Influence and perfection of supporting policies on college students' entrepreneurship

Influence and perfection of supporting policies on college students' entrepreneurship

First, the effect and existing problems of the current college students' entrepreneurship support policy

(A) the implementation effect of the policy

College students' entrepreneurship has multiple meanings for economic and social development: first, it increases employment posts, relieves employment pressure and avoids waste of human resources; Second, it can improve entrepreneurs' practical ability, cultivate innovative spirit and consciousness, realize scientific and technological innovation and achievement transformation, promote economic transformation and upgrading, and increase social wealth; Third, it can stimulate private investment and promote the sustained and stable development of regional economy. However, for college students who lack entrepreneurial experience and conditions, the road to entrepreneurship is full of difficulties, hardships and risks, which need sufficient attention and support from the government, schools and society. The formulation and implementation of entrepreneurship support policies directly affect whether the positive significance of college students' entrepreneurship to the economy and society can be realized, which determines that entrepreneurship support policies should be comprehensive social policies, not just economic policies. The so-called entrepreneurship support policy based on social policy is to cultivate innovative talents, guide and motivate entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial behavior, promote the emergence and development of entrepreneurial enterprises, protect entrepreneurs and their legitimate rights, and ultimately enhance the entrepreneurial innovation ability of the whole society and promote the harmonious and sustainable development of the economy and society. However, at this stage, the entrepreneurial support policies issued by governments at all levels in China are mostly economic policies, with single policy tools and objectives, limited functions and functions, and the policy effect is still at the stage of "treating the symptoms rather than curing the root cause". The situation of college students' entrepreneurship in various places shows that regional culture, humanistic spirit and social environment play an important role in the development of college students' entrepreneurship. According to Zhejiang Province, where the entrepreneurial situation of college students is the best in China, about 4 1.8% of the students surveyed have friends and relatives who are starting businesses, which to some extent gives them the convenience to start businesses and guides them to start their own businesses. [1] and the survey data of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises reported by various media show that the entrepreneurial support policy has given birth to the dream and passion of college students' entrepreneurship. For example, by the end of 20 10, Hangzhou had fully completed the three-year action plan for college students' entrepreneurship, and * * * set up 34 enterprises14, which promoted the employment of college students15,000 people, including 5 enterprises, with an annual output value of 10,000 yuan. Another survey on the development of 17 10 college students' entrepreneurial enterprises also shows that 5 1% of college students started their businesses as soon as they graduated, 12% started their businesses after working 1 year, 32% worked for 2-4 years, and 5% worked for 5 years or more. [2] Another example is: In February 20 12, "Media DreamWorks", the first media incubator in China, conducted a survey of post-90s college students' entrepreneurship in Zhejiang universities, reflecting that more than 90% of the interviewed college students want to start their own businesses, and 26.67% of them have started to engage in various forms of entrepreneurship, including physical store marketing, online stores and campus agents. [3] The survival rate of college students' entrepreneurship in Hangzhou is higher than 28.6%, and the employment-driven rate of college students' entrepreneurship is 1: 6.8. [4] In recent years, the average entrepreneurial rate in Zhejiang Province has remained at around 4%, which is much higher than the national college students' entrepreneurial success rate 1%. [5] It can be seen that the entrepreneurial support policies implemented in Zhejiang Province have played a role in promoting entrepreneurs' "hotbeds", but there is still a certain distance from the expectations of the policies.

Policy issues

Many survey results show that although the current government's entrepreneurship support policies have produced certain effects on college students' entrepreneurship, there is still a big gap in theory. The main problems are as follows:

1. The "zero down payment" policy increases the risk of entrepreneurial failure. The introduction of the "zero down payment" policy in various places has really solved the problem of insufficient funds for college students in the initial stage of starting a business and stimulated their entrepreneurial passion. For example, Wenzhou Industrial and Commercial Bureau has also introduced a "zero down payment" registration and residence (business premises) filing system to alleviate the initial lack of funds and blind market goals of college entrepreneurs; From May to September of 20 12, there were 36 "zero down payment" registered companies in Wenzhou, most of which were registered by college entrepreneurs. However, the survey also shows that 14.02% of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises are in abnormal operation after their establishment, and the number of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises is nearly 6%. The enterprise with the shortest survival time only lasted less than five months. This also proves that capital is a prerequisite for starting a business. Ignoring the quality and conditions of entrepreneurs and lowering the entry threshold of venture capital will actually reduce the credibility of startup companies, make entrepreneurship a passive water without source, increase future business difficulties and increase the risk of failure, which is not conducive to the virtuous circle of startup companies' survival and entrepreneurial activities.

