Surveying and mapping engineering special terrain mapping technology research?

With the rapid development of economy, China's urban construction has entered into a brand new stage. As one of the important technologies of engineering projects, the application of surveying and mapping technology is very extensive. Since entering the 21st century, the development and application of automation technology and information technology has improved the shortcomings of traditional surveying and mapping technology, which not only improves the accuracy and effectiveness of surveying and mapping projects, but also effectively improves the surveying and mapping technology in some surveying and mapping projects of special terrain. In this paper, we will discuss the mapping technology for special terrain, list the common mapping technology, and analyze the actual application of some terrain research, to provide reference for related workers.

1 Introduction

With the increasing number of engineering construction projects, the importance of surveying and mapping projects is also more and more prominent. As the foundation work of engineering projects, the accuracy of surveying and mapping projects has a huge impact on the quality and safety of engineering construction in the later stage. At this stage, although China's surveying and mapping technology has made great progress under the impetus of science and technology, there are still some technical deficiencies when carrying out surveying and mapping projects for some special terrain. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the surveying and mapping technology of special terrain.

2 Research on the significance of special terrain surveying and mapping program

2.1 Concept of surveying and mapping project

Surveying and mapping project is to measure and collect the information on space and ground through the area that needs to be constructed, and draw the topographic map that contains various information. There are a lot of objects in surveying and mapping project, including topography, geomorphology, hydrology, flora and fauna, etc. The survey and mapping project can be carried out in a variety of ways. Through the surveying and mapping project, can help related workers on the site for a comprehensive understanding of the project design and construction, have a huge role in helping the most important preparatory work for the construction of the project.

2.2 The significance of special terrain surveying and mapping program

China's vast land area, the complexity and diversity of geomorphological features, the surveying and mapping technology presents a great challenge. In particular, some special terrain seriously interferes with the accuracy and effectiveness of the surveying and mapping project, and brings quality and safety risks for the construction of the project. Therefore, the traditional surveying and mapping technology has been unable to meet the needs of special terrain surveying and mapping, and it is necessary to improve and innovate the surveying and mapping technology. For the emergence of special terrain, first of all, according to the actual situation of the site, the development of corresponding feasible surveying and mapping program, and secondly, the introduction of advanced scientific and technological means to enhance the modernization of surveying and mapping technology, and ultimately achieve the purpose of improving the accuracy and validity of the mapping data of special terrain.

3 Surveying and mapping technology used in surveying and mapping engineering

With the continuous progress of science and technology, more and more scientific and technological elements are integrated into surveying and mapping engineering, which improves the surveying and mapping technology and guarantees the smooth implementation of surveying and mapping engineering. Common surveying and mapping technologies are as follows: (1) GPS technology: also known as global satellite positioning technology. Through the satellite navigation and positioning system, the signal number between the base station and the mobile station is utilized to carry out real-time dynamic measurement of a specific area. Its advantage is that it will not be affected by external environmental factors, such as weather, terrain, etc.; at the same time, it is more efficient in carrying out surveying and mapping, and the accuracy of the measurement results is high. (2) RS technology: also known as remote sensing technology. Firstly, it combines the remote sensing satellites and multi-spectral aerial photography to measure a large area, and then uses software to compare the photo information and measurement data to finally obtain topographic maps. Its advantage is that it can be applied to a large area of mapping area, drawing high efficiency. (3) GIS technology: also known as geographic information technology. It has enhanced data management capabilities and graphic processing and display capabilities. By collecting a large amount of data from the area to be mapped, then filtering and analyzing the target data, and finally combining with the relevant mapping software to visualize the topographic map in three-dimensional form. The advantage is not only high efficiency, but also accurate mapping data, while also reducing the workload of the relevant mapping workers. This technology is often used in urban development planning and design work and land consolidation work. (4) Digital technology: digital technology is one of the important directions for the future development of surveying and mapping engineering. By inputting complex and variable information into computer software, it is transformed into data and figures through calculation, and then establishes digital models related to it, and finally forms digital maps required for the project. At the present stage, the most applications of digital technology in surveying and mapping engineering are tracking instrument and vectorization instrument.

4 mapping technology use of special terrain in surveying and mapping engineering

Special terrain due to the complexity of its geomorphology, the diversity of its structure and many uncertainties, the surveying and mapping project has caused a certain impact on the survey and mapping project, which seriously affects the accuracy and validity of the results of the survey and mapping. With the continuous development of society, engineering construction is bound to encounter more and more special terrain. Below, for the common special terrain mapping technology used to analyze.

