Why didn't Confucian culture spread rapidly in Southeast Asia?

Southeast Asia is in the south of China, close to the ocean, so it was called "South China Sea" or "Nanyang" in ancient times. The name "Southeast Asia" only appeared during the Second World War, when the Allied Forces established the "Southeast Asia Supreme Command" in this area. After the war, people felt that the name could correctly express the geographical position, so it was widely recognized by all countries in the world. Southeast Asia is actually made up of sea and land. The land includes Indo-China Peninsula (formerly known as Indo-China Peninsula or zhina Peninsula) and Malay Archipelago (also known as Nanyang Archipelago), while the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean are separated by these lands and connected with each other by bashi channel, sunda strait, Torres Strait and Malacca Strait. There are Viet Nam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar on the Indian zhina Peninsula and Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and the Philippines on the Malay Archipelago. The former is a so-called "peninsula country" or "land country", while the latter is a "maritime country" or "island country". The geographical position of Southeast Asia is extremely important. It is located at the "crossroads" of three continents (Asia, Africa and Oceania) and two oceans (Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean), and is a key area for east-west shipping. Geologically, the Asian and Australian continental plates and several submarine plates meet here, which is also a chain connecting the hinterland of the Asian continent and the Indian subcontinent, and is called the "Southeast Asian Continental Bridge". Anthropologically speaking, different races from Asia and Australia meet here and form a national corridor. Biologically speaking, animals and plants from Asia and Australia are intertwined and colorful here. Culturally speaking, this is the place where Indian cultural circle and China cultural circle overlap, and it is also the only place where China passes on the Maritime Silk Road leading to India and Arabia.

China is connected with the mountains and rivers of Southeast Asia, and it is geographically inseparable. The southwest of China is connected with the "Southeast Asia Continental Bridge", and many mountains and rivers extend southward to Indo-China Peninsula, forming a continuous and criss-crossing terrain, and extending into the sea to form many islands. The mountains in Indo-China Peninsula run north-south, which is actually an extension of the Hengduan Mountains in China. There are three main mountains: Changshan Mountain stands on the east side of the peninsula, forming a vast mountain area; The central pillar extends southward to the Malay Peninsula, and after entering the sea, it forms the platform base of Sunda Platform, Bangka Island and Blidon Island. On the west is the Arakan Mountains, which extend southward to the ocean, intermittently forming Sumatra, Java and Nusa Tenggara. Most of the rivers flowing through these mountains originate in the southwest of China. For example, the upper reaches of salween in Myanmar are the Nujiang River in China, the Irrawaddy River is the Longchuan River in China, the upper reaches of Chao Phraya River in Thailand are in Yunnan, the upper reaches of Mekong River flowing through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam are the Lancang River in China, and the upper reaches of Red River in Vietnam are the Yuanjiang River. China is an international river and natural waterway leading to Southeast Asia.

Due to special historical and geographical reasons, China and Southeast Asian countries have many "blood relations" in culture, which are mainly manifested in the following five aspects: First, the long-term development of land and water transportation has closely linked southwest China with Southeast Asia; Second, Viet Nam belongs to the "cultural circle of Chinese characters" and is fully influenced by China culture; 3. Chinese is an important bridge for cultural exchange between China and Southeast Asian countries; 4. Cross-border ethnic groups with common aspirations have natural ties with Southeast Asia; Five, the spread of Buddhism, China and Southeast Asia have entered a * * * cultural circle.

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The traffic between China and Southeast Asia originated very early, and there are generally three roads: one is the Southern Silk Road, and the other is the maritime traffic between China and Southeast Asia; The third is the Lancang River and Mekong River, which is called the "Oriental Danube". In modern times, there are Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Yunnan-Myanmar Highway and the railway from Yunnan to Hanoi, Vietnam, as well as shipping and aviation.

