What are the representatives of post-modern literature?

20th century literature Postmodernism literature Existentialism literature spread in France from 65438 to 1930s, and reached its peak after World War II. It is closely related to existential philosophy. Absurdity and pain are the basic themes of existential literature. In art, existential literature contains philosophy in literature, which embodies the characteristics of "literature" and "philosophy"; At the same time, traditional and modern expressions are compromised. Representative writers include Sartre and Camus. Representative writers-status influence-representative works-ideological content/artistic style Sartre 1905- 1980. French contemporary famous philosopher, novelist, playwright, literary critic and social activist, the leader of existentialism philosophy, the main representative writer of existentialism literature. 1964 won the Nobel Prize in Literature, but refused to accept the prize on the grounds of "refusing all official honors". Sartre's existentialism, the central idea of existentialism philosophy, is atheistic, and its main ideas can be summarized into three basic principles: existence precedes essence; Free choice; The world is absurd and life is painful. On the view of literature and art, Sartre criticized the pure art theory and advocated that literature should be involved in the times and life. Existentialist novel creation-"freedom" is the core of Sartre's existentialism, and all his novel creation and drama creation revolve around the proposition of "free choice". Nausea-adopts diary style and self-narrative style. Write about the disgusting feelings of the young historian "I" around him, and show his denial of the real world. The collection of short stories "The Wall"-the masterpiece is the short story "The Wall" of the same name, which is an important philosophical novel. Through the tortuous experience of Igbeta, the incarnation of existentialism, the novel accuses a fascist gangster who ignores human life, ridicules the absurd real world and reflects the existential view of life and death: life and death are just separated by a wall, not an insurmountable moat. The novel The Road to Freedom, which includes the trilogy The Age of Reason, Delay and Death of Mind, is one of Sartre's representative works of existentialism. The proposition of free choice: in the absurd world, if you want to get freedom and happiness, you must "get involved" in the torrent of life and fight for the cause of seeking justice. There is obvious anarchy. Existentialist drama creation-Sartre's existential drama is also called "situational drama" and "free drama". They did not deal with the relationship between the environment and the characters according to the principles of traditional drama, but let the environment dominate the characters. "Flies" and "confinement" represent people's free choice in specific situations. "Others are hell" has become a famous saying in the relationship between people in western society. The humble prostitute, an anti-racist work, also embodies Sartre's proposition that existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism. Come to a bad end-Against the background of the people's resistance struggle during the French occupation, this paper tells the story of five last guerrillas who died heroically to protect the guerrilla captain. The tone of the work is upward. Philosophy thesis-Being and nothingness, existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism Camus, a contemporary French writer and critic. 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature Prize winner. As famous as Sartre. The Outsider and the Plague —— Award-winning for the work "Revealing the Questions from People's Conscience". The Outsider is a typical existential work, which reflects the absurd feelings in the absurd world. Morso, an outsider, showed a cold face to everything. The author's topic of outsiders is ironic and contains bitter irony. Morso's absurd words and deeds and psychology, which seem to be true but false, show that he is a real insider who passively opposes the absurd society. The Plague was written in a symbolic way. The plague symbolizes the aggression of German fascism, the victims of the plague of Oran citizens symbolize the suffering of the people under the trampling of fascism, and the rise of citizens against the epidemic symbolizes the people's anti-fascist struggle. Dr Leo is not only a humanist who sacrificed himself for others, but also a hero who saved mankind from fire and water. ■ Absurd drama rose in France in 1950s, and then quickly became an anti-traditional drama school in Europe and America. It was named after The Theatre of the Absurd written by Martin Aisling, a famous British drama theorist, at 1962. 1950 Eugene Yunescu's Bald Singer marked the birth of this genre. Absurd drama has the following characteristics: 1, the theme is absurd and abstract; 2. Fragmented stage image; 3, weird props function. Eugene Yunescu, the founder and classic writer of the absurd drama, is Romanian. The Bald Singer is a bizarre one-act drama, which is called "a serious challenge to all traditional dramas" and a "masterpiece of genius". It is a puzzling and disgusting conversation between two middle-class British couples. Through these unintelligible conversations, the purpose is to show that human personality and essence have disappeared in the group. There are no bald singers, no singers with long hair, only crazy big wall clocks. Samuel beckett 1906- 1989. Irish, the representative writer of the absurd drama. It depicts the living state of human beings in western society after the Second World War. 