2. Serious waste of policy resources. At present, "policy advantage" has become the biggest help for college students to start their own businesses. However, due to the lack of introduction, collation and compilation of policies and poor information communication, entrepreneurs generally do not understand or understand the use of policy support preferences. At the same time, some entrepreneurial policies have raised the threshold of supporting policies, making it difficult for many entrepreneurs to enjoy the benefits brought by policies, resulting in the failure to give full play to the role of policies, the failure to achieve policy objectives, and the failure to bring policy resources into play. For example, a survey shows that 65.66% of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises are raised by entrepreneurial teams, and only 1 1.53% of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises have obtained bank loans. The proportion of venture capital obtained through government venture capital, venture capital and mentor investment is only 2.9%, 4.47% and 1.32% respectively. As a result, the application of venture capital guidance fund, venture capital fund and science and technology venture seed fund established according to the policy is subject to many restrictions, which leads entrepreneurs to "quench their thirst by drinking poison", while a large number of support funds are objectively idle, and it is difficult for policy resources to produce practical benefits.

3. Policy reset leads to policy discrimination. On the one hand, the government has created a good environment and conditions for the emergence and development of the new generation of Zhejiang businessmen who have graduated from universities or are about to graduate, but the disadvantaged entrepreneurs who are not university graduates do not enjoy these policy benefits. On the other hand, most college students' entrepreneurs are not familiar with a series of policies issued by some local governments to support small and medium-sized enterprises, such as the Operational Measures for the Management of Development Funds for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Local Characteristic Industries in Zhejiang Province. The government also ignores these policies when supporting college students' entrepreneurship, and these policies are also applicable to college students' entrepreneurship. It stands to reason that both college students' entrepreneurial enterprises and non-college students' entrepreneurial enterprises, as long as they belong to small and medium-sized enterprises, should have the right to enjoy the policy support of the state and local governments to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The practice of separating the application of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises from other small and medium-sized enterprises not only directly leads to the inefficiency of policy implementation, but also puts small and micro enterprises founded by non-college graduates in an unequal competitive environment, which leads to policy discrimination against non-college students' entrepreneurial enterprises and violates the spirit of competition law.

4. The objective of the policy and the subjective needs of the policy recipients are misplaced. The survey shows that college students are not willing to start a business at present, and most of them only consider starting a business under the pressure of employment. Entrepreneurship has become a retreat for college graduates after their employment failure. If you can choose between "high-paying job" and "starting your own business", the former accounts for 76%. According to another survey, 53.3% of college entrepreneurs think that they should start a business after work, 33.3% think that they can start a business directly after graduation, and only 13.3% think that they should try to start a business when they are students. [6] It can be seen that the purpose of most entrepreneurs is to realize their own interests and self-worth, rather than solving the employment problem as simple and utilitarian. But from the government's point of view, the main purpose of entrepreneurship support policy is to solve the current employment pressure. Obviously, there is a great deviation between the subjective purpose of the policy giver and the subjective demand of the policy receiver. In other words, entrepreneurship support policies do not have the function of directly promoting entrepreneurs.

