Qin Jun's arms and their weapons and equipment

Chariots, which are divided into four basic arms: vehicle, foot, riding and water, are not the main body of the army, but they are still indispensable and important arms in the battle formation. Judging from the toilets unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Valley Tomb, the chariots have a single formation, a formation of infantry, a formation of cavalry, and a formation of riding and riding at the same time. This shows that chariots can be used independently or in cooperation with other arms, and are an important force for joint operations of vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists. Chariots are mainly used for fighting in plain areas. When attacking, they are used to sink enemy lines and disrupt enemy battle formations. When defending, use the chariot cloth as the matrix to stop or delay the enemy's impact; Placing in the vanguard and wings during marching is conducive to ensuring the safety of the troops. Chariots are all made of wood, and they are placed on the front and wings when they are single-armed, which is conducive to ensuring the safety of troops. Chariots are all wooden, single-axis, driving four horses-two horses and two clothes. There are three soldiers in the car, with the imperial hand in the middle and the car on the left and right, all wearing metal armor. Because the imperial hand controls the chariots and horses with both hands, the target is obvious and there is no force to fight back, so the protection is very strict. Its armor is shoulder-length and wrist-length, covering all arms, and its legs are tied with hand armor, neck armor and shin guards. Chariots are equipped with two sets of spears, shotguns and two sets of bows and arrows with a handle of 3 meters, and some are also equipped with shields and crossbows with launchers. When fighting, shoot with arrows from a distance and hit with spears and cymbals from a distance. Generally, there are 8 soldiers belonging to chariots, and the equipment is the same as that of ordinary infantry. Their task is to cooperate closely with the chariot, which not only covers the safety of the chariot, but also helps to expand the results under the cover of the chariot.

Infantry is the main body of the Qin army. Most of the samurai hymns unearthed from the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor were stabbed by infantry. Infantry is flexible and can adapt to all kinds of terrain, weather and combat forms, especially in dangerous and complex environments, so its distinction and equipment are more complicated than other arms, and its application is more extensive. There are two main differences: heavy infantry and light infantry. Most heavy infantry wear metal armor and are equipped with swords, spears and cymbals, far outnumbering chariots and cavalry. Before reunification, the water army of the Qin Dynasty was mainly built in Bashu area, and after reunification, it was widely built in various parts of the south of the Yangtze River, with a very large scale. The warships of the water army are mainly divided into large-scale construction ships, agile stern ships and bucket ships to facilitate the cooperation between large and small troops and light and heavy warships in water combat. The water army is fully equipped with weapons, except hooks and other weapons specially used for water combat, all bows and arrows, long and short weapons and fire attack instruments used for land combat are readily available. When fighting on water, stay away from the arrow crossbow; Recently, we have engaged in offensive and defensive warfare with hook refusal and five soldiers, and carried out fierce corner attack and ship-side warfare; Once there is an opportunity, it will add fuel to the fire. The water army not only undertakes the task of water combat, but is actually a comprehensive force in Shui Ze, south of the Yangtze River. In addition to fighting on water, it can also do all kinds of things, such as landing in the field, attacking the city, defending risks and so on. Water combat is equivalent to riding, and land combat is equivalent to infantry. For example, Nanping mobilized 500,000 boatmen during the Baidu crossing, which not only completed the water combat mission, but also completed the land combat mission, which played an important role in developing and unifying the vast area of Lingnan. When Qin Shihuang went to the world for the fifth time, he sailed on the sea under the escort of the water army and personally shot huge colors with a bend. This shows that the water army of the Qin Dynasty had the ability to fight at sea and effectively controlled the coastal defense along the eastern coast.

The most important change in Qin Jun's weaponry is to accelerate the transition from the primitive bronze weapon era to the iron weapon era. As early as the end of the Warring States period, with the progress of science and technology, iron weapons have entered the historical stage. The armies of the major vassal States in the Central Plains used more new weapons and equipment such as iron halberd, iron spear, iron knife, iron sword, iron staff, iron armor and iron dagger, and began to gradually replace bronze weapons. In contrast, Qin Jun's iron weapons were far less developed than those of the Kanto countries. After reunification, not only a large number of iron weapons were seized from Ding Guandong, but also iron smelting technology was obtained from the Central Plains, thus speeding up the transition to iron weapons. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, in the year when the six countries were unified, Qin Shili issued an order to destroy weapons, saying, "Take the soldiers from all over the world, gather in Xianyang, sell them as chimes, and make twelve Jin people do their own work." This is an unprecedented record of weapons destruction in the history of our country. The weapons destroyed this time are all bronze weapons. Why destroy so many bronze weapons? Its direct purpose is to prohibit private possession of weapons and prevent the people and the remnants of the six countries from rebelling. At the same time, it also shows that there are more iron weapons and equipment troops, so it is possible to eliminate redundant copper weapons. However, the transition from bronze weapons to iron weapons is a long historical process, which was only accelerated in the Qin Dynasty, not completed. Therefore, Qin Jun's weapons and equipment show the historical characteristics of combining the old with the new and alternating the old, which are embodied in the following three aspects:

