The methods of lacquer painting in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: gold lacquer, lacquer filling, mother-of-pearl, point snail, gold and silver leveling, lacquer pile, poin

The methods of lacquer painting in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: gold lacquer, lacquer filling, mother-of-pearl, point snail, gold and silver leveling, lacquer pile, point lacquer, red pick, red pile, flat lacquer, Qi Diao ... Gold tracing: a decorative method of drawing patterns on the surface of lacquerware with gold. Gold paint is the most common on black paint ground, followed by vermilion or purple ground. Others call tracing gold as "the decorative method of tracing gold and silver paint". Lacquer filling: Eight Chapters of Respecting Saints: "Xuande has lacquered vessels, which are piled with colorful thick paint and polished as paintings", and A Brief Introduction to Jingdi, which is called this lacquering technique, uses Qi Diao flowers and birds as paintings and polishes them as paintings.

Mother-of-pearl: also known as "snail filling" and "snail point", it is a decorative technique of embedding figures, birds and animals, flowers and plants on carved or painted objects made of thin shells. After the flat painting, there are colorful decorations, such as painting, painting, floating Xia makeup, flower painting, painting, etc., while those who decorate with gold have the names of sand gold, painting gold, painting gold, clay gold and gilding. According to their names, we can infer that their production methods are different. In a word, among lacquerware, carved lacquer is the noblest and the most artistic, so all previous dynasties have been trying to make it. Song people carved red lacquerware. If the palace is made of boxes, gold and silver tires, and red lacquerware is piled up to dozens of layers. At first, people, terraces, flowers and plants were carved with skill, just like strokes.

There are tin tires, land, safflower and yellow fields and five colors. Carving deep with makeup dew, such as red flowers and green leaves, yellow heart and black stone, is eye-catching, but it has not been handed down many times, and it is not easy to see now. It is also useful to carve ten kinds of flowers and plants with Zhu as the land and all kinds of flowers and plants with black as the face. Flowers and tapestries are embossed, red and black are lovely, but most of them are boxes, followed by plates and boxes. The boxes are steamed cakes, Hexi style, curtain style, three-impact style, two-impact style, plum blossom style and goose egg style, ranging in size from several feet to several feet, with patterns on both sides. There are round, square, waist-shaped, quadrangular, octagonal, tapestry and quadrangular peony petals. Boxes have rectangles, squares, two strikes, three strikes and four strikes. This process originated very early and became popular in the Zhou Dynasty. Judging from the existing mother-of-pearl in the Tang Dynasty, it was of a high level at that time. Cao Zhao's On Gegu: "Mother-of-pearl vessels come from Luling County, Ji 'an Prefecture, Jiangxi Province. In the Song Dynasty, all the people in the inner government were old craftsmen, but those who used strong lacquer or embedded copper wires were very good. The wealth of the Yuan Dynasty is not limited to years, and the lacquer characters are lovely. "There are two schools, Rizo and Yang Mao, who are good at the moment, but the ink is not thick and the painting is cracked.

Point snail: Point snail lacquerware is a traditional handicraft in China. 1966, a lacquer dish was unearthed from the ruins of the Yuan Dynasty in Beijing and embedded in the Guanghan Palace with screws. The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of point-screw lacquerware, and the craft level had reached a quite exquisite level. Shell, luminous snail, etc. They are all raw materials, refined into spiral slices as thin as cicada wings, and then the thin spiral slices are "spotted" on the lacquer blank, hence the name "point snail". Because it is thinner and softer than ordinary mother-of-pearl, it is also called "thin mother-of-pearl" and "soft mother-of-pearl". Now in Yangzhou and other places, there are still some snail lacquerware production.

Flattening gold and silver: thin gold and silver for a while to make various figures, birds and animals, flowers and other patterns, and stick them on the polished lacquer tire. After drying thoroughly, two or three layers are painted comprehensively, and then the gold and silver patterns are polished to make the patterns as flat as the paint base, and then polished, which becomes a beautiful flat lacquer. Fine lines can also be carved where the gold and silver lines are wide, but the gold and silver pieces cannot be carved through. This decorative method is elaborate, labor-consuming, and noble in materials, but the luster of gold, silver and lacquer color reflects each other very luxuriously, and it is a very precious lacquer. Youyang's Miscellaneous Works, An Lushan's Deeds, Taizhenzhuan, Tang Yulin, etc. Various names of flat lacquerware given to An Lushan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei are recorded.

Stacking paint: a painting technique of making patterns with pigments different from those of unpainted gray primer. Now the pile of paint can be made of rubber, gold-plated and spray-painted, which has a wide range of meanings.

Qi Diao: The technique of carving patterns on stacked flat lacquer tires. Qi Diao in China began in the Tang Dynasty and is most famous for its history of Xitang in Jiaxing in the Yuan Dynasty. Modern main producing areas are Beijing, Yangzhou, Tianshui and Huizhou. Carving paint mostly uses red paint, so it is also called "picking red". Qi Diao is often made of wood ash and metal, which are piled with paint, ranging from 80 to 90 layers to 100 to 200 layers. This is a semi-dry painting and carving technique. Generally, brocade is used as the ground, and the pattern is hidden, which is beautiful and solemn. Pointing paint: Pointing paint is a decorative technique of lacquer art in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was used as the decoration of automobiles in ancient times. This method is named after the use of more than two kinds of colored pigments, which are interlaced with each other and present various patterns, just like the markings on animals and plants. "Deputy History of the Meeting Record of Kun Ji": "Fine decoration". Yang Ming's Note: "All the ornaments listed are suitable for fine spots, including black, green, red, yellow, purple and brown, as well as the quality and color. They are six colors, two colors and three colors mixed, and the spots are the same color, which is divided into light color and dark color. " This seems to be similar to spot paint. In addition, monochrome paints are used to display different shades of marks, some of which are called spot paints.

Paint filling: Eight Chapters of Respecting the Sacred: "Xuande has paint-filled vessels, which are piled with colorful thick paint and polished into paintings"-"A Brief Introduction to Jingdi", in which flowers and birds are carved with paint and polished into paintings-this paint-filling technique is called.

Flat paint: there is no other procedure for drawing things, which is called flat paint. This is the first way to draw things. It's simple, well-made and very cute. So this method is used more now.

Gold ornaments: the utensils are painted with pigment, carved with a needle after drying, and then sprinkled with gold foil to make them flat, which is called gold ornaments. The person who scatters silver scraps is called a silver shovel. It is said that this is a way to decorate objects with gold, by creating ancient characters and eliminating sounds in popular reading. According to the Records of Dan and Lead, there are 14 kinds of gold in Six Codes of Tang Dynasty, and there is alchemy method. Wu You wrote "Cricket Song" and "Cricket Basin" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which were very successful in making gold in the Ming Dynasty, hence the names of many utensils.

Red pile: the surface of lacquerware is piled up into various patterns and coated with cinnabar, which is called red pile. "Gegu Yaolun" said that fake red picking is made of gray balls and coated with cinnabar, which is called pile red, also called cover red.