5. Lack of risk sharing mechanism and guarantee system. Generally speaking, risks include material capital risk, human capital risk, spiritual capital risk and legal liability risk. According to the survey, 70% of the respondents had failed to start a business, and 57% of them were poorly managed. 28.6% people have poor cash flow; Wrong investment direction and backward technology each accounted for 4.8%. According to the statistics of the number of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises registered by Hangzhou Administration for Industry and Commerce at the end of June, 2008-201,the survival rate of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises in Hangzhou is higher than 28.06%. [7] This means that even in the areas with the best entrepreneurial situation of college students in China, the mortality rate of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises is close to 70%. In other words, most college entrepreneurs will not succeed in the end, and even have to bear serious legal responsibilities. Although people don't judge the success or failure of college students' entrepreneurship, the fact is that those who respond to the policy call for passionate entrepreneurship but ultimately fail often face self-blame, family accusations and ridicule from the outside world, and suffer multiple blows from economy, psychology and even law. They and their families may fall into a crisis of survival and development for a long time. However, at present, China's policies and laws do not pay attention to such a group of entrepreneurial losers, and there are no systems and measures to prevent entrepreneurial risks and provide various remedies for losers. The high failure rate of entrepreneurship has a side effect on improving the rate of entrepreneurship, which will offset the effect of entrepreneurship support policies, reduce the social recognition of college students' entrepreneurship, hinder the transformation of college students into entrepreneurs, and is not conducive to the generation and reserve of entrepreneurial talents in China.

Second, the reflection on the current entrepreneurship support policy.

(1) The essence of rational entrepreneurship policy is that the government exerts influence on cost, risk and competition barriers through incentive mechanism, thus increasing entrepreneurial opportunities and promoting the growth and development of start-ups. Whether the entrepreneurship support policy is reasonable is directly related to whether the entrepreneurial motivation can be stimulated and improved.

Entrepreneurial environment, improve the survival rate of start-ups and promote enterprise development. The so-called rationality of entrepreneurship support policy mainly refers to the government's reasonable prediction, evaluation, guidance, support and regulation of entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial activities from the perspective of economic and social development goals. The criteria for judging the rationality of policies can be summarized as follows:

(1) Synonym. That is, the formulation and implementation of supporting policies must conform to social rationality and follow economic laws, including the necessity of policy introduction and the feasibility of implementation. As far as necessity is concerned, it includes two aspects: first, whether the value goal to be achieved by the introduction of the policy itself is necessary is of prerequisite significance to the rationality of the policy, because the specific needs of entrepreneurs are not always necessary, some are distorted, some are excessive, and some cannot be saved because of conflicts or are compatible but cannot be taken into account. , and you need to select a policy. The second is whether policy implementation is necessary as a cost. A reasonable entrepreneurship support policy should be a necessary condition to realize the value goal of entrepreneurs, because entrepreneurs in reality must think about whether they have the conditions to achieve their development goals, whether they have the conditions and ability to solve the problems caused by it, and whether it is necessary to take this risk. Therefore, as far as the feasibility of policy is concerned, the external environment and the subjective and objective conditions of entrepreneurs themselves are external factors that restrict entrepreneurs' activities. They are the deep foundation of policy rationality, just like the needs and interests of entrepreneurs.

(2) Synergistic effect. In other words, the introduction of support policies should not only conform to the individual interests of entrepreneurs, but also conform to the overall interests and values of society; It is necessary to meet the short-term interests of entrepreneurs and consider their long-term interests; We should not only consider the balance of interests between college entrepreneurs and non-college entrepreneurs, but also consider the balance of interests between first-time entrepreneurs and re-entrepreneurs. If the support policy cannot take into account the interests of all interest groups and artificially tilt the interests, the policy itself is unprofitable and even harmful.