1, equipped with a large number of advanced long-range weapons. The excavation of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum shows that both infantry, cavalry and chariots are equipped with a large number of bows, crossbows and arrows. In the large-scale Terracotta Warriors pit No.1, every infantry "holds an arrow and a bow"; There is also a crossbowman queue in Terracotta Warriors Pit 2. The weapons of cavalry are not knives, swords and spears, but "holding horses in one hand and bows in the other" and "all equipped with bows and arrows". The soldiers on the chariot not only hold their sons and brothers, but also "have bows and arrows." These facts show that bows, crossbows and arrows are one of the most important weapons in Qin Jun. There are two kinds of crossbows unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, with a range of150m and a range of 900m, which is 600 steps or more than the famous Korean crossbow in the Warring States Period. The length of the big bow axis is 176. 1 cm, the diameter is 4.5 cm, and the chord length is 140 cm, which are 152.5, 145, 5 and 5, respectively. Compared with the relevant provisions in "Flower King Gong Ji" Tens of thousands of bronze cymbals unearthed, except a double-winged cymbal, are triangular cymbals and three-edged cymbals that have further evolved on this basis. This is the most popular one at the end of the Warring States period, characterized by stable flight, good directionality and aiming. There is also an extra-large arrow, which is 4cm long and weighs about100g. Specially used for strong crossbows. According to laboratory analysis, the lead content of Qin skeleton is as high as 7.7 1%, which can be said to be the earliest toxic "warhead" in human history. Therefore, the bows, pipes and arrows equipped by Qin Jun were the most advanced long-range weapons at that time, which was an important factor for Qin Jun's strong fighting capacity.

2, equipped with a large number of bronze melee weapons. From the excavation of the Qin chanting pit, it can be seen that there are long-handled Ge, spear, halberd, short-handled curved sword, and some outdated darts and cymbals. Among them, ge, spear, halberd and sword were popular weapons at that time, while beryllium and machete were newly discovered in history. Beryllium head is similar to a sword, about 30 cm long and equipped with a handle about 3 meters long. This is a sharp assassination weapon. The machete is shaped like a crescent moon, with no front end and blades on both sides. It's a hook-cutting weapon. Although the above weapons are all made of copper, they have great innovations in shape, which shows the high development of bronze weapons. For example, since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, spears are mostly willow-leaf-shaped or Yangtze River delta-shaped, with long and simple shapes with loops, while Qin spears unearthed tend to be wide and straight, shortened and glued with holes, and the overall length is stable at around 15 cm. According to Kao, the longest spear is only Sansou, which is about 5.54 meters today, while some unearthed Qin spears are 6.3 meters long. This is because the spears of infantry are far more convenient than those of chariots, so special spears appear. The sword in the Spring and Autumn Period is generally about 30 cm long, and it developed to 60 cm or 70 cm in the Warring States Period. The unearthed three Jian Qin are 865,438+0,89 and 965,438+0.3 cm, respectively, indicating that the sword has developed from a defensive weapon and a status symbol to one of the important weapons in melee combat.

3, equipped with solid and accurate metal armor. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the main protective equipment of soldiers was leather armor. Although there was armored armor in the Warring States period, leather armor is still an important equipment. There is a saying in Zi Yibing by Xun that "the Chu people have faded, and the rhinoceros skin thinks it is armour", which shows that the Lang Chu army at the end of the Warring States period is still dominated by leather armour. In contrast, Qin Jun's equipment has been further developed. Judging from the imitation ceramic molds unearthed in Tongkeng, Qin, they are all made of metal blades, with complete categories and fine production. Armor consists of front armor (to protect the chest and abdomen), rear armor (to protect the back and waist), shoulder armor (shoulder armor), basin collar (to protect the neck), arm armor (to protect the arms) and hand armor (to protect the hands), which varies with different arms, identities and operational needs. Infantry's chest, back and shoulders are vulnerable, and its armor is composed of three parts: front armor, rear armor and shoulders. Cavalry must be easy to ride and shoot, and its armor is short, only reaching the abdomen and without shoulders. Che Yu's arms, hands and neck are very fragile. Its armor includes not only the front armor and rear armor, but also the arm armor, hand armor and even the basin collar. The armor of generals and assistants is very particular, which is a combination of leather armor and zagreb armor. The chest, back and shoulders are divided into leather armor. The central part of the abdomen and waist is a small metal leaf; The front nail is an inverted triangle, which grows between the knees; The back nail is straight and waist-high. There were no helmets and shields unearthed in copper pits in Qin Dynasty, but according to ancient literature, there were helmets and shields in Qin Jun long ago.