In the southwest of China, there is a Southern Silk Road hidden in mountains and virgin forests. The reason why it is little known is that it is a road opened by the people, and the starting point is not in the capital of the Central Plains. This road was first mentioned in Historical Records, and Biography of Southwest Yi said: "In the first year of Yuan Dynasty, Prince Zhang Qian sent someone to Daxia, saying that he lived in Daxia, and he saw Shu Bu and Qiong Bamboo Stick and asked him to ask. He said: from the southeast, it can be thousands of miles, it can be the city of Shu people, and it can also be heard that the toxic country of Jonesy can be two thousand miles. According to textual research, the Southern Silk Road consists of three sections: one is the "Wushi Road" from Shudi (Chengdu) to Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake via Bó @ ① Road (Yibin), Hanyang (Weining) and wei county (Qujing), and the other is the "Lingguan Road" from Shudi to Yu Ye (Dali) via Du Qiong (Xichang). This road has long been an ancient road from China to India via Myanmar. Myanmar was called Shan State in Han Dynasty, Sibang in Tang Dynasty, Bagan in Song Dynasty and Myanmar in Yuan Dynasty. Since the Han Dynasty, envoys made friends with China, offering elephants, buffaloes, treasures, music and magic people, and later importing cotton, ivory, jadeite, amber and jade, while China's silk, tea, salt, gold and silver jewelry were also shipped to Myanmar. In the cultural exchange between China and India, Myanmar is an important transit point, and Ali-Ali religion and Buddhism in Yunnan were introduced from Myanmar.

The sea route to Nanyang began in the Han Dynasty, and the Geography of Hanshu said: "Since returning to Nanzhang, I can sail to Duyuan country in May, and I can sail to Lú @ ② in April, leaving the country for more than 20 days, walking for more than 10 days to Dugan, and sailing to Huangzhi country in February ... During the Three Kingdoms period, Wu sent Kang Tai and others to Hainan countries. Monks have kept in touch since Fa Xian returned from the sea in the Jin Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, it was transported to Tianzhu and Lion Country by sea, and flew directly to Arabian Peninsula in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, passing through Southeast Asian countries on the way. Zheng He's voyages to the West had a far-reaching impact on Southeast Asia. The fleet arrived in Zhancheng, Java, Zhenla, Jiugang (a big port in Indonesia), Luojin, Manzka (Malacca), Bonai, Sumatra, Aru and other places, leaving many relics.

As mentioned earlier, the rivers connecting southwest China and Southeast Asia are salween, Irrawaddy River, Chao Phraya River, Mekong River and Red River. These natural waterways have been used for a long time, especially the Mekong River. This is an ethnic corridor, and many cross-border ethnic groups live in the Lancang River and Mekong River basins. Historically, Ailao, Zhenla, Lancang, Nanzhao, Dali, Jinglong Jindian and 800 daughter countries all communicated through this waterway. It is the main artery from China to the land countries in Southeast Asia, passing through Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Vientiane, the capital of Laos, and Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, are both on the banks of the Mekong River, with many cities and ports along the coast. Mekong Delta is a rich region, which plays an important role in political, economic and cultural exchanges.

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Among Southeast Asian countries, Viet Nam is deeply influenced by China culture. On the one hand, historical development is closely related to China; On the other hand, Chinese characters have been widely used in Vietnam for a long time, so it is possible to fully absorb China culture and become the biggest beneficiary of China culture in Southeast Asia.

