is 146.5 meters high equivalent to a 40-story skyscraper, 230 meters long on each of its bottom sides, and is made of 2.3 million large stone blocks weighing about 2.5 tons stacked on top of each other, covering an area of 53,900 square meters. Inside the tower there are corridors, stairs, halls and various precious decorations. The entire project took more than 30 years. To the southeast of the tower is the majestic and shocking Sphinx.

2, Obelisk: another architectural masterpiece of ancient Egypt, but also in addition to the pyramids, the ancient Egyptian civilization is the most characteristic symbol. Obelisk shape is a pointed square pillar, gradually narrowed from the bottom up, the top is shaped like the tip of the pyramid. Wrapped in gold, copper or gold and silver alloy, when the rising sun shines on the tip of the monument, it shines like the dazzling sun. Generally carved from a block of granite, weighing hundreds of tons, all four sides are engraved with hieroglyphics, indicating that the monument's three different purposes: religious (often dedicated to the sun god Amun), commemorative (often used to commemorate the pharaoh's reign for a number of years) and decorative. At the same time, the obelisk was a powerful symbol of power in the Egyptian Empire. From the Middle Kingdom onwards, obelisks were erected by pharaohs in years of amnesty or to show off their victories, and were usually erected in pairs on either side of the doors of temple towers. The oldest surviving obelisk belongs to the reign of Pharaoh Sinusert I (c. 1971-1928 BC) of the Twelfth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1991-1786 BC), and was erected in front of the site of the former temple of the City of the Sun in the northeastern suburb of Cairo, the Hieroglyphics. The obelisk, which is 20.7 meters high and weighs 121 tons, was erected by Sinnusert I to celebrate his coronation as king. During the New Kingdom era, Thutmose I (c. 1525-1512 BC), Queen Hatshepsut (c. 1504-1450 BC), and Ramses II (c. 1304-1237 BC) all erected huge obelisks, all over 20 meters in height. The excavation and erection of obelisks was a difficult project. According to hieroglyphics on an obelisk in front of the Temple of Karnak, it took seven months to cut the monolithic stone from the quarry and transport it from Aswan to Thebes. In the temple of Queen Hatshepsut in Aswan, there is a picture depicting the transportation of the obelisk from the Nile River by barge, and after arriving at the destination, people lifted the obelisk up a slope made of earth and then erected it on a pedestal. This fully illustrates the high degree of wisdom of the ancient Egyptians in mechanics.

3, the temple: as a religious building, the temple is the main place for ancient Egyptians to worship the gods, and the religious ceremonies held when worshiping the gods have become an important part of the daily life of ancient Egyptians. Therefore, the influence of ancient Egyptian temple architecture at that time can be said to a certain extent is more than the influence of the pyramid building. Ancient Egyptian temple architecture is the most striking is those a large number of beautifully shaped columns: the column body has a beautiful degree of isolation, there are imitation papyrus carved out of a bunch of decorative lines, the column head decorative motifs, most of them are papyrus, lotus and palm leaves, modeling, such as budding buds, and some of them are presented as a full bloom of the flower, showing the ancient Egyptian peculiar columns of the architectural style. This architectural style and approach to the later ancient Greek architecture has had a certain impact. As early as the 3000s BC, Egypt appeared and the Athens Parthenon very similar to the colonnade form. The Parthenon is a typical ancient Greek Doric architecture, its architectural features are slightly protruding from the middle of the column body, simple column head, no column base, known for its solemnity and simplicity, built in the Egyptian step pyramid of Saqqara annexed to the imitation of the papyrus stone columns, and pure Greek Doric columns are almost not very different.

The construction of pyramids, temples, obelisks, fully demonstrated the ingenuity of the ancient Egyptian working people, superb artistic skills and superb architectural talent, in the world's architectural history has written a glorious page. The dissemination and inheritance of these architectural techniques have added treasures to the world's cultural treasury and made important contributions to human civilization.