Who can tell us more about American social movements in the 1960s?

/kloc-conservative social movements in the United States since 0/960

Conservative social movement means that conservative thinkers enter the society from the ivory tower by guiding and establishing political organizations and religious groups.

Religious organizations, interest groups/political action committees, foundations, think tanks, etc. Expand conservative ideas socially and politically.

On influence. This social movement is extensive, involving economic/fiscal conservatism movement and social/cultural conservatism.

Justice movement, federalism movement, free will movement, etc. , the most important of which is the social/cultural conservative movement, the main

There should be "new right" and "religious right" movements. Although the "religious right" is closely related to the "new right" because it

The leaders are mainly evangelicals of various sects, both evangelicals and Protestant fundamentalism; Including Catholic orthodoxy,

There is orthodox Judaism, so it is more theological than the "new right". In addition, the "new right" and "religion"

The Rightists lived in different times. The "new Rightists" were mainly active in the 1970s and 1980s, and there were more "religious Rightists".

Canada was active in the 1980s and 1990s.

Just as the "old right" in the 1940s and 1950s was contrary to the "old left" in the 1930s, the 1970s and 1980s

The "new right" in the 1960s was the opposite of the "new left" in the 1960s. The opposition between the "old right" and the "old left" is mainly

Because of economic problems; The differences between the "new right" and the "new left" are caused by a series of social and cultural problems.

Caused by it. The new right was first brewed in the sixties, and only rose in the seventies and eighties.

The ruling influence lags