Answers to Post-Course Questions on History of Foreign Literature by Clu Zheng

Part I Introduction to the Method of Examination 1

Part II Review Guide 1

Single-choice Question Review Guide 1

Multiple-choice Question Review Guide 3

Terminology Interpretation Review Guide 6

Short-answer Question Review Guide 8

Argumentative Question Review Guide 10

Part I Introduction to the Method of Examination

I. Format of Examination: Closed Book <

II. Examination time: 2 hours.

Third, the structure of the paper:

The types of questions in the examination are single-choice questions, multiple-choice questions, terminology questions, short answer questions, and expository questions. Various types of questions and the distribution of points for: single-choice questions for 5 questions, 2 points per question, **** 10 points; multiple choice questions for 5 questions, 2 points per question, **** 10 points; terminology entitled 6 questions, 5 points per question, **** 30 points; short answer questions for 3 questions, 10 points per question, **** 30 points; expository questions for 1 question, 20 points.

Part II Review Guide

Single-choice Questions Review Guide

I. Answering Skills

Single-choice questions alternative answers are four, but only one correct answer. The purpose of such questions is to test the ability of candidates to distinguish between right and wrong, and to check the candidates' mastery of the basic content of the course, especially the basic concepts, classifications, representative works and so on.

The single-choice questions in this class test are much easier than the multiple-choice questions. Because, first, there is only one correct option, there is no problem of fewer choices more choices; second, the content is determined, the similarity between the options in the content is small, if the knowledge point is familiar with, can quickly determine the correct option; third, the option is less words, fast understanding. The content of single-choice question options is mainly deterministic, such as the name of the work, the name of the genre classification, the name of the author, the stage and so on. If the important knowledge is understood and remembered accurately, the single-choice questions will be done quickly and accurately; if you are unfamiliar with it or have no memory of it, you will not be able to do it at all. Single-choice questions also have a small analytical part of the options, more words, slightly more difficult.

Second, review key points and difficulties

Chapter I Ancient Literature

Knowledge:

1. three major tragic poets of Ancient Greece and their masterpieces; the "father of comedy" Aristophanes and his masterpiece The Arcanists. 2, the ancient Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius' long poem masterpiece "Theory of the Nature of Things".

Chapter II Medieval Literature

Knowledge: the main techniques of medieval civic literature.

Chapter 3 Renaissance

Knowledge point: major characters in The Merchant of Venice.

Chapter 4 Classical Literature

Knowledge Points: 1. The foundational work of Classical tragedy. 2. The writer who most rigorously and brilliantly utilized the Classical comedy trinity.

Chapter 5 Enlightenment Literature

Knowledge Point: One of the main artistic features of Faust.

CHAPTER VII CRITICAL REALIST LITERATURE

Knowledge Points: 1. Nineteenth-century English Chartist poetry; 2. Main characters in Tolstoy's The Resurrection; 3. Stendahl's long story describing the Battle of Waterloo; 4. "I will tell her, and Katyusha, that I am bad and guilty of her, and that I will do all that I can do to mitigate her doom." What does this passage and related words and actions of Nehludov indicate about the kind of person he is?

Chapter 8: Modernist Literature

Knowledge: the main character of The Old Man and the Sea.

Chapter 9 Postmodernism

Knowledge Point: Garcia? Marquez's major works.

III. Practice Questions

1. The founding work of classical tragedy ( ).

A. Andromache

B. The Hater

C. Don Giovanni

D. The Cid

2. Tolstoy praised as "the first realistic approach to the subject of war" is Stendhal's brilliant description of the Battle of Waterloo, which is from a long novel ( ).

A. The Red and the Black

B. The Red and the White

C. Recollections of Napoleon

D. The Monastery of Bama

3. Tolstoy's The Resurrection is the main character of ( ).

A. Bashmashkin

B. Yao Nech

C. Maslova

D. Valka

4. The main character of The Old Man and the Sea is ( ).

A．Manolin

B．Jordon

C．Henry

D．Sandiego

5．Nineteenth-century English Charterist poetry belonged to the ( ).