As early as 2 14 BC, Qin Fa's soldiers set up Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun, incorporated northern and central Vietnam into Xiang Jun, and began the "county-state period" in Vietnamese history. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhao Tuo established the "South Vietnam" regime, carried out the policy of "North-South copulation" and "Gathering Hundred Yues", and established two counties, Jiaotoe and Jiuzhen, in Vietnam. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty leveled South Vietnam and divided it into nine counties. Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen and Rinan counties are all within the territory of Vietnam today. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu sent Fu Bo, a general, to suppress the second uprising of conquering Vietnam, so as to "govern the city and promote agriculture for the benefit of the people" and further develop Vietnam. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the county system reached its peak, and Vietnam set up Annan House and ten states. China, for example, implements the two tax laws, the Tang law, the establishment of schools with courtesy guidance, and the selection of talents through the imperial examination. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, there was chaos in the Central Plains, and Annan local tyrants sprang up everywhere. After some brewing, in the sixth year of Song Taizu's reign (968), Ding Bu led his troops to pacify the Twelve Ambassadors, unify Annan, establish Daqu Yue Guo, and end the county-state period. After independence, Annan continued to live in harmony with China as always, and still abided by China's laws and regulations. Annan's official system is called China system. The central government has six departments, six halls, six departments, Imperial Academy, Imperial Academy, East Brother, imperial academy, National History Academy, Magistrate, Imperial Secretary, Tian Tong Supervision, Imperial Palace, Secretary Supervision, Chinese Language Supervision and other institutions. Local administrative agencies are divided into provincial, government, state and county levels. The official products and crown clothes are similar to those in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The criminal law promulgated by the Li Dynasty and the criminal law determined by the Chen Dynasty are based on the Tang law, and the Hongde code promulgated by Li Xiangke later is more complete. The Chronicle of the Charters of Past Dynasties said: "Hongde criminal law refers to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which has rules for drawing pictures, and the weight is up and down, which has been followed by all generations and used as a formula." In Annan's past dynasties, Confucianism was the foundation of the country. Li Dynasty built a Confucian Temple, Chen Dynasty founded imperial academy to learn four books and five classics, Li Dynasty took the four books as the contents of the imperial examination, and Ruan Dynasty carved Confucian classics into volumes and distributed them throughout the country. From the fourth year of Emperor Renzong's reign in Taining of the Li Dynasty (1075), the Chen Dynasty even imitated China's "try to determine the top three points", and the top three were the champion, the second place and the flower-exploring fans. By the time of the Li Dynasty, the important officials of the imperial court were all people with imperial examinations. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the military system was slightly similar to that of the Tang Dynasty. Later, the imperial army and Xiang army were established in imitation of the Song Dynasty, and the system of "integration of people and agriculture" in the Ming Dynasty was also imitated. The Wu Temple in Annan is dedicated to Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Han Xin, Li Jing and Xu Da in the east and Mao, Zhuge Liang, Yue Fei in the west. From this perspective, the Vietnamese system is actually an imitation of China.

Chinese and Chinese characters are quite popular in Vietnam. Since the county period, a large number of Central Plains immigrants and officials entered Vietnam, which made Vietnamese absorb a large number of Chinese words. According to a survey by linguists, more than 50% of modern Vietnamese words are borrowed by Han people. Because Vietnamese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family as a whole, there are a large number of Chinese loanwords, so it is more appropriate to use Chinese characters. Therefore, Chinese characters have been officially used as "Confucian characters" for more than 1000 years since the Qin and Han Dynasties. In China's Song Dynasty, driven by Guangxi's sawndip, Vietnamese began to use Chinese characters to express Vietnamese, which were called Zi Nan or Nan Zi, also known as General Characters. The word "Nan" first appeared in the Hongji Monument in Yongfu Province in 12 10, which was equivalent to the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. The structure of Nan characters and Zhuang characters is basically the same, for example, Wen (literary style) and Nan (southern female) borrow word meaning and pronunciation, Yu (Manqu) and Xian (Xiantuo) borrow word meaning but not word sound, and Li (Lailai) and Ying (Abu Brothers) borrow word sound but not word meaning. There are also some new words created by imitating Chinese characters. The method of coining words is nothing more than understanding, pictophonetic characters and simplified characters, and the pronunciation is all Vietnamese. The shape of Nan characters formed by this method is still square characters, which are commonly borrowed from Chinese characters and self-made characters, some borrowed from the sounds of Chinese characters, some borrowed from the meanings of Chinese characters, and most of them are pronounced in Vietnamese. The result of implementation is polysemy, polysemy, homonymy and serious overlapping, which is extremely inconvenient to use. Although the plain text was promulgated for a short time, it was not popular as an official text, and most of it was used by the people. There are more than 1000 kinds of existing reading materials of Nanzi, such as the long poem Biography of Jin Qiaoyun. 1884 After the French occupation of Vietnam, it was changed to Latin phonetic alphabet. After Vietnam's independence, Latin became the legal language and was called "national character".

