The characteristics of traditional houses in Yuanyang are as follows

Architectural Features of Lahu Nationality —— Bamboo Building on Bamboo

Lahu people's houses are built in the depths of bamboo forests, on wooded hilltops or mountainsides. Buildings can be roughly divided into two types: one is a floor-standing hut, and the other is a bamboo building on a pile. Generally, there are three houses of Lahu nationality, the middle one is a guest room, and the right corner of the door is a shrine.

Wa architecture-Muleng bungalow

In mountainous areas, most villages are located on the mountainside. Building structures can be roughly divided into two categories: one is wood structure, and the "net wall" of the house is made of wood about one or two feet long and covered with boards; The second is the bamboo structure. First, twenty or thirty wooden stakes are erected on the foundation of the selected house, and a layer of wood is laid on it. These walls are surrounded by fences and covered with thatch or boards. There is a big fire pit in the center of this house, and the whole family eats and sleeps around it. In the past, they were rarely reported When they woke up in the middle of the night, they added some pieces of wood to the fireplace, blew out the fire, and then went back to sleep.

When building a house, if the owner doesn't prepare enough materials, people at home or in the village will automatically help make up for them. On the day of building the house, they adopted a cooperative approach, that is, the whole village stopped production and helped build the house together. According to custom, it must be built on the same day, otherwise it is considered unlucky.

The Yi people here often hang a few cow bones on their doors, indicating that this family is good at hunting and is a symbol of wealth. The more tauren bones you hang, the braver you are and the richer you are.

The houses of the Yi people in Diqing are mainly wooden bungalows and earth-walled bungalows, which are generally three bungalows with a fire pit in the middle, and two storage rooms and bedrooms on the left and right. Opposite the house is a stable. Now, some Yi people imitate the architectural structure of Han, Naxi and Tibetan nationalities, and have unique styles.

The main architectural form of Miao nationality: Diaojiaolou.

Due to long-term scattered living, different regions have their own characteristics. Houses are mostly wooden structures, with tiles, fir bark or thatched roofs, and most of them are diaojiao buildings in mountainous areas. Zhaotong and other places live in long thatched houses or "fork houses" made of cross trunks.

Most Miao people live in mountainous areas, and their houses are made of hedges, bark, tiles, or gables, bamboo chips or sawdust, and are divided into bedrooms, kitchens and stables, with simple furnishings. Some Miao people live in the dam area, and their houses also have tile houses with water and soil structure, which are divided into three rooms, with side doors on the left and right and a gate in the middle, that is, the main entrance. In some Miao people, the main entrance is generally not allowed to go in and out casually. Only when there are weddings, funerals, sacrifices and other activities at home can you go in and out through the main entrance.

Zhuang architecture-semi-dry column style

The houses of Zhuang people living near the dam area and towns are mostly brick-wood structures, with white exterior walls and decorative patterns painted on the eaves. Zhuang people living in remote mountainous areas, their village houses are mostly tile-roofed houses or straw houses with civil structures, and the architectural styles are generally semi-dry fence and all-ground style.

Gan Lan, also known as Mulou and Diaojiaolou. Zhuang, Dong, Yao, Miao and Han all have it. Most of them are two floors. Upstairs is usually 3 days or 5 people. The lower floor is the wooden building column foot, which is composed of bamboo pieces and wooden boards. It can be used as a stable for livestock, and can also be used for stacking farm tools, firewood and sundries. Some also have attics and annex buildings. Generally, dry fences are surrounded by mountains and rivers, facing the fields, with broad prospects and good lighting. A stockade and a community, on the whole, are magnificent. In some villages, families are connected and integrated, just like a big family. The layout of the living room has its own characteristics. The trunk wall of Zhuang nationality in Longji Township, Longsheng County is centered on the shrine. Behind the shrine, there is a public house (centered on the hostess), and the left corner is the woman's house. There is a small door communicating with the public house. The housewife's room is in the right corner. The husband's room is outside the hall on the right. The guest room is in the left corner of the lobby, and the girls' room is next to the stairs in the right corner, which is convenient for them to communicate with boys. The biggest feature of this layout is that husband and wife live in separate rooms and follow ancient customs. At present, the internal structure of the main fence has changed slightly, but the basic pattern remains unchanged.

The main building of Hani nationality-mushroom house

When the Hani people create villages, the selection of village sites must have the indispensable conditions for cultivating terraced fields, such as dense forests, rich water sources, gentle and fertile mountains and ridges. From the architectural form, Hani architecture includes thatched cottage, mushroom house, bank building, earthen palm house, thousands of feet dry railing house, yamen building of Tusi regime, tiled house with one front and two partitions, and modern reinforced concrete structure houses. Among them, mushroom house is the most profound architectural style in Hani traditional culture. Terrace, mushroom house, sacred forest, palm forest, bamboo forest, tea garden, gate, autumn mill and water mill are not only the basic landscape of Hani mushroom village, but also the unique tourism resources to be developed in the world. Hani shanzhai and terraced fields in Shengcun, Yuanyang County have been listed as provincial-level scenic spots in Yunnan.