A. proletarian literature

B. bourgeois literature

C. civic literature

D. critical realist literature

6. Bassanio is a character in Shakespeare's play ( ).

A．The End of the Line

B．Twelfth Night

C．The Two Kindred Spirits

D．The Merchant of Venice

7．The writer who most rigorously and brilliantly utilized the triad of Classical comedy was ( ）.

A. Molière

B. Racine

C. Gonaye

D. Jean Lafontaine

D. La Fontaine

8. "I will say to her, to Katyusha, that I am bad, that I have sinned against her, and that I will do all I can to mitigate her doom." This passage and related words and actions of Nehludov show that he is a ( ).

A. reflective "superfluous man"

B. reformed bureaucrat

C. bourgeois who renounces evil and turns to good

D. sincere and repentant aristocrat

9. The author of a long philosophical poem, "The Theory of the Nature of Things", is ( ).

A. Cicero

B. Lucretius

C. Virgil

D. Horace

Attachment: Reference Answers

Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Answer D D C D D A D D B D B

Multiple Choice Questions Revision Guide

I. Answering Techniques

This type of question, in the five alternative answers given, at least two are in line with the meaning of the correct answer, completely choose the right to score, more choose less choose are not scored. This kind of question mainly examines the students' understanding of some issues, the degree of accuracy of some knowledge.

Multiple-choice questions are very difficult, the difficulty lies in: (1) the content of the options is mainly comprehensible, analytical, often have a greater depth; (2) the options are more words, more time-consuming to understand, to grasp the exact meaning of each option and the center of gravity of the meaning of the more laborious; (3) the difference between the options is often small, sometimes just some subtle differences, to identify the more laborious. (4) There is no fixed number of correct answers, and a slight oversight can result in choosing more or fewer options, or choosing the wrong one, resulting in no points for the question.

To do a good job of multiple-choice questions, we must first thoroughly and accurately understand the basic content of the course, and remember the important content, so that the questions will be done with a heavy hand, some easily confused will be easy to identify. For the lack of expertise from the perspective of the design of the options will be easily excluded. Secondly, we should be good at analyzing the central meaning of the options, pay attention to the semantic differences between the options, and pay attention to the options involving the scope, degree, modifiers, qualifiers and other content of the wording. If the two options are similar, focus on what differences there are between them. Some options are in the statement and wording on the article, the general seems to be the meaning of the right, but a closer look and the correct statement is very different. Third, to summarize the multiple choice questions design options law, such as what types of content, where the wrong option is from, from what point of view design. Figure out some of the laws of design options will help improve the correct rate of multiple choice.

What can be specially hinted is that the multiple choice questions in this course are basically not designed with all five options being the correct ones.

II. Review Focus and Difficulties

Chapter 4 Classical Literature

Knowledge Points: the main characters in The Hypocrites (also translated as Darduffel).

Chapter 5 Enlightenment Literature

Knowledge Points: 1. The 18th century was a transitional century, and all kinds of literature had a great development at this time, among which what are the main ones that directly became the prelude to the Romanticism in the early 19th century?2. During the period of cooperation with Schiller, what are some of the works that Goethe accomplished independently?

Chapter 6: Romantic Literature

Knowledge Points: "Father of American Literature" of the pre-romantic representative writers, and "purely American" long novels, respectively?

Chapter 7: Critical Realism

Knowledge Points: Who were the "brilliant novelists" praised by Marx in 19th-century British critical realism? Characteristics of Dickens's later works; the main features of Dreiser's novels; what are the major realist writers who emerged in the United States since Whitman; what is Chekhov's attitude towards Chervyakov in Death of a Civil Servant?

Chapter VIII Modernist Literature

Knowledge Points:

The main features of Faulkner's novel writing; the main features of Sholokhov's writing; the main features of Sartre's existentialist literary works.

Chapter 9 Postmodernism

Knowledge Points: the main features of Sartre's existentialist literary works.