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature. Absurd Drama —— The characters in Beckett's plays are mostly disabled and ignorant, almost isolated from the world, confused in thinking, lacking in language and little in activity. The play has few characters and monotonous actions. All characters are just representatives of certain customs, thoughts and feelings. They only show types, not personalities, and are "the epitome of human beings". Absurdity is an appropriate art form adopted by Beckett to reflect his creative intention, which just shows that modern western society is experiencing an insurmountable spiritual crisis. "The end of the play" and "Ah, a beautiful day"-highlighting people's mental numbness. Waiting for Godot-Two Acts is an anti-traditional and anti-rational drama. Through the endless and hopeless waiting of two vagrants, the script reveals the absurdity of the world and the pain of life, and shows the despair of modern westerners who want to change the present situation of life but can't achieve it. The author tries to reflect "social reality" through his own plays and pop up "the voice of disappointment of an era". The method of "direct metaphor" in drama strengthens "pure drama" and turns internal thoughts into visual images, thus achieving the purpose of externalizing characters' feelings. The props in the play have their meanings. If there are several green leaves on a bare tree overnight, it represents the passage of time. ■ The New Fiction School is also called the Anti-Fiction School or the Rejection School. It rose in France in 1950s and reached its peak in 1960s, making it famous all over the world. The new novel school has neither a strict organization nor a unified literary proposition. The writers of New Fiction School oppose the ideological and tendentiousness of traditional novels, and advocate that writers "resolutely stand outside things" and reproduce their existence in the absurd world without giving them any meaning and emotional color. In creation, the new novel abandons plots and characters, collages scattered fragments, and replaces people with things, creating a pure writing style. Advocate readers to participate in the creation and reconstruct the characters and plots of the novel. Representative writers are claude simon. Claude simon, known as the "father of the New Fiction School", won the Nobel Prize in Literature Prize in 1985. Flanders Highway won the prize for "combining the creativity of poets and painters with his profound understanding of the role of time in describing human life". Rob Geyer, the standard-bearer of the New Fiction School, is one of the seven cultural celebrities in the contemporary world. The voyeur and the eraser ■ Black humor is a modernist novel genre popular in the United States in the 1960s. Writers have no association, no manifesto and no clear program. The title was added by the critic. "Black humor" is a literary method to express the tragic content in the form of comedy. "Black" refers to the objective reality that is terrible and funny; "Humor" refers to the mocking attitude of purposeful and willed personality towards this reality. When humor is added with black, it becomes a kind of humor that expresses despair, so it is called "humor under the gallows". As a genre, "black humor" has the following artistic characteristics: 1, which is a kind of humor that makes people laugh and cry; 2. "anti-hero" characters; 3. "Anti-fiction" narrative structure method; This novel is allegorical. Representative writers include Friedman and joseph heller. Joseph heller 1923- 1999. A famous contemporary American writer is a banner of "black humor". His novel creation has formed a "desperate comedy" style. The monologue novel Something Happened —— Through the daily life and mutual connection of a middle-class family, it reflects the spiritual collapse and belief crisis that pervaded American society in the 1960s. The hero did a good job and everything went well, but he became nervous and thought there must be something wrong. As Beautiful as Gold revolves around the experience of an intellectual of Jewish descent, Gold, in the United States, which shows the theme of Jewish alienation, which goes beyond the scope of personal destiny and reflects the history of urban decline and family disintegration. Catch-22 (the last act is a sequel)-the content is considered as the best novel in the 1960s. This novel is about an American Air Force squadron. The protagonist Youssolin asks to be grounded to return to China, and the struggle with military bureaucrats constitutes the main content of the novel. The conflict between them constitutes the basic conflict of this novel. The novel reflects the madness and absurdity of war and bureaucracy through Youssolin's experience, and shows westerners' confusion about the human situation through the symbol of Catch-22. Ideological novels are not historical novels, but contemporary fables, which express surreal philosophy: Catch-22 itself is a kind of "high abstraction and concentration, symbolizing the mysterious power to rule the world, which is endless and unpredictable ... Its essence is that it is a trap. A universal trap is a dilemma that can never be got rid of. This kind of trap and dilemma is a feeling of modern people about the world. Yossarian is an "anti-hero" image saturated with existentialism, which is both a positive factor to criticize reality and a negative factor to cancel the struggle. Characteristics 1, dispersed structure. The novel adopts a structure similar to the drama Portrait Exhibition. 