Hani people generally have a big room in the middle of the main house. In Banna area, there is a parents' bedroom in the east of the hall, and there is a place to worship ancestors in the bedroom. Due to the differences in geography, economy and environment, Hani villages in Ailao Mountain and Wulian Mountain have formed several styles, such as thatched houses, earth palm houses, lime houses and tile houses.

The mushroom house of Hani nationality is shaped like a mushroom and consists of earth walls, bamboo frames and thatched roofs. The roof has four slopes. Layering of the house: cattle and horses are stacked on the ground floor. The middle floor is paved with wooden boards and divided into three rooms: left, middle and right. There is a square fire pond in the middle, which is full of fireworks all the year round. The top floor is covered with mud, which can prevent fire and pile things up.

The mushroom house is exquisite and unique. Even in the cold winter, the room is warm; In hot summer, the room is very cool. Mali Village, Yuanyang County, Honghe Prefecture, the largest Hani village, is the most typical.

Traditional Naxi Architecture —— Mulang House

Mulangfang is a traditional residential form of Naxi nationality. Using logs as materials, the length is even, the two ends are slit and embedded together to form four walls. Then put up purlins, spread sawdust and tiles, press stones, and put cow dung or mud on the gaps between the logs of the wall to avoid the cold. The wooden pagoda houses by Lugu Lake are mostly composed of four rows of houses, each with quadrangles of different sizes. The main room is the place where family members eat, live and store food and sundries. On the left is the hall, on the right is the stable, and opposite it is a two-story house. The upstairs is divided into several huts, where adult men and women and "xia" (lovers) live together. Since the Ming Dynasty, Lijiang has had a magnificent tile house, and Xu Xiake described its scale in detail in his travel notes. In the Qing Dynasty, with the development of social economy and culture, the architectural techniques and styles of Han, Bai and Tibetan nationalities were constantly absorbed, and tile houses with "three rooms and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios" prevailed in towns, dam areas and valley villages. The whole building is another kind of folk house that absorbs the characteristics of Tibetan architecture, and it is more common in Yongning and March 8th. Another traditional dry wooden tile house is still preserved in the mountains. Dayan Town, an ancient city, is a typical representative of Naxi nationality's architectural art. They borrowed from other people's architectural art and formed their own national style. 1997 was included in the United Nations World Cultural Heritage List on February 4th.

Dai Folk House —— Gan Lan Architecture

Dai folk houses are divided into three types: dry fence buildings, ground buildings and earth palm houses. Gan Lan-style buildings are mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna and Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, covering the dam. The dry rail residence is made of bamboo and wood as the residential frame, and bamboo is used as purlin, purlin, floor, wall, ladder, fence, etc. All the components are tied with tenons and bamboo poles, which is a single building. Each house has its own courtyard, and each house is connected by paths. Straw rows or tiles are hung on the roof. Ruili's pillar architecture embodies a high level. Ground buildings are mainly used in mangshi, Yingjiang and other places, which are earth-walled bungalows. Influenced by the Han nationality, they are no longer the inherent living form of the Dai people. Earth barrier houses are the main residential form in the Red River Basin, which are widely distributed in the central and southeastern Yunnan. The earth palm house is flat-topped, with wooden beams, columns and earth walls, forming a cuboid or cube. Because of the terrain, two or three floors of earth buildings are built, with steps, patios and floors. Generally, there are more than a dozen rooms in the family, and grain can be sacrificed or farm tools can be piled up on the flat roof. Earth palm house is easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, especially suitable for the climate of dry-hot valley.

The Dai people in Jinggu live in bungalows with civil structures. The roof is not high, and it is covered with thatch or tiles. The nave, the left and right hatchbacks. Nave has a triangular fire pit for cooking and meeting guests. The left wing is the bedroom for the elderly and the right wing is the bedroom for children.

Menglian Daizu Ganlan Bamboo House.

White building-"three rooms and one wall"

Due to the different natural environment and technology in different areas, Bai folk houses have created a variety of residential forms. Most of the Bai people in mountainous areas live in single rooms or two connected "stacked wooden houses" or "bamboo fence houses". Most Bai people in the dam area live in tile houses with civil structures. Its layout takes the form of "three rooms and one wall", "one front ear and two ears" or "four entrances and five patios", and the courtyard is spacious and sunny. Most people also have flower beds, planting camellia, pomegranate, hanging flowers, torreya grandis and other flowers and trees, flowers and plants overflowing, beautiful and comfortable environment. Bai people attach great importance to the construction of zhaobi and gatehouse. The wall is painted with white ash, and celebrities write "colorful dry red", "Oriental rising sun" or "blessing" and "longevity" as auspicious symbols. The surrounding gables are also painted with various landscapes, flowers and birds, insects and fish patterns, and the decoration in every corner is very particular, giving people a lively, even, symmetrical, harmonious and beautiful feeling. The gatehouse has a unique style, which integrates the artistic wisdom of the Bai people into the architectural installations. Generally, archways overlap and the corners are staggered, and there are three-dimensional patterns such as clay sculpture, wood carving, stone carving, embossed blue bricks and marble. Its beautiful shape and rigorous structure can be compared with temples, pavilions and pavilions in the mainland. Many door leaves are composed of three-story embossed patterns such as flowers, birds, insects and fish figures, which are exquisite and beautiful. Some gatehouses and partitions don't need a nail, they just need to be connected by digging holes, but they are very strong. All these fully show that the Bai people have a high level of architectural art.