Therefore, whether the distribution of policy benefits is fair or not is another important measure to measure the rationality of policies, which includes three aspects: first, whether the introduction and implementation of policies can promote the development of productive forces; Second, whether it is conducive to social stability; The third is whether it meets the affordability of society (including entrepreneurs). The theory of "bounded rationality hypothesis" generally accepted by scholars of modern economics and economic law deduces the problem of government failure. Entrepreneurship support policies are formulated by the government, and the rationality of the government is limited, so the entrepreneurship support policies formulated by the government certainly have the problem of limited rationality. The above analysis of the existing problems of entrepreneurship support policies also shows that the rationality of entrepreneurship support policies issued by governments at all levels in China is debatable: first, from the perspective of legitimacy, most college entrepreneurs have to passively choose to start their own businesses mainly because of employment difficulties, and many of them do not have the ability and conditions to start their own businesses; The policy of simply pushing college students to the market may solve the immediate employment difficulties of entrepreneurs, but it may lead to problems that are not conducive to the long-term development of entrepreneurs; If the entrepreneurship support policy is mainly to solve the employment pressure of college graduates and encourage thousands of college graduates who lack entrepreneurial ability and conditions to blindly enter the highly competitive market, it will be tantamount to letting them be cannon fodder, and some government departments will inevitably be suspected of shirking their responsibilities, which will easily lead to moral hazard of the policy. Second, in terms of profitability, a series of entrepreneurial tendentious support policies issued by governments at all levels are not only difficult to take into account the interests of entrepreneurial groups at all levels, but also excessive and improper tendentious support is not conducive to fair competition between two equally weak small and micro entrepreneurial groups, undermining the balance of interests between small and micro entrepreneurs, and thus damaging the public interests. Therefore, we should reflect on the current support policies and introduce specific policies to protect all weak entrepreneurial groups in order to correct the unfair opportunities caused by market competition. Entrepreneurship support policy can not be used as an expedient measure to solve the employment pressure of college students. The focus of the policy should not be on the level of entrepreneurial rate, but on the level of entrepreneurial success rate and the relief for losers. Only by improving the success rate, the rate of self-employment will be improved, and the disadvantaged entrepreneurs will be able to develop and mature.

(b) the question of necessity

The essence of market economy is democratic economy, "economic democracy cares about or reflects the equality of wealth", [8] "its policy goal is the redistribution of wealth and the equality of economic opportunities and conditions". [8] "In order to treat all people equally and provide real equal opportunities, society must pay more attention to those who are less gifted and born in less favorable social status." [9] Because "the government is necessary to alleviate inequality, offset monopoly distortion and correct external economic effects." [10] Therefore, under the condition of market economy, the government is not only the main body of market regulation, but also the legislative basis and law enforcement guarantee. In other words, the necessity of government entrepreneurship support lies in: it plays the role of the core subject, market supervision, macro-control and guidance in ensuring employment and promoting economic development; The basic legal principle of entrepreneurship support policy lies in correcting market externalities, incomplete market competition and insufficient market information. As the weak in market competition and the reserve force of economic development, college students' entrepreneurs are protected, supported and guided by the government. In addition to the spontaneous regulation of the market, the government, as the main body of social and economic intervention, balances and coordinates economic and social interests by means of policies and laws, and pursues a justice of resource allocation based on the principle of difference. However, it must be recognized that there are many reasons for the low proportion of college students' entrepreneurship, the low success rate and the difficulty of entrepreneurship in China, including their own factors, the influence of traditional culture and education in China, and the irregular market competition. Entrepreneurship support policies can't solve all the difficulties encountered by college entrepreneurs in the process of starting a business, and it can't guarantee that entrepreneurs will succeed in starting a business. It is not conducive to the growth and development of entrepreneurial enterprises to assume all the responsibilities entirely by the government. Therefore, the government can only combine inaction with college students' entrepreneurial activities, that is, in terms of support objects, change the current practice of mainly supporting college graduates, and focus on supporting people with certain work experience and economic affordability; In terms of support function, we should extend the policy support function to the late stage of entrepreneurship and even the second and third stages of entrepreneurship, from stimulating entrepreneurial passion to ensuring the success of entrepreneurship, and help entrepreneurs to complete the leap from "survival" and "development" to "strength" and "persistence". Therefore, although the essence of entrepreneurship support policy is to encourage college students to start businesses, it must have the following characteristics:

(1) guidance. We can't force entrepreneurs to start businesses through administrative authority, but guide potential entrepreneurs to start businesses voluntarily through economic benefits closely related to entrepreneurs.

(2) timeliness. The process of starting a business is divided into three stages: early stage, middle stage and late stage. Policies should not stay at the initial stage of entrepreneurship, but should formulate different support measures according to the different needs of entrepreneurs in different periods, so as to increase entrepreneurial opportunities and promote the emergence, growth and expansion of small and weak enterprises.

(3) rectification. The government's entrepreneurial policy should aim at all small and weak entrepreneurs, correct market failure by improving the entrepreneurial environment and providing high-quality public services, establish a fair competition order, and protect small and weak entrepreneurs with entrepreneurial awareness and entrepreneurial ability to start their own businesses.

