What schools are there in the history of China?

Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, Psychology, etc.

1, Confucianism

Confucianism is the most influential and far-reaching school among the pre-Qin philosophers, which was initiated by Confucius at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius' remarks were compiled into The Analects by disciples, which is the main basis for studying Confucius' thoughts.

Confucianism takes benevolence as the center, and advocates "respecting ancestors and respecting martial arts", "rites and music", "benevolence and righteousness", "loyalty and forgiveness" and "the golden mean". Politically, it advocates "benevolent governance" and "rule by virtue" and attaches importance to ethical and moral education.

Confucianism is the core of traditional culture in China, and it is also the theoretical basis for maintaining the autocratic rule of feudal monarchs. Confucianism and absolute monarchy constitute the two main contents of China's ancient political history.

2. Taoist school

Taoism is an academic school with Laozi and Zhuangzi as its core. Formed in the pre-Qin period. His theory regards "Tao" as the highest philosophical category, and holds that "Tao" is the highest truth in the world, the origin of all things in the universe, and the foundation of all things in the universe. "

This school uses Tao to explore the relationship between nature, society and life. The main representatives are Fuxi, Huangdi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Guiguzi, Sean, Si Mahui, Zhuge Liang, Liu Bowen and Wang Tong. Taoism is the foundation of Taoism, and Taoism is the inheritance and development of Taoism.

3. Legalist school

Legalism is an important school in the history of China, which advocates the rule of law as the core idea. It is one of the schools of thought, and is regarded as a branch of Taoism by both ancient scholars and modern scholars.

Shang Yang emphasized "Fa", Shen Buhai emphasized "Shu" and Shen Dao emphasized "Potential". At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei integrated the strengths of various schools, and at the same time talked about dharma, technique and posture, which became a legalist thought. ?

Legalists are listed as one of the "nine streams" in the history of literature and art in Han Dynasty. Qiang Bing, a rich country, should be governed by the rule of law. The law is realized by specific punishment names. Han Shu literature and art is listed as one of the "Nine Rivers".

The source of legalism can be traced back to Guan Zhong, Shi Zhai and Zi Chan in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the actual ancestor is Li Kui in the early Warring States Period. In addition, there are Wuqi, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai, Shang Yang and Han Feizi, all of whom are called "pre-legalists", and Shang Yang is the main representative of the pre-legalists. There are also legalists in the state of Qi, who advocate not only the rule of law, but also the accommodation of ethics and ethics.

4. Zhu Cheng's New Confucianism

Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, also known as "Zhu Cheng Daoism", is one of the main schools of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and it also has the greatest influence on later generations.

The natural principle of Neo-Confucianism is moral theology, which simultaneously becomes the legal basis of Confucian theocracy and kingship. It was founded by two brothers, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, from Henan (now Luoyang, Henan) in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was spread to Dong Li by disciples Shi Yang, Luo Congyan and San, and finally achieved great success in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism is basically founded by Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Shao Yong and Er Cheng, and it is the inheritance of Zi Si and Mencius' theory of mind and nature. Mr. Cheng Yichuan paid more attention to reason, and Zhu Zi creatively developed Mr. Cheng Yichuan's neo-Confucianism, and finally formed the neo-Confucianism system of Cheng Zhu.

Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism did not have much advantage in the Southern Song Dynasty. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng, as an officially designated school, has flourished and exerted great influence in Japan, Korea, Ryukyu and Vietnam.

The fundamental feature of Neo-Confucianism is to form a more complete conceptual and systematic philosophy and belief system with Confucian social, ethnic, ethical and personal life beliefs, and make it logical, psychological, abstract and truthful.

This made Neo-Confucianism have a strong sense of autonomy, and formed a political idea that reason is above potential and Tao is above governance, which provided theoretical support for restraining monarchical power and making China's politics move towards civilians and non-governmental participation in and discussion of state affairs during the Song and Ming Dynasties.

It also makes the logicality, abstraction and systematization of ethics and morality dominate the "Tian Li" and "Heaven", replacing the crude "destiny view" and personality god, which is a great leap for China and the world philosophy. ?

5. Psychology

The heart as a Confucian school. It can be traced back to Mencius at the earliest, but Cheng Hao in the Northern Song Dynasty started it, and Lu Jiuyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty started it, and it competed with Zhu's Neo-Confucianism.

In the Ming Dynasty, Chen Xianzhang set a precedent. Since Chen Xianzhang advocated the clue of self-cultivation, Confucianism in Ming Dynasty changed from Neo-Confucianism to Mind, which became an important turning point in the history of Confucianism.

After Chen Xianzhang, Zhan Ruoshui and Wang Shouren were the representatives of Mind Studies in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. On the basis of inheriting Chen Xianzhang's theory, Zhan Ruoshui put forward that the purpose of mind learning is to "realize the ubiquitous natural principles", while Wang Shouren (namely Wang Yangming) put forward that the purpose of mind learning is "to conscience", thus making the mind learning begin to have a clear and independent academic context.

Baidu encyclopedia-Confucian school

Baidu encyclopedia-Taoism

Baidu Encyclopedia-Legalist School

Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism

Baidu encyclopedia-psychology