The influence of China culture on Viet Nam is extensive and far-reaching. Like China's feudal society, Viet Nam also regarded Confucianism as the main content of its ruling ideology, education and imperial examinations. Buddhism in Vietnam is actually the spread of Buddhism in China. Taoism was introduced into Vietnam in Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially in Yuan Dynasty. The first generation of King Ruan Huang named himself "Fairy Master", and later set up "Daozhi Department" and "Daoshan Medicine Department". Ma Yuan, the general of Fu Bo, is enshrined in Notre Dame Cathedral, which is worshipped by Vietnamese people, and related temples have been built in many places. Vietnamese literature is dominated by Chinese literature, and monarchs, nobles and scribes are all good at poetry. According to the rhyme and meter of China's poems, they created "six-eight poetic styles" and "seven-six-eight poetic styles". Han Quan, an early representative writer, became famous for imitating Han Yu's Sacrifice to the Crocodile. Vietnamese classic works such as Jin Qiaoyun Biography, Mi Yu Biography and Mi Yu Biography are important Vietnamese historical books, such as Li Wenlin's Historical Records of Da Yue, Wu Shilian's Historical Records of Da Yue, Pan Shuzhi's Legacy of National History, Zhang Da Nan Zhi and Zheng Huaide's Jiading Tongzhi. Borrowing China's calendar for a long time, the calendar of time service in Yuan Dynasty was used until the early Ming Dynasty, and then changed to Datong calendar in Ming Dynasty. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that he made his own Xie Ji calendar with reference to Li Xiang Kao Cheng, and the timing method was widely used among the people. Vietnamese medicine is a branch of traditional medicine in China, which is called "Southern Medicine". Both the ruling and opposition parties attach great importance to it. It set up temples to worship famous doctors in China, followed China's example to set up Artest Hospital, Guangji Branch and Jisheng Hall, studied China medical books and imported China medicinal materials. Later, combined with the situation in Vietnam, he compiled Notes on Materia Medica, Compilation of Chinese and Vietnamese Medicinal Properties, Miraculous Effects of Southern Medicine, and Complete Heart Classic of Maritime Medical Records. China's mathematics was introduced into Viet Nam during the county period, and the "book calculation" test was added to the imperial examination. Liang's Arithmetic Dacheng has nine songs, nine songs, division and so on, and abacus is widely used. Paper-making in Han Dynasty was introduced to Vietnam. According to "Southern Vegetation", there was "honey scented paper" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Viet Nam is the first country in Southeast Asia to accept China printing. The earliest printed matter was the "woodcut stickers" of Chen Yuanfeng's reign (1251-kloc-0/258), which were engraved by imperial academy, Ji Ben, Ge Ben and Shi Guan Ben. And the folk print also imitated China's appellation of a hall, a village or a place. Technologies such as silk, ceramics, bronze, bricks and tiles, gunpowder and coinage were all imported from China. Vietnamese surnames all come from hundreds of surnames in China, and there are more than 200 single surnames and compound surnames. About half of the people are surnamed Ruan, Li, Chen, Li, Huang, Wu, Pan, Fan, Zheng, Wu, Pei and Du, especially Li and Ruan. Men's names are the same as those in China, including single names, compound names and other names. Women also use surnames to show their paternal lineage. The names of royalty and nobility are often accompanied by gold, wood, water, fire and earth to symbolize the worship of one of them. In addition, Vietnamese "Yayue" is actually the ancient music of China. The music, costumes, facial makeup and props of the play are similar to those of Chinese opera. Old clothes are like China, and chopsticks are used like China people. Folk festivals include New Year's Day, Dragon Boat Festival, July 30th and Mid-Autumn Festival. (Note: See Chen Yulong: Cultural Exchanges between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, edited by Zhou Yiliang: History of Cultural Exchanges between China and Foreign Countries, Henan.

