Indian history

Indian ancestors crossed the Bering Strait from southwest Asia (deserters) and arrived in America. Mongolians in Asia are related to the ancestors of Native American Indians.

The Bering Strait is located at the northeast end of the Asian continent, and the other end of the Bering Strait is the northwest end of America. The Bering Strait has an average width of only 65 kilometers and its narrowest point is only 35 kilometers. There are also two small islands (Crater Manof Island and Crewdson Stan Island), which are only 4 kilometers apart. Moreover, the Bering Sea is very shallow, with an average depth of 42 meters and the deepest point of only 52 meters. As long as the sea level drops by more than 40 meters, it can be connected to the land. According to some geological studies, at some time in the Quaternary, especially in the last ice age, the world climate became cold, glaciers came, and the sea level dropped by about130 ~160m. The Bering Strait, with a water depth of only a few tens of meters, emerges from the water, thus exposing a continental bridge, connecting Northeast Asia and northwest America, and becoming a natural passage between Asia and the United States. In addition, at this time, the climate in Northeast Asia during the Ice Age was very cold and rich in glaciers, while there were no glaciers in the American continent, with a mild climate and abundant food. Mammoths, elephants, musk oxen, moose, sheep and many other animals live here. At that time, Northeast Asian hunters who hunted mammoths and deer for a living were likely to follow these animals across the Bering Strait Continental Bridge to America and become the originator of ancient American civilization. Then, as the glaciers melted and the sea level rose, the rolling waves flooded the continental bridge again, cutting off the connection between the two continents, making these outsiders indigenous to the independent American continent.

There are other theories about the time and route when Indian ancestors migrated to America. No matter which statement is correct, one thing is certain, that is, immigrants never arrive in the United States once, but arrive in batches, and then after a long period of continuous migration and promotion, they eventually spread all over the United States. The vast territory, rich resources and pleasant climate of the American continent make the ancestors of Indians live in America. With the evolution of human organisms and the development of social economy, Indians who migrated in batches established various living and social systems throughout America from north to south, creating a lot of material and cultural wealth. However, American Indians are not a unified nation. They entered the United States at different times and had different backgrounds. Influenced by geographical environment and natural conditions, they gradually formed many tribal groups with different languages, customs and cultures.

Mongolian experts believe that Mongolians who lived by hunting took stone tools and crossed the Bering Strait or Aleutian Islands, which were still land at that time, and reached the American continent first.

Many scholars in Russia and the United States believe that Asians first arrived in America about 25,000 years ago. One possibility is that Asian hunters entered America from the Bering Strait, which was still land at that time, and the other possibility was that they arrived in America from the sea.

Many place names in Aleutian Islands and Alaska are Mongolian or close to Mongolian. 1974, the US-Soviet archaeological team discovered stone tools in Aleutian Islands, only unearthed in Gobi area of Mongolia. Coincidentally, the names of these islands are all Mongolian, such as Wushika and Ataka, meaning "the place with big palms"; Ikanud means "big eyes"; Iknudak means "hometown"; Qagaan Tayagungin means "white forest" and so on.

As many as 20 places in the Aleutian Islands are close to Mongolian. In addition, the names of some places and rivers in Alaska also come from Mongolian. For example, "Hoatak" means "hometown" and "Eek" means "mother".

Linguistic evidence: Indians in the American continent call this family "ail" just like Mongols. "ail" is a basic cooperative unit composed of several relatives and families when Mongolians are nomadic by water plants. Indians call their ancestors "Hagan", which is actually the word "Khan" in Mongolian. In addition, in the Aleutian language of Aleutian Islands, the word "Agu" means "patron saint", while in Mongolian, the word means strong and excellent, which are basically the same.

The ancestors of Mongols and Indians may have some kind of blood relationship. Maya

Maya is a branch of ancient India and the only nation in America that left written records. They constitute a diverse Native American people, living in southern Mexico and northern Central America. "Maya" is a general term for convenience, which includes people who have contributed some cultural and linguistic heritage to this area. But it also includes many different population, social and ethnic groups, and each group has its own special traditional, cultural and historical characteristics. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 7 million Mayans. There are still a large number of ancient cultural heritages in southern Mexico and Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. Some Mayans have been well integrated into modern culture, while others are still carrying on more traditional customs. Maya is the main language of these people.