Three: Practice Questions

1. The major realist writers who emerged in the United States since Whitman are ( ).

A. Mark? Twain

B. Irving

C. Jack? London

D．Hawthorne

E．Ou． Henry

2. The main features of Faulkner's novel writing are ( ).

A．Focus on the civilization of the American metropolis

B．Deep reflection and outlook on the history, present and future of the American South

C．Focus on the expression of the subconsciousness and perversions of the characters

D．Focus on the truth of realism

E．Development of stream-of-consciousness techniques

3．Dickens's later work ( ).

A．More humor than satire

B．All adopt the structure of the tramp novel

C．Many clues and strict structure

D．Increased criticism

E．Humanitarian myth

4. During the period of cooperation with Schiller, Goethe independently accomplished the works of ( ).

A．The Rhetoric of Increase

B．Hermann and Doubtful Moss

C．Wilhelm Meister's Age of Wanderings

C. The Age of Meister's Wanderings

D．Faust, Part I

E．The Chinaman

5．The 18th century was a century of transition, and all kinds of literatures had a great development at this time, among which the literatures that became the prelude to the Romanticism in the early 19th century were mainly ( ）.

A. English sentimentalist literature

B. German rave literature

C. Pre-Romanticism

D. Gothic novels

E. Naturalistic literature

6. The main characteristic of Sholokhov's creation is ( ).

A. direct expression of the complex realities of life, without avoiding the contradictions of reality

B. strong idealization

C. tendency to dilute the typical

D. portrayal of peasants reached a new height in Soviet literature

E. details of the scenes are rich in local color

7. The main characters of The Hypocrites are ( ）.

A. Turtledove

B. Agnès

C. Olga

D. Dorina

E. Abagon

8. In the 19th-century English critical realist literature, Marx praised the "brilliant novelists" as ( ).

A. Thackeray

B. Mrs. Gaskell

C. Emily Bront?

C. Bronte

D．Charlotte? Bront?

E．Dickens

9．The main features of Sartre's existentialist literature are ( ).

A. Emphasizing the a priori nature of man's essence

B. Affirming that existence precedes essence

C. Opposing intervention in life

D. Emphasizing man's free choice

E. Believing that existence is absurd

Attachment: Reference Answers

Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Answer A,C. E B,C,E C,D,E B,D ABCD ADE ACD ABCDE BDE

Noun Explanation Review Guide

I. Answer Techniques

This type of question examines the student's mastery of concepts and important terms appearing in the course. The nouns in the exam questions have appeared in the concept explanation courseware, which provides a convenient condition for review. However, this class has more concepts and covers a wide range of topics, which is still difficult to review.

In answering the question type, it is important to note that the content of the general terminology is hierarchical, first of all, the basic definition, and then make the relevant description, for example, the explanation of the type of subject matter is generally defined first, in the description of its scope or type, etc.. Some terminology need to explain the content of the level of three or four, the number of words is more; some of the meaning of the term is simple, only the basic definition can be. So the length of the content of the terminology should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Need more explanation can not be too brief.

Second, review the key points and difficulties

Chapter II Medieval Literature

Knowledge: urban literature; chivalric literature

Chapter III Renaissance

Knowledge: Salon Literature; Vagabond novels. Sonnets

Chapter 5: The Enlightenment

Knowledge Points: The Enlightenment

Chapter 6: Romantic Literature

Knowledge Points: The Image of the "Superfluous Man"; The Lakeside School. Sentimentalism

Chapter 7: Critical Realism

Knowledge Points: Social Problem Drama; The Confessional Aristocrats

Chapter 8: Modernist Literature

Knowledge Points: The Tragedy of Faith; Literature of the Thaw; Stream-of-Consciousness Novels

Practice Questions

1. Stream-of-Consciousness Novels

2.