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"Where there is sea, there are China people", which shows that overseas Chinese are widely distributed in every corner of the earth. However, the area with the largest population in China is Southeast Asia. According to the statistics of 199 1, there are 2.271.6 million people, accounting for more than 70% of overseas Chinese. Chinese in Southeast Asia are distributed in ten countries including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and the Philippines. Among these ten countries, Thailand has the largest population (6.45 million), followed by Indonesia (6 million) and Malaysia (5 million). The largest proportion of Chinese in the local population is Singapore (76.5%), followed by Malaysia (27.3%) and Brunei (20.4%). This distribution is the result of long-term historical development, and it is also an important symbol of the close relationship between China and Southeast Asia.

Chinese migrated to Southeast Asia from the Tang Dynasty, and the earliest place of residence was probably Sumatra, with the largest number of people in southern ports. Because of the high international prestige of the Tang Dynasty at that time, they all called themselves "Tangren" and their overseas settlement was called "Chinatown". In the Song Dynasty, overseas trade was developed, but at that time, sailing mainly depended on monsoon. If you miss the season, you have to stay in the local area. Some people grow up and have children, which is called "staying in Tibet". During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the maritime trade with Alapai developed further, and Southeast Asia was the only place to pass, so many expatriates were left along the way and a number of "new villages" were built, such as Manobacha and Semarang in Java, Malacca, Kalimantan, Singapore, Nanqi in Vietnam and the Philippines in Malaysia. During the 300 years from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the Opium War, the number of expatriates in Southeast Asia increased dramatically. Most of them are bankrupt farmers and craftsmen in Fujian and Guangdong, and some of them have fled to Southeast Asia because of political turmoil. In Batavia (now Jakarta), Penang, Singapore, Manila and other places, there were more than 10,000 Chinese living abroad. A large number of China people went abroad after the Opium War, 1840 and 100, with an average of more than 654.38+million people per year. The main reason for going abroad is that colonialists need a lot of cheap labor to export capital, mine minerals, set up farms and build public facilities in Southeast Asia, so they sign contracts in the form of "recruitment", which is called "contract Chinese laborers", or "coolies" and "piglets".

In order to make a living, the Chinese who emigrated to Southeast Asia made every effort to spread China's production technology to all parts of Southeast Asia invisibly, becoming an important development force. After centuries of hard work, China people have achieved economic self-reliance, and some of them have become wealthy businessmen in South Asia, such as Luo Fangbo, who founded Lanfang Company in Kalimantan to mine gold, Huang Naixiang, the new king of Fuzhou Port, Huang, the king of Java sugar and the king of universal oil, and other entrepreneurs and educators. China people have left their homes and drifted overseas, and they often keep in touch and support each other in the form of traditional organizations such as family ancestral temple, hometown association and trade association. Therefore, there are many overseas Chinese groups in Southeast Asia. Later, many "gangs" were established around clans, fellow villagers or dialect groups, such as Guangfu Gang, Chaozhou Gang, Hakka Gang, Hainan Gang, Minnan Gang, Xinghua Gang and Fuzhou Gang in Fujian. In this case, Chinese dialects in various places have been preserved for a long time, and cultural customs have been passed down and influenced the surrounding society. With the influx of Chinese, Chinese vocabulary has also been absorbed by Southeast Asian languages. According to statistics, there are 300 Chinese characters in Cambodian, more than 30% in Thai and more than 270 in Malaya, most of which are related to the dialects of immigrants. There are a large number of native Chinese in Malacca, Penang Mountain and Singapore, and a "Baba Malay" combining Chinese with the local language has also been formed. Indonesians have "China people". China's classical literary works are widely circulated in Southeast Asia and translated into various languages. For example, there are Thai versions of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West, Dream of Red Mansions, Jin Ping Mei, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and Romance of Gods. There are also translators in Laos, Cambodia and Indonesia, all of which are related to the spread of Chinese. Malaysian Chinese also imitate The Book of Songs. The local operas in Fujian and Guangdong spread to Thailand, and the puppet shows around Fujian and Taiwan also spread to Indonesia. Filipinos like China's gongs and drums, and the performance of Burmese dance drama is similar to that of Chinese opera. In short, due to the existence of "Chinese society", Chinese culture has spread more widely and prominently in Southeast Asia than in other regions through non-governmental exchanges, the establishment of overseas Chinese schools and overseas Chinese magazines.