Most contemporary Mayans live in Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas in Mexico, as well as Belize, Guatemala, western Honduras and El Salvador in Central America.

Mainly engaged in agriculture, planting corn, broad beans, pumpkins, cocoa, sweet potatoes, peppers, tobacco and cotton.

Land is publicly owned and distributed to every family, and land is redistributed every three years. After A.D., there were freemen and slaves, and the rulers were called "adults", with hereditary positions and military and political power.

Aztec people

Aztec, also translated as Aztec, is the largest Indian in Mexico. The center is in Tenoch, Mexico, so it is also called Mexico or Tenoch. Mainly distributed in Veracruz, morelos, Guerrero and other states. It belongs to the American branch of Mongolian race. Use Navarte.

The Aztecs first lived on the islands in western Mexico and began to migrate in the 1 1 century. According to legend, they were inspired by God. If an eagle stood on a cactus and pecked a snake, it would be a place to settle down. 1325, under the leadership of the leader tenochtitlan, they established the tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) on two islands in Lake Teskoko.

Inca-cultural

The Inca, or translated Inca, an ancient Indian in South America, spoke Quechua. "Inca" means "descendants of the sun". Mainly living in the central Andes, with the center in Cuzco, Peru.

The Incas are a Quechua people in the Andes of South America. They speak Quechua, and their "king" is called "Inca". When the early Spanish colonists contacted them, they mistakenly called them "kings", so the name of the Incas continued. Like the Aztecs, the Incas are a rather young tribe. They began to expand outward in the13rd century and established the famous Inca Empire in history. /kloc-European colonists who came to America after the 0/6th century brought devastating disasters to the local Indians. According to statistics, during the colonial period, about130,000 Indians were killed in Spain, about100,000 Indians were killed in Brazil, and about100,000 Indians were killed in the westward movement of the United States. A large number of Indians were enslaved and even slaughtered. By 2 1 century, there were about 30 million Indians. The male Indians in Latin America basically have no descendants of pure male series, and most of their hybrids, Mestizos, are descendants of male colonists and local women. The situation in North America is even worse. Indians were driven to Indian reservations, accounting for less than 5% of the local population. In the United States, Indians only account for about 1% of the total population.

"A Complete History of the World" has the following words: "In the United States (here refers to the 13 colonies before American independence), the policy of genocide is even more vicious. They have repeatedly raised the reward for killing Indians. Those cautious Protestant masters, Puritans in New England, decided at their legislative meeting in 1703 that every Indian's skull was skinned and every red man was captured, he would be rewarded with 40 pounds; 1720, the reward for each skull skin is increased to 100 pounds; After a tribe in Massachusetts Bay was declared a traitor in 1744, it stipulated the following rewards:' Every man over 12 years old will get S $ 100; ..... 50 pounds per woman or child's skull! ”"

From 65438 to 0783, after the independence of the United States, the slaughter and abuse of Indians did not converge at all. With the rapid development of capitalism, in order to expand the territory, the American government expelled Indians from their ancestral homes. 1830, the American government passed the Indian Immigration Act, which stipulated that all Indians in the east should move to the reservation designated for them west of the Mississippi River and practise apartheid and persecution. Most of these "Indian reservations" are remote and barren mountainous or desert areas. A Cherokee tribe was forced to move to Indian territory (now Oklahoma), which lasted for 3-5 months, and about 4,000 people were killed, accounting for 25% of the tribe's population. This tragedy was later called "the trial of blood and tears". Indians have been persecuted by slaughter, siege, expulsion and forced migration for a long time, and their numbers have dropped sharply. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were only over 300,000 people left. It was not until 1924 that the American Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act, declaring that anyone born in the United States is an American citizen. 1934, according to President Roosevelt's "New Deal", the United States passed the Indian Reorganization Act, which allowed Indians to establish their own government, no longer distributed the reserved land, and no longer forced Indians to give up traditional culture and religion, and the situation of Indians was improved. Did not suffer genocide.

Before the colonists entered the New World, the United States had four slave empires established by Indians. Regrettably, the historical fact is that American civilization in its infancy was destroyed by colonists from Europe. As one of several major human species, the unruly Indians were basically extinct as a whole, so that the colonists had to transport more controllable blacks as slaves from less civilized Africa.