3. Social drama

4. Confessional aristocracy

5. Salon literature

6. Sentimentalist literature

7. Vagabond fiction

8. The Lakeside School

9. Sonnets

10. Chivalric literature

11. The figure of the "redundant man"

12. p>12. "Tragedy of Faith"

APPENDIX: REFERENCE ANSWERS

1. Stream-of-Consciousness Novels

Answer:

Novels that utilize methods such as free association and internal monologue to express the flow of consciousness in a character. It originated in Britain from the 1920s to the 1960s and later spread to Europe and America. He focuses on discovering the inner world of the characters, depicting the flow of human consciousness, especially the subconscious, and publicizing that sexual impulse is the driving force behind all human actions. His representative works include Ulysses and Memories of Watery Years.

2. Urban Literature

Answer:

Secular literature representing the interests of the civic class emerged along with the development of cities and the growth of civic power in medieval Europe. It developed on the basis of folk literature, with an anti-feudal and anti-church ideological tendency and realism. The artistic style is vivid, lively and satirical. The subject matter mainly includes rhyming stories, dramas, and civic lyric poems, and his masterpieces are The Legend of Lena Fox and The Legend of the Rose, which had a certain influence on the literature of the Renaissance.

3. Social Problem Plays

Answer:

The term refers to the plays written by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen in the 1870s with the aim of raising social problems. Starting from a bourgeois-democratic standpoint, he looked through the hypocritical appearance of capitalist society and revealed all the darkness and evils therein, thus pointedly raising many major social issues, such as opposing traditional feudal morality, attacking the mercenary consciousness of the bourgeoisie, striving for democracy and independence, advocating for the emancipation of women and so on. Its aim was to call for a social revolution, with reformist overtones.

4. The Confessional Aristocracy

Answer:

"The Confessional Aristocracy" refers to the enlightened aristocracy of Tolstoy. Tolstoy's image of enlightened landowners. They are some aristocratic intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century who wanted to break with their class but failed to do so. The ideology of these characters is characterized by deep introspection and spiritual search as the main personality traits. Compared with the "redundant people", they were more profound in their understanding, more resolute in their actions, and even became the people's apologists, but they were still an aristocracy in the end. This is why they are called the "Confessional Aristocrats".

5. Salon Literature

Answer:

"Salon" is the phonetic translation of "parlor" in French. Salon literature is the aristocratic formalist literature of 17th-century France, so named because it was formed in the salons of aristocratic women in Paris. Salon Literature is characterized by its specialization in artifice and artifice. Its subjects included romance novels, idyllic novels and lyrical poems. Salon literature glorified the life of chivalry, reminisced about the feudal society of the Middle Ages, its content was strange and mysterious, and its language was obscure and difficult to understand. The representative writer was Volvatier.

6. Sentimentalist Literature

Answer:

Sentimentalist literature arose in England in the late eighteenth century, and was named after Sterne's novel Sentimental Journey. It later spread to France, Germany and Russia, preparing the way for the formation of the Romantic genre. Sentimentalism was a reflection of the mood of the weak middle and small bourgeoisie. It emphasized feelings in creation, depicting the misfortune and pain of characters to arouse readers' sympathy and compassion, with humanitarian ideas, but many works were full of pessimistic mood. Common genres are elegies, travelogues and epistolary novels.

7. Tramp Fiction

Answer:

A genre of literature that arose in Spain in the middle of the sixteenth century. It is a literary genre that emerged in Spain in the middle of the sixteenth century. It takes the hobo as its protagonist and depicts city life with clues to the protagonist's wanderings. Tramp novels are mostly autobiographical, with a lively and playful language and a strong sense of irony. Although vagrant novels can reflect the society more widely, they are simple in structure and lack organic connection between plots. The masterpiece is Little Laizi.

8. The Lakeside School

Answer:

The Lakeside School was a school of poetry in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Sauter were the representatives of the first generation of Romantic writers, who had gone through the process from embracing the French Revolution to being disappointed with it, and because of their hatred of capitalist urban civilization, they stayed away from the city and lived in seclusion in the Lake District of Cwmbran in the northwestern part of the United Kingdom, describing the scenery of the lake and the mountains, reminiscing about and glorifying the rural life of the Middle Ages, which was a system of patriarchal rule, and cursing the urban civilization, and were thus called the "Lakeside School". Their poetry swept away the pretentious style of the 18th century in England, adopting new themes, new rhymes and new language, with a fresh, clear, quiet and profound style. The theory and creation of their Romantic poetry promoted the development of the Romantic literary movement in Britain, and had a greater impact on the writers of that time and later generations.