Singapore's old name Temasek, also known as the Lion City, was originally a small fishing village with only a hundred people. 18 19, the British colonial Raffles opened a port here and adopted a policy of encouraging immigrants. The population has increased rapidly, and by 190 1, it has increased to 200,000 people, mainly from China, Indian, Indonesian and Malaysian, among whom160,000 people are Chinese, basically establishing the pattern that Chinese are the majority. 1877, the Qing government set up a consulate in Singapore. Hu Xuanze, Zuo Binglong and Huang Zunxian successively served as consuls, adopting the policy of "protecting overseas Chinese" and actively spreading Chinese culture. The Chinese community in Singapore is the most typical, with many overseas Chinese groups and gangs. 1906 was merged into the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Singapore, and a number of "sages" such as Chen Dusheng, Hu Xuanze, Chen Jinsheng and Zhang Fanglin who worked for the welfare of Chinese emerged. 1942 was occupied by Japan, 1946 was designated as a British crown colony, 1963 was incorporated into Malaysia, and 1965 left Malaysia to establish a republic and became a member of the Commonwealth. English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil are the official languages of Singapore. There are four calendars printed on the calendar: solar calendar, China lunar calendar, Indian calendar and horse origin. There are English newspapers, Chinese newspapers and Malay newspapers. There are also two types of schools: English schools and Chinese schools. Singapore is located in the center of Southeast Asia and occupies a very important position on international routes. After independence, Singapore will give full play to its geographical advantages, vigorously introduce and utilize foreign capital and technical conditions, develop a diversified national economy, and become the first of the "four little dragons in Asia", the center of shipping, air transport, trade, processing and manufacturing, financial services, the largest ship repair and shipbuilding base and oil export port in Southeast Asia, the third largest commercial port, the fourth largest financial center and the fourth largest oil export port in the world. (Note: See Wu Lehua's History of Overseas Chinese in Nanyang, published by Nanyang Commercial Press,1April 1997. )

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Cross-border ethnic groups are another important link between China and Southeast Asia. Similar to Chinese, people are the carrier of cultural exchange. But there are two differences: first, it is not the Han culture, but the minority culture; Secondly, these cross-border ethnic groups are naturally formed in the long-term historical development process, not the result of immigration. Because China and Southeast Asia are geographically connected and historically related, many ethnic groups have lived in more than two countries for a long time or established different regimes. Although there are certain political boundaries, there are natural and inseparable links in ethnic origin, language, cultural customs and so on. Yunnan and Guangxi, the southwest frontiers of China, are bordered by Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in Southeast Asia, and neighboring Thailand. On the long border of 4,700 kilometers, there are 16 cross-border ethnic groups, namely Zhuang, Dai, Buyi, Miao, Yao, Yi, Hani, Jingpo, Wa and Lahu. Historically, these ethnic groups all originated from the four major ethnic groups in ancient southwest China, and have corresponding relations with some language families. Because they come from different nationalities and have different cultural traditions, they have different cultural characteristics. Frankly speaking, there are four styles of cross-border national culture: Baiyue culture, Miao and Yao culture, frontier culture and general culture.

Zhuang, Buyi and Dai belong to Baiyue ethnic group, whose language is Sino-Tibetan Zhuang-Dong language family, and there are about 27 million related ethnic groups in Southeast Asia. There are homologous Dai and Nong ethnic groups in Vietnam, totaling 6.5438+0.6 million people, and there are also two ethnic groups calling themselves "Budai" and "Bunong" among Zhuang ethnic groups. The Buyi, Du Yi, Buna and Rena branches in Viet Nam all come from the Buyi in China, with a total population of nearly 30,000. The largest number is the ethnic group with the same origin as Dai language, and there are about 900 thousand Dai people in Vietnam; There are about 6.5438+0.8 million Lao people, 6.5438+0.8 million Dai people and 40,000 passers-by in Laos. There are 20 million Dai people in Thailand, plus 80 thousand Lu people; There are 2.5 million Shan people in Myanmar, with a total of 25.5 million. Their language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family, and their economy is mainly based on rice farming, retaining some features of Baiyue culture, such as "Gan Lan" architecture, bronze drums and tattoos.