Thirdly, the re-allocation and optimization of policy resources for college students' entrepreneurship support.

(A) the repositioning of government responsibilities and policy objectives

In China, successful entrepreneurship is mainly family-based entrepreneurship and professional (technical) entrepreneurship. Family entrepreneurship is based on the family's existing social resources and social reputation. Family support has a decisive influence on the success or failure of starting a business. Usually this kind of entrepreneurship is less risky and difficult, and it is easier to succeed. Professional (technical) entrepreneurship is mainly based on their own abilities and conditions. The resources, relationships and credit it relies on are different from those of family entrepreneurs, far less than those of family entrepreneurs. Moreover, the key is whether the professional technology is recognized by the society. The key to success lies in mastering limited resources, exerting their creativity and technology, and obtaining effective management and profits through reasonable operation. For the latter, the assistance of external resources will have a great impact on the emergence of entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial motivation and the development of entrepreneurial enterprises. External resource assistance mainly refers to various policies and measures provided by the government as well as entrepreneurial development and security environment. One of the government's policies and measures is to maintain the operation and fairness of the market economy and ensure that entrepreneurial activities do not conflict with public interests. If you don't belong to the above two types of entrepreneurship, the risk of entrepreneurial failure is higher. Most college students who are "without funds, experience and connections" are entrepreneurs other than family-based entrepreneurship and professional entrepreneurship. They have inherent shortcomings and need more policy and financial support, as well as technical, information and management consulting and services. Although the entrepreneurial support policy is an important part of the whole entrepreneurial support system, the government should adhere to the limited theory of "doing something, not doing something" and the moderate intervention theory, and insist that the government (central and local), universities, society and entrepreneurs jointly build an entrepreneurial support system. The responsibility of the government is to standardize and guide universities, entrepreneurs and society by formulating and implementing a series of social policies and legal norms, improve the management structure of entrepreneurship, cultivate the entrepreneurial innovation environment of the whole society, coordinate and solve the problems in entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, and respond to a series of activities of entrepreneurs in entrepreneurship. Among them, the supporting policies for entrepreneurship should include: an education system conducive to entrepreneurship; A social relief and assistance system conducive to entrepreneurship; A legal system conducive to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not only to create an organization, but also the motivation and ability of people to take advantage of opportunities by combining various resources and conditions, which is valuable for any entrepreneur to meet the needs of his career. All entrepreneurs (including college students and non-college students, poor college students and rich second generation college students) are the main source of new generation entrepreneurs and the follow-up force to promote regional economic and social development, and there is no difference in essence. Therefore, governments at all levels should re-formulate comprehensive entrepreneurship support policies, from encouraging more college students to start businesses as the primary goal to promoting fair competition among disadvantaged entrepreneurs, with the ultimate policy goal of improving the success rate of entrepreneurship, resolving entrepreneurial risks, caring for the survival and redevelopment of losers and maximizing personal and social interests. Through entrepreneurship education, policy support and legal system, the entrepreneurial activities of disadvantaged entrepreneurs in college students and non-college students are guided to conform to the macro-control policies of the state, such as promoting employment, adjusting industrial structure, fiscal and taxation financial objectives, and developing science and technology, so as to standardize and prevent blind and harmful entrepreneurial risks, create a large number of innovative new-generation entrepreneurs, more abide by competition rules and economic ethics, have a more correct sense of interest and social responsibility, and promote the development of entrepreneurial enterprises from low quality to high quality.