9. The Sonnet

Answer:

The sonnet is a type of lyrical poetry in Europe. It was originally a short poem popularized and sung in the Middle Ages, and was widely used after the Renaissance.

10. Chivalric Literature

Answer:

Cavalier literature is a kind of feudal secular literature that appeared in medieval Europe when chivalry was prevalent, and it distinctly reflected the consciousness of the feudal lord class. it was developed in the 12th and 13th centuries, and was most fully developed in France. Chivalric literature is divided into two categories: chivalric lyric poetry and chivalric narrative poetry (also called chivalric legends). The former is centered on Provence in the south of France, and the authors are mainly feudal lords and knights, and the central theme is to write about the knight's adoration and worship of noblewomen, and is most famous for the Song of Dawn; the latter is centered on the north of France, and mainly describes the various adventures undertaken by knights to gain honor and the love of noblewomen, and mainly describes the works of the ancient King of Britain, Arthur, and its Knights of the Round Table. Knight narrative poetry has a certain anti-feudal, anti-aspirational meaning. It also laid the foundation for the development of the modern long novel in terms of artistic means.

11. The image of the "redundant man"

Answer:

It is a series of images of the main positive characters in Russian literature from the 1830s to the 1950s, the main ones being Onegin, Rotin, and Beritov, etc. All of them were noble intellectuals. They were typical of the aristocratic intelligentsia, whose ****ness was that they had high personal endowments, had received bourgeois education, were dissatisfied with the mediocre life of the aristocratic upper class, and regarded themselves as higher than those around them, and were out of step with them; however, they lived a parasitic life, far away from the people, and generally lacked the willpower to realize their goals in life, and often failed to achieve anything, and were regarded as the "redundant" of their own society. They were the advanced elements of the aristocracy, and played a certain historical role in promoting the idea of democracy in the 1930s and 1940s. However, because of these weaknesses, their cause was doomed to failure, and their historical figures could only be succeeded by a new generation of commoner intellectuals.

12. "The Tragedy of Faith"

Answer:

Roman Rowland wrote a series of "Tragedies of Faith" between 1897 and 1903. Roland wrote a set of "Tragedies of Faith". It included three plays, "St. Louis," "Aylett," and "The Time is Coming. The plays portrayed a number of people who insisted on defending faith and reason, "burning like fire". But the "concise answer" is not just answer a few dry points, but also related to the description of the elaboration, just do not require as the expository questions to give examples to argue. So should pay attention to avoid the tendency to answer too simple, in the time allowed under the premise of trying to answer some rich.

Second, review the key points and difficulties

Chapter II Medieval Literature

Knowledge: 1, the basic features of medieval literature.

2. The ideological significance of the Song of Roland.

Chapter 3 Renaissance

Knowledge Points: How to evaluate Shylock.

Chapter 4 Classical Literature

Knowledge point: the conflict in Gonyei's tragedy Cid.

Chapter 7 Critical Realist Literature

Knowledge Points: The realistic artistic achievement of The Human Comedy; the characteristics of Dickens's three periods of creativity; the role of the "Character Reproduction Method".

Chapter 8 Modernist Literature

Knowledge Points: What kind of writer is Ernest Hemingway? What kind of work is Young Adult Close Encounters?

Three: Practice Questions

1. What are the basic characteristics of medieval European literature?

2. What kind of a work is The Young Clansman?

3. What kind of writer was Ernest Hemingway?

4. What are the characteristics of Dickens' three periods of creativity?

5. Briefly analyze the ideological significance of Roland's Song.

6. What is the realistic artistic achievement of The Human Comedy?

Attached: Reference Answers

1. What are the basic characteristics of medieval European literature?

Answer:

Medieval literature went through a long historical process of the formation, development, and collapse of the feudal system, with a variety of literary forms, but as a specific period of literature still has its **** the same characteristics: the distinctive religious imprint. The supremacy of Christianity in the Middle Ages made literature y influenced by it, which is not only embodied in the church literature, even the heroic epics and urban literature created by the masses of the people also have different degrees of religious colors. In addition, the artistic techniques often use the form of fantasy stories and symbolic and allegorical means of expression, indirectly express the social life, with mysticism.