Both Miao and Yao in Southeast Asia have moved from southwest China since Ming and Qing Dynasties, including about 850,000 Miao and 450,000 Yao. The 500,000 Miao people in Vietnam are called Miao people, which are divided into five branches: Miaodou (white Miao), Miaodu (black Miao), Miaoxi (red Miao), Miaoleng or Miaozuo (flower Miao) and Miaoshua (Han Miao). The 300,000 Miao people in Laos are divided into three branches: white seedlings, young seedlings and black seedlings. There are 50,000 Miao people in Thailand and 7,000 Miao people in Myanmar. Yao people are mainly distributed in Vietnam, including Yao Hong, Zhaikuyao, Yao Qian, Lugang Yao, Baikuyao, Qingyi Yao and Landian Yao, with more than 400,000 people, Laos with 20,000 people and Thailand with about 32,000 people. Their language belongs to the Miao-Yao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, mainly farming in mountainous areas and living an uncertain life. Families and villages are the main social organizations, and their marriage, funeral, costumes, headdresses, festivals, taboos and religions are similar to those of Miao and Yao people in China.

The ethnic groups from the border-strong system belong to the Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family, but there are many ethnic groups with a small number, with a total of only 800,000 people. There are 2,000 Yi people in Vietnam and 2,000 in Laos, which are called "Luoluo". There are more than 1 10,000 Hani in Vietnam, 1 10,000 in Laos, 60,000 in Myanmar and 35,000 in Thailand. There are 40,000 people in Myanmar and 20,000 people in Thailand. There are 50,000 Lahu people in Myanmar, 30,000 in Thailand and 2,000 in Vietnam. There are more than 1,000 Dulong people and nearly 10,000 Nu people in Myanmar. Kachin in Myanmar is closely related to the scenery in China, with about 560,000 people. Among these ethnic groups, except Jingpo, the main parts of other ethnic groups are in China, and their cultural customs are consistent.

The more complicated ones are Wa, De 'ang, Bulang, Jing and Kemu. The ancestors of Wa, De 'ang, Bulang and Kemu all came from Baipu, that is, Minpu, Jiupu, Naked Pu and Puziman in ancient times, but their languages belong to the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family, while the descendants of Pupu in China are Gelao and Puzi. The Jing language is used to be called Vietnamese internationally, and its ownership has not yet been determined, but it has certain cultural similarities with Baiyue and Baipu, and its ethnic origin needs to be discussed. There are 80,000 Wa people in Myanmar and over 10000 people in Thailand. The Deang people in Myanmar are called "Longbeng" with a population of 240,000. The Bulang nationality is distributed in Laos, and its number is unknown. Kemu people are called "Laoting" or "Ka" in Laos, "Ka" in Thailand and "Mo Yi" in Viet Nam, with a total population of no less than 400,000, of which Laos is the largest, with only 2,500 in Yunnan, China. There are 45 million Jing people in Vietnam, but only 65,438+100000 in Guangxi.

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Buddhism is not only an important feature of Southeast Asian culture, but also an important channel for cultural exchange between China and Southeast Asia, because Southeast Asia is within the radiation range of China and India. Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, whether by sea or by land, are more convenient and are the only waterways that China and India must pass through. Buddhism was introduced to this area a long time ago, and some ancient Indian monks and monks also followed this road, such as Huining and Yijing in the Tang Dynasty. The spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia is complicated: some first prevailed in Mahayana Buddhism or Indian Tantric Buddhism, and later changed to Hinayana Buddhism; Some once believed in Buddhism and were later replaced by Islam or other religions, such as India, zhina and the Philippines. After a long historical evolution, Buddhism in Southeast Asia is mainly Hinayana Buddhism, but most Chinese in Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore and the diaspora believe in China Buddhism. Yunnan Hinayana Buddhism is closely related to Southeast Asia. Ali Buddhism, which prevailed in Yunnan during the Tang and Song Dynasties, was introduced to India through Myanmar.