4.1 Old town village houses mapping technology

For the old town village, which is characterized by a more chaotic layout of the house, even if the experienced mapping staff, in the process of field sketching, there are more errors, the point map does not match the problem, and even the loss of the features of the situation. This leads to the poor accuracy of the drawing results. Therefore, for this special terrain, when carrying out surveying and mapping, we can not carry out the field sketch mapping, and take the following ways to complete the surveying and mapping work. (1) set up the station in each corner of the old town villages and communities, and carry out surveying and mapping of the survey points through the station; (2) process the obtained surveying and mapping data through the computer software, and check the accuracy of the data in combination with the actual situation on the site; (3) carry out the drawing of the topographic drawings after determining that the data are correct; (4) check the accuracy and validity of the surveying and mapping results in combination with the actual situation on the site once again. In addition, because the total station mapping technology has the characteristics of flexible measurement, fast measurement speed, and no limitation of location and space, in addition, it can also obtain the data that cannot be collected by GPS-PTK mapping technology. Total station mapping technology and GPS-PTK mapping technology can be introduced for mapping in the old town village community house mapping project. It should be noted that if no one is at home in the residential area, which makes it impossible to carry out the field mapping work, the relevant house owner should be contacted in advance. In special cases, in order to improve the efficiency of mapping, GPSRTK stations can be set up in relatively high areas, and the mapping work of fragmented points can be carried out by prism-free total stations.

4.2 The use of mapping technology in woodland lush areas

This is one of the special terrains often encountered in engineering construction, due to the fact that part of the measurement area is covered by dense trees, resulting in mapping works, it is difficult to carry out the actual measurement work on the site, and thus unable to obtain accurate data. Therefore, the following points should be noted when carrying out surveying and mapping work in forested areas: (1) Adopt GPSRTK technology: pay attention to the signal condition of relevant equipment and instruments at all times to avoid signal weakening, which may lead to inaccurate measurement results and affect the validity and accuracy of the survey and mapping data; in particular, the altitude angle of the survey and mapping needs to be paid attention to. (2) When choosing the total station for measurement, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the trees block the instrument, so as to avoid influencing the measurement results. (3) For the particularly complex woodland lush area, which cannot be directly measured by the above two methods, the way of wire advancement section (as shown in Figure 1) can be used to carry out the measurement. In the use of wire advance section measurement before the start, first of all to determine the location of the wire placed, the location of the sample, distance and angle and other data information, and then according to the coordinate information, the angle and distance between the station and the point to be determined, and finally obtain the specific measurement data.

4.3 Mining and other complex terrain mapping technology

As most mines are located in mountainous areas, the geographical environment is mainly manifested in the gullies and dense forests, the visibility of the conditions are extremely poor, on the other hand, the difficult working environment and high risk, resulting in the relevant mapping staff are reluctant to go to the mining area for mapping work. Based on the above two reasons, in the mine and other complex terrain areas, there is an urgent need for modern surveying and mapping technology and means.

(1) GPSRTK surveying and mapping technology: Before using this technology to survey and map the mines, we should firstly explore the mine resources, collect the relevant information of the measuring points, and ensure that the measuring points are in the resource area of the mines. Secondly, the benchmark station should be reasonably set up, generally set up in the high terrain, good visual field, preferably set up in the center of the area where topographic maps need to be drawn. Finally, the collection of re-surveying and mapping data is carried out, and the data collection work is generally divided into external data, fragmentation data and internal data. External data is the field measurement data collection of the mine through the reference station and mobile station. Fragmentation data collection is the data collection of terrain feature points on site; after completing the collection of external data during the day, the data are processed at night to form topographic maps.

(2) UAV remote sensing technology: ①According to the terrain conditions and terrain planning, determine the route of the UAV in mine mapping, especially the direction of the route, the degree of overlap, the degree of overlap to the side, the altitude, the resolution and so on, for each of which needs to be accurately counted, and then design the best and most reasonable route. And in the actual operation of the project, with the help of GPS positioning technology, accurate fixed-point shooting, to ensure the accuracy of the data obtained. ② It should be noted that when remote sensing shooting in the mine mapping area, attention should be paid to the control point layout of the field image to ensure that there is no dead angle in the mapping area. In order to ensure the accuracy of the data, in the process of aerial photography, the overlap of the relevant film requirements should be maintained at 60%, the error shall not be higher than 5%. ③ Pay special attention to the impact of windy weather and lightning weather on UAV data transmission and data accuracy, if necessary, you can set up a data processing backup program for special weather.

5 Conclusion

In summary, with the increasing number of engineering construction projects, the application of surveying and mapping technology is becoming more and more widespread. Especially for the special terrain surveying and mapping technology, the relationship between the construction quality and safety of the entire project. Relevant workers should continue to learn advanced science and technology, surveying and mapping technology for continuous innovation, to ensure that it can adapt to a variety of special terrain requirements, to promote the smooth progress of surveying and mapping projects.

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