2. What kind of work is The Young Kindred?

Answer:

Young Konrad is one of the masterpieces of the Soviet Union in the 1940s, depicting the literature of the Patriotic War. It is a novel in the style of artistic literature, based on the heroic struggle of the "Young Kommando", an underground organization of the Youth League of the city of Krasno in the mining district of the Donbass, against the German invaders under the leadership of the underground party during the Great Patriotic War. It is a novel of artistic documentation, which artistically reproduces the revolutionary activities of the Young Guards. It focuses on portraying the high degree of patriotism and revolutionary heroism of the young generation of the Soviet Union.

3. What kind of writer is Ernest Hemingway?

Answer:

Ernest? Ernest Hemingway was an outstanding American novelist in the 20th century. In the early days, he was known as "The Lost Generation", and later he became famous worldwide for his original "tough guy character" and "iceberg principle". This unique personality and pioneering spirit of the writer, not only adhere to the principle of realism, but also not adhere to the realist approach, the pursuit of innovation, with its unique objective, simple, subtle, refined style of contemporary world literature has had a huge impact. 1954 for the creation of the "Old Man and the Sea", "proficient in the art of modern narrative" won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

4. What are the characteristics of Dickens' three periods of creation?

Answer:

Early Dickens had a blind optimism about the capitalist society, and the theme of the work is not profound, and more light-hearted, humorous, witty satirical approach to the creation of a series of "good", "kind-hearted" image of the assets, the novels are always a comedy with a happy ending, the tone of the work is optimistic. In the middle period, Dickens was at the climax of the British Charter Movement, and he had a deeper understanding of the social reality. The works of this period increased the critical power, and promoted the warmth of the little people and the power of sentimentalization; he widely used satirical techniques in his art. The late period is the era of Dickens's mature creative thinking and creative harvest, he made a wide and deep revelation of the British society, put forward many social problems, the works are serious, deep and sorrowful.

5. Briefly analyze the ideological significance of Song of Roland.

Answer:

The Song of Roland is a masterpiece of heroic epic. Taken from Frankish history, it depicts the expedition against the Spanish Arabs in the time of Charles the Great, and its basic theme is patriotism. The work glorifies the heroic characters represented by Roland. They took the "defense of lovely" France as their vocation, and defied the enemy on the battlefield, embodied the strong patriotic passion and valor, while the work of Canelon as the leader of the treasonous acts of the enemy was severely condemned. The work also portrays the image of Charles the Great, who defended the unity of the country, presided over justice and punished traitors severely. All these reflect the people's desire to establish a unified nation-state with a strong royal power and have certain progressive significance.

6. What are the realistic artistic achievements of The Human Comedy?

Answer:

The most outstanding artistic achievement of The Human Comedy is the creation of a typical image. 2,400 characters are active in Balzac's society, and no less than 60 of them are vivid and typical. For this purpose, he used a variety of artistic means. First of all, he was good at shaping characters according to the principle of typecasting. Secondly, he liked to exaggerate human lust, intensify it and coalesce it in one person. The Human Comedy attaches importance to the environmental description, which is accurate, detailed, vivid and typical; the details are true and vivid. The expository questions are characterized by exposition, a good exposition is like making a small article, clear and comprehensive viewpoints, clear thinking, and the beginning and end of the answer, the beginning and end, the beginning and the end of the answer are chapter and verse.

The content of the expository questions should not only give the main points, to make the relevant instructions, but also to analyze the arguments with examples. Some of the questions can be tested as a short-answer questions, can also be tested as an expository question, the difference lies in the different requirements for the answer, the short-answer questions answered more concise, expository questions to answer in detail, the key is to have examples.