One of the Features of Yi People's Dwellings —— Earth Barrier House

In the Yi area, from the village settlement to the residential address, there are various forms of bedroom buildings inherited from various places and branches, which are closely related to local living customs. From the separation of rooms to the stacking of articles; From the architectural structure to the beliefs and taboos of folk houses, they all show unique ethnic customs.

Residential characteristics

Yi people in villages are a nation engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and the distribution and location of villages have their own unique inheritance. Most villages of the Yi nationality are located in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas with an altitude of 2,000-3,000 meters, and live together along ethnic groups. Generally choose to build along the sunny foothills, mostly on hillsides and ridges, with fewer foothills and valleys. "Yuanyang County Records" records: "Yi people mostly live in mountainous areas with magnificent mountains and rivers and rich resources. The village is surrounded by mountains and waters, surrounded by terraced fields, grazing in the mountains behind the village, farming in front of the village, and most villages have a ditch flowing through them. "

Folk houses are located in the southwest of China, and the Yi people are widely distributed. Therefore, the types of folk houses are complicated to adapt to the natural geographical environment and climatic conditions in different regions, or influenced by other ethnic groups, but Yi folk houses are widely representative among all ethnic groups. Generally speaking, the types of Yi folk houses can be divided into the following categories: tile houses, adobe houses, flash houses, log houses, thatched houses and so on.

Living customs Yi people are monogamous and monogamous. After marriage, their children build new houses and start their own businesses. Only the youngest son lives with his parents. Yi people have spacious courtyards, which are suitable for production and life, especially for weddings and funerals. In the living room, the main hall is dedicated to the ancestors of heaven and earth against the wall, and there are incense burners and statues of tigers and lions on the table; The square table is placed in the center to receive guests; On the left, there is a perennial fire pit made of three stones, commonly known as "Pot Village", which is used to keep warm from the cold and make tea with hot water. Around the fire pit, there is a place for families to sit around and discuss. The rooms on both sides of the main room are the bedrooms of the husband, son and wife, and also store valuables. Generally, the eldest son is on the left and the second son is on the right. The elderly, children and guest rooms are located in the side hall. There is a mill behind the gate, a granary upstairs and a stable downstairs.

Yi folk architecture

Most of them are built on slopes. Take stone as the wall foundation, build a wall with adobe or soil, put a beam on the wall, spread a board, batten or bamboo on the beam, and then spread a layer of soil on it. Sprinkling water will form a platform roof, which will not leak rain. The threshing floor on the roof has started again. Some girders are placed on wooden columns, padded with wood, covered with thatch or straw, covered with soil and compacted with fine soil. Most of them are bungalows, but there are also two or three floors.

Earth palm house is warm in winter and cool in summer, with good fire prevention performance and very practical.

Respondent: Chief Operating Officer Yan1Level 3- 1 12: 16.

Beijing quadrangle

In Beijing's hutongs, there are many quadrangles surrounded by houses in the east, south, west and north. This is a quadrilateral.

The gate of quadrangles is usually opened in the southeast corner or northwest corner. The north house in the yard is the first one, which is built on the masonry abutment, bigger than other houses, and it is the owner's living room. There are east and west wing rooms on both sides of the yard, where the younger generation live. There is a corridor between the main room and the wing room for people to walk and rest. The walls of quadrangles and houses facing the street generally do not open windows, and the environment in the courtyard is closed and quiet.

There are large and small quadrangles in Beijing, but no matter how big or small, they are all made up of quadrangles surrounded by houses on all sides. The simplest quadrangle has only one yard, while the more complicated one has two or three yards. The deep house compound where rich people live is usually composed of several quadrangles side by side.

cave dwelling

The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in China are the world-famous Loess Plateau. People living on the Loess Plateau have built unique houses-caves by using the deep loess layer and excellent three-dimensional performance. Cave dwellings are divided into earth kiln, stone kiln and brick kiln. Earth kiln is a loess cave dug by hillside, which is warm in winter and cool in summer, and has the best thermal insulation and sound insulation effect. Stone kilns and brick kilns are all arched holes made of stone or brick first, and then covered with thick loess, which is firm and beautiful. Because building caves does not require reinforced cement, the cost is relatively low. With the development of society and the continuous improvement of cave construction, caves on the Loess Plateau, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, are more and more comfortable and beautiful.

Anhui ancient dwellings are in the south of Anhui Province, and there are many ancient dwellings. Most of these ancient houses are made of brick and wood and surrounded by high walls. Houses within the fence are generally three-bay or five-bay two-story buildings. Larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; There is a pool in the yard, bonsai plants are planted in front of and behind the hall, and exquisite patterns are carved on the beams and columns everywhere. A small building and a deep courtyard are like the art world. Architects all praised it as "a treasure house of ancient residential buildings".