The schools of thought contend with Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Yin and Yang, Legalism and so on.

The representative figure of Taoism is Lao Zi Zhuangzi, whose core is "Tao" and advocates quietism. Inaction is not inaction, but the natural avenue. The operation of the sky has its natural principle, and the philosophy of Tao is to explain the connotation of this principle, thus putting forward a lively and comfortable world space. Taoist philosophy has developed a completely different social philosophy from Confucianism through its infinite and persistent understanding of this world operation order, and society is only the object of one party's existence. Taoism attaches importance to the freedom and liberation of human nature. On the one hand, it is the liberation of people's knowledge and ability, on the other hand, it is the liberation of people's life mood. Laozi's Tao Te Ching puts forward a theory of the origin of the natural universe, which consists of things and exists independently, and also puts forward the ontological thought that the principle of the existence and operation of the world is "the movement against the Tao". Confucianism, to be honest, I don't admire it very much. But you mentioned that I also said that the representatives of Confucianism are Confucius, Mencius and Zhu. Confucianism advocates "rites and music", "benevolence and righteousness", "loyalty and forgiveness" and "moderation". Advocate "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government" and attach importance to ethical relations. Confucianism pays attention to self-cultivation, and its central idea is "benevolence", which means that people should pay attention to harmonious relations. Respect the elders; A friend should keep his word; Officials should be honest and love the people; Be self-aware and do your best. "A gentleman takes this as his career and is born from the foundation." . Rulers should be benevolent and love the people. "Virtue is like Beichen, and the stars are in their homes.": Treat people with love, "I am young and people are young." I am old, and people are old. "Be loyal to your boss", "Be polite to your officials, be loyal to your officials"; Honor parents and relatives. "If your parents are here, you must travel well if you don't travel far" and "filial piety today" mean that you can support them. As for dogs and horses, both can be kept; Disrespect, why not? ”； People should have ambition and perseverance. "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement". Respect knowledge, "Those who listen to the Tao die in the evening", be good at absorbing others' strengths, "See the sage Si Qi, those who don't see the sage introspect", and "A gentleman cooks far away" to push himself and others' thoughts. The representative of Mohism is Mo Zhai. In fact, as can be seen from many TV programs, Mohism mostly comes from the lower classes, and the purpose of education is to "promote the benefits of the world and eliminate the harm of the world." "The cave mat is not warm, and the ink comes out of Guizhou", which is especially hard to practice. Mohist school can "dance to the edge with soup, and die without hesitation", that is to say, never look back until death. Debate between Mohists is called "Mohist debate"; Martial arts practitioners are called "Moxia". Ink writers must obey the leadership of tycoons and have strict discipline. Mohism is a school with leaders, doctrines and organizations, and they have a strong spirit of social practice. Mohism bears hardships and stands hard work, is strict with self-discipline, and takes upholding justice and morality as its first duty. Most of the writers are knowledgeable workers. Social ethics takes universal love as the core, advocates "the two are easy to differ" and opposes the social hierarchy concept emphasized by Confucianism. Mohism put forward "love each other and bring out the best in each other", and regarded Shang Xian, Shang Tong, frugality and thick burial as the way to govern the country. He also opposed the annexation war at that time and put forward the idea of self-destruction. It advocates non-destiny, ambition and knowing ghosts. On the one hand, it denies the destiny, while at the same time acknowledging the existence of ghosts and gods. In the later period, Mohism merged into two branches: one focused on epistemology, logic, geometry, geometrical optics, statics and other disciplines, which was called "Post-Mohism". The other is the transformation into a ranger during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The former inherited the early Mohist social ethics and made great achievements in epistemology and logic. The late Mohist school not only affirmed the role of sensory experience in cognition, but also acknowledged the role of rational thinking in cognition, which overcame the empiricism tendency of the early Mohist school. In the Western Han Dynasty, Mohism basically disappeared after the Western Han Dynasty, due to the policy of Emperor Wu's exclusive respect for Confucianism, the change of social mentality and the hard training, strict rules and noble thoughts that Mohism itself was not accessible to everyone. Yin-Yang School was a popular school from the end of Warring States to the beginning of Han Dynasty, and Zou Yan, a native of Qi, was its representative. Yin and Yang are the ancient people's abstractions of the two complementary opposites of the universe, and also the philosophical category of the unity of opposites and the law of thinking in the universe. China and Tessa created the word "Yin and Yang" to express the unity of opposites of all things. The theory of Yin and Yang is based on the theory of Qi. On the basis of qi, it is further believed that heaven and earth, sun and moon, day and night, mystery, fire and water, and cold and warm are all the results of movement and change, so two relative concepts of yin and yang are abstracted. "Yin" represents the characteristics of passivity, retreat and weakness and the things and phenomena with these characteristics, while "Yang" represents the characteristics of positivity, enterprising and fortitude and the things and phenomena with these characteristics. The basic content of "yin and yang" can be summarized as "opposition, mutual root, growth and decline, transformation" in eight words. The main representatives of legalists are Shang Yang and Han Fei. Legalists attach importance to law and oppose Confucian "rites". In their view, the emerging landlord class at that time opposed the hereditary privilege of monopolizing economic and political interests by nobles and demanded private ownership of land, which was a fair and correct proposition. The etiquette system of maintaining aristocratic privileges is backward and unfair. Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is developing forward, and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history, neither retrogressive nor conformist. Legalist thought is fundamentally different from the form of democracy and rule of law that we advocate now. The biggest thing is that legalists strongly advocate the centralization of monarchy, and it is absolute. Based on the rule of power, skill and potential, they gradually established a feudal rule system called "rule of law", in which the rule of law was actually the rule of man. Law is a tool for the king to rule and restrain his subjects, rather than modern democracy "ruling the country according to law". And put forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later centralized Qin Dynasty. Thank you, that's all!