II. Review key points and difficulties

Chapter II

Knowledge points: Dante's ideological and artistic duality.

Chapter 7

Knowledge Points:

1. Characteristics of Gogol's plays; Artistic features of The Chinaman.

2. Characteristics of Chekhov's novel writing.

3. Practice Questions

1. The artistic features of "The Chinaman".

2. Describe the duality in Dante's creation.

3. Characteristics of Chekhov's novel writing.

Attachment: Reference Answers

1. Discuss the artistic features of "The Chinaman".

Answer:

Gogol's famous comedy "The Minister of Chinchilla" not only profoundly exposes and scorns the corruption of serfdom and the evils of bureaucratic rule, but also is extremely distinctive in its artistic features:<1>Double dramatic conflict. The comedy writes about the conflict between the bureaucratic group headed by the mayor and the Chinchilla Minister on the one hand, and the conflict between some small citizens and the bureaucrats on the other. The former is present throughout the play, and some is expressed through the language of all those who appear on the stage. Such a technique makes the plot fascinating.2) Distinctive and realistic characterization. The author devotes himself to the revelation of the inner world of typical characters, discarding the shallow comicality of the outside, and is the character in the play is not the incarnation of a certain concept, but a specific, living character. And these are also accomplished by the character's self-disclosure.3) Mime ending. This kind of ending is new and original, unique, deepens the audience's understanding of the comedic characters, and strengthens the satirical effect of comedy.

2. Try to describe the duality in Dante's creation.

Answer:

There is an alternation of old and new in artistic expression: first of all, he has obvious characteristics of the new literature.1) Showing the Renaissance realism method of creation, he took the fantasy of the three worlds of travel as a framework, but distinctly reflecting the real life.2) Sketching the phenomenon of colorful characters with realism. Whether they are real people, historical figures, or fictional characters, he was able to give them a certain characteristic in appearance, movement or expression, making them typical with generalized meaning. 3) Adopted a rich and vivid nationalized language, thus breaking the precepts of writing in Latin at that time. It also uses a meter based on one of the Italian nationalities, which constitutes an interlocking rhyme scheme of three lines per stanza.

The Divine Comedy also bears obvious marks of the olden times in its art: 1) It adopts the popular method of medieval fantastic literature, full of symbols and allegories. 2) The strict and complete structure also bears the characteristics of medieval consciousness, structuring the whole piece by 3, 9 and 10, numbers which have mysterious significance in the minds of the medieval people, and carries a clear religious mystical color.

3. Characteristics of Chekhov's novels.

Answer:

1) Chekhov's novels often intercepted fragments of ordinary daily life, and by virtue of the exquisite artistic details of the characters and the life of the meticulous depiction and carving, from which to show the important social content, revealing the major social problems. He believed that the irrational and unfortunate elements permeating the so-called "normal daily life" are more terrible than some horrifying events, and breed more profound tragedies. He was good at discovering typical people and events in daily life and extracting unexpected details from them to highlight and describe them, resulting in a shocking artistic effect.

2) Simplicity, plainness and truthfulness. His novels do not have lengthy descriptions of scenery and background, and he tries to avoid setting up a large number of characters in his works. Even some works have only one character. The language of his novels is also simple and condensed. He loved to use short sentences and chose the most accurate words. The simplicity and truthfulness of his works are mainly manifested in the fact that his works are always as natural as life, without any pretense and without relying on bizarre plots to win.

3) Humor and satire, comedy and tragedy. His novels are written with humor, often attracting laughter, but this kind of humor contains pain and heartache, laughter with tears, laughter with whips, which makes his works with the combination of comedy and tragedy. He always hides his humor and sarcasm in the plain details, so that readers can savor the infinite wonders only after chewing them carefully.

4) Subtlety. His short stories are mostly objective and calm narratives and descriptions. The author never comments, let tendency from the scene and the plot naturally flow out. Let the reader from the image system to figure out the meaning of the work. His subtlety is also manifested in not telling the whole story, so that the reader to find the flavor