(B) Redistribution of entrepreneurship support policy system

Entrepreneurship is a complex, arduous and continuous dynamic innovation process, and it is an innovative activity with high risks and benefits to the whole society. Therefore, it is obviously impossible and unfair for entrepreneurs to bear all the risks, and the government, market, society and entrepreneurs need to bear the risks together. Therefore, we should actively build an entrepreneurial support system with government, society and educational institutions as the main body and "politics, people and learning" as the division of labor. Since entrepreneurship can be divided into first venture, second venture, even continuous venture and continuous venture, according to foreign entrepreneurship policy theory, a complete entrepreneurship incentive-guarantee policy system should be composed of six subsystems, namely: (1) entrepreneurship supply policy; (2) Entrepreneurship demand policy; (3) Entrepreneurial incentive policy; (4) the policy of resource allocation for entrepreneurs; (5) Entrepreneurship publicity policy; (6) Competition policy in the entrepreneur market. [1 1] Obviously, for the society, entrepreneurship is actually a systematic project, and it needs to implement various supporting measures to achieve results. The absence of any subsystem has a negative impact on entrepreneurship. However, China's current entrepreneurship support policies mainly belong to the imperfect entrepreneurship incentive policy, entrepreneurship supply policy, entrepreneurship publicity policy and entrepreneurship resource allocation policy, and the entrepreneurship demand policy and entrepreneurship market competition policy are basically blank. Therefore, it must be optimized and improved. In view of the fact that many local governments' entrepreneurship support policies focus on pre-entrepreneurship, but pay insufficient attention to the growth and development of entrepreneurial enterprises in the middle and late stages of entrepreneurship, the future entrepreneurship support policies should shift from college graduates to those who have graduated for several years and have certain entrepreneurial conditions and abilities, and at the same time extend the policy support function to the late stage of entrepreneurship or even the second and third stages of entrepreneurship, so as to improve and consolidate the success rate of entrepreneurship; Moreover, legal aid, social insurance, social assistance and even psychological comfort systems are established for those who fail to start a business, so as to eliminate the worries of entrepreneurs, thus forming a complete and fair legal support system for entrepreneurship policies that is closely linked with other SME support policies and laws.

(C) Improve the policy and legal system to support college students' entrepreneurship.

As two different governance tools, policy and law are of great value to entrepreneurship support. Market economy is an economy ruled by law. In a society ruled by law, in addition to relying on policy resources, one of the essential elements of entrepreneurial activities is law. The existing cases show that it is often legal problems that cause fatal blows to those college students who are starting businesses, both cases of breaking the law because they don't know the law and cases of being deceived because they don't know the law. Some results are even very painful and regrettable. At present, most of the counseling materials on entrepreneurship only guide college students to break through books and materials such as knowledge, experience, mentality, innovation ability and financial problems, and rarely talk about legal issues that may be involved in entrepreneurship. The position and role of law in entrepreneurship has not been paid due attention. Obviously, law should become the necessary knowledge for college students to start their own businesses. Only by knowing and abiding by the law and protecting their legitimate rights and interests according to law can we ensure the stability and long-term nature of college students' entrepreneurial action. Therefore, we should provide college students with legal risk prevention education, services and relief systems, including company law, contract law, labor law, finance and tax law, commercial law, intellectual property law, property law, anti-unfair competition law, consumer rights protection law, product quality law, advertising law, price law, property right infringement, arbitration and litigation law. On the other hand, the characteristics of the policy determine its lack of stability, compulsion and standardization. Therefore, we should integrate the existing scattered entrepreneurship support policies at all levels, promote the policies that have been proved to be effective in practice into laws, and make the local government's entrepreneurship support policies for college students institutionalized, normalized, systematic and unified. At present, the nationwide entrepreneurship support system lacks the guidance of the leading law, and the Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises promulgated in 2002 has no special provisions on supporting college students' entrepreneurship. According to China's national conditions, the problem of college students' entrepreneurship cannot be solved by the SME Promotion Law. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate special legislation, namely "Entrepreneurship Promotion Law", in order to further clarify the necessity, rationality, legitimacy, feasibility and appropriateness of entrepreneurship support by the state and governments at all levels, establish the state (government), universities, society and entrepreneurs (including college students' entrepreneurs) as the legal subjects of the entrepreneurship support system, clarify the rights and obligations (responsibilities) of each subject, and guide and standardize the entrepreneurial behavior of college students. Considering the complexity and long-term legal procedures and the needs of local college students to start businesses, for example, Zhejiang Province, where college students start businesses well, can take the lead in formulating local laws and regulations nationwide before the promulgation of the Entrepreneurship Promotion Law, and clarify the scope, intensity, methods, procedures, management institutions and supervision departments of government entrepreneurship support.

Author: Wang Hui Work Unit: Zhejiang Gongshang University Law School.

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