2. In the way of narration, the book does not have a story that runs through the beginning and the end, but is pieced together by several short stories and plots intermittently. The novel is a crazy comedy, but the comedy effect is saturated with black. Fear of death and despair of the crazy world make people feel heavy. ■ Magic realism refers to a genre in Latin American novel creation in the mid-20th century. Since the middle of this century, Latin American novels have entered a new stage of development. Latin American writers no longer deliberately imitate a certain genre in Europe and stick to a certain fixed literary model in the past, but pay attention to adopting national consciousness, content and form. Magic realism is a creative method to express the reality of life through the illusion created by "magic". It hides the reality with magical things, and shows readers a world that is cyclical, subjective time and objective time are mixed, and the space of subjective and objective things is out of bounds. Novel creation is full of national characteristics and has become a remarkable literary phenomenon in contemporary times. Representative writers include Marquez and so on. Juan rulfo's magical realism is a truly mature representative writer of Latin American novels. His novella Pedro Paramo is a typical image of a Mexican bully landlord, and it is about a ruined manor owner's son becoming a billionaire from a debtor. Structurally, the author broke the time sequence and space boundaries and reversed them at will. Garcia marquez 1928. The most outstanding representative writer of Latin American magic realism is good at expressing Latin American local culture and loneliness. 1982 won Nobel Prize in Literature's short story One Day After the Weekend-a novel about Macondo's strange phenomenon: in hot July, the bird committed suicide. Point out the theme that the world lacks sympathy. The novella Dead Branches and Leaves —— the predecessor of a hundred years of loneliness. Write about the lonely life of the colonel and his descendants in Macondo, a mythical kingdom. The novel "One Hundred Years of Solitude" is known as "a masterpiece that reproduces the historical and social picture of Latin America". The work is about the rise and fall of Bountia family, the descendant of Spanish adherents, Macondo's history from development to prosperity to destruction. Macondo has experienced changes such as clan rule, feudal rule and colonial rule for a hundred years, and the seven generations of Bentia family have also changed with the times. Macondo is actually a microcosm of Colombia and Latin America. The magical experience and unfortunate experience of the Buntia family are the reappearance of Indian history and culture and the concentration of the fate of Latin American nations. The author pays attention to "loneliness in Latin America"-the historical truth of isolation and ignorance. It exposes and criticizes the brutal acts of reactionary dictatorships at home and abroad in Colombia and the political oppression and economic plunder of Latin American people by American invaders, which indicates that Latin American people will bid farewell to ignorance and loneliness and move towards awakening and civilization. Ursula is the protagonist throughout the book, and in her body, she condenses the excellent moral character of Latin American women. Aureliano is the most influential figure in the Boontia family. Artistic features 1, the combination of realism and modernism; 2. Symbols and hints are widely used. The novel The Decline of Parents tells the story of dictator Nicanor's life of attacking Latin American dictatorship in the form of "multi-monologue". His works were recommended by Time magazine 1976 as one of the top ten outstanding works in the world. The novella "A murder case made public in advance" tells the story of an innocent person who was killed because of rumors and speculation, and exposes the poison of stereotypes to people's hearts. The novel "Love in Cholera Period" —— The work focuses on the love between the hero and heroine, showing the life, social changes and the ethos of the times in the coastal cities of Colombia from the end of/kloc-0 to the beginning of the 20th century, and reflecting on people's prejudices and feelings. The hero and heroine fell in love for more than 50 years without success, and were considered by critics to have written a complete outlook on life and all kinds of unexpected changes in history. ■ The Beat Generation A literary genre popular in the United States after World War II. The writers of this school are all young men and women. They are famous for their rough and unrestrained personality, pursuing absolute freedom and human biological satisfaction, thinking that depravity is liberation and degradation is liberation, hiding in surreal environment to seek mysterious inspiration, expressing their dissatisfaction with decent society with eccentric and introverted self-exploration and so-called "refined" attitude, and carrying out pathological resistance to society, so they are called "the beat generation". Representative writers include Ginsburg's Howl and so on.