After the death of Sakyamuni 100 years ago, Yeshe convened 700 monks to hold a "second gathering" in Viseryi City, reuniting Confucian classics again. However, the majority represented by the monks opposed this resolution and organized a "big rally" of tens of thousands of people, which was divided into two factions: the "Upper Seats" and the "People's Ministry". Later, the popular department gradually evolved into Mahayana Buddhism, and the seat evolved into Hinayana Buddhism. The spread of Hinayana Buddhism in Southeast Asia began in Sri Lanka, then spread to the borders of Myanmar, Thailand and Yunnan, and then spread to Cambodia and Laos. During this period, it experienced a complicated evolution process and eventually replaced Mahayana Buddhism and Indian tantric Buddhism. About the third century BC, King Ashoka of the Indian Peacock Dynasty sent his son Mahendra to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism, and King Ceylon converted his family. By the first century BC, the fourth attendance meeting was held in Anu Temple, and Sanzang was written in Pali. Later, it was divided into the Great Temple School and the Fearless Mountain School who also studied Mahayana. In the fifth century, the Indian Buddhist master Jueyin translated and annotated Sanzang in Pali, which thoroughly implemented the teachings of Seating. However, during the 500 years from the 7th century to the 11th century, Indian Tantric Buddhism prevailed in Sri Lanka. It didn't flourish until King Wei Ahu I visited Myanmar, rebuilt the temple to support the Buddha's teeth, and sent monks to Myanmar to invite the upper elders. Myanmar is adjacent to India, and Buddhism was introduced to some areas in the third century BC. However, after the introduction of esoteric religion in the eighth century, a-Ali religion was formed. Until the 1 1 century, Cai Chao, King of Bagan, abolished the A-Arya religion, established the Buddhism of Seating as the state religion, and translated Sanzang into Burmese. Later, the Sangha, Sangha and Shangburma sects were formed. Since then, it has flourished, with more than 10 million monks and nuns. Mahayana Buddhism and esoteric Buddhism are very popular in Thailand. 1 1 century, Buddhism was introduced from Myanmar and Sri Lanka. /kloc-in the 3rd century, it was designated as the state religion by the Sukhothai dynasty. Buddhists account for 95% of the total population. The Buddhist calendar is widely used throughout the country, and everyone must become a monk once. There are more than 25,000 monasteries and100,000 pagodas in China. The central organization consists of more than a dozen eminent monks. Corresponding French ministries and most of the two factions have monk kings, and administrative organizations at all levels have parallel Sangha institutions. /kloc-Laos regarded Buddhism as the state religion in the 0/4th century, and/kloc-once declined after being occupied by France in the 0/9th century. With the arrival of the national liberation movement in Laos, Buddhism began to be revived. The king, the country and Buddhism are regarded as three parts of Laos, and the sects are the same as those of Thailand. Cambodia, formerly known as Funan, was the center of Buddhism in Southeast Asia in the 6th century. /kloc-After 0/4th century, under the influence of Thailand, he converted to Buddhism. Both factions have religious organizations parallel to political institutions, presided over by monks, provincial monks, district monks and village temples. The head of state holds an annual meeting of the two sects of monks in Phnom Penh every year to give them a report on government work. Buddhism in the Dai area of Yunnan, China was introduced from Myanmar. It first formed Runpai and Baizhuang School, then Zuoyi and Duolie School. Malaysia originally believed in Buddhism and Hinduism, and tantra prevailed in the eighth century. In the 15th century, the kingdom of Malacca took Islam as the state religion. After the 19th century, Buddhism began to revive, with both Mahayana and Hinayana. Indonesia first believed in Brahmanism, which was replaced by Buddhism in the fifth century. In the seventh century, it became one of the Buddhist centers in Southeast Asia. Mahayana and Hinayana rise and fall. Tanism prevailed in the eighth century, and Islam dominated in the thirteenth century.

Since the 7th century, Buddhism has gradually declined in India, so Mahayana Buddhism combined with Hinduism, a variant of Brahmanism, and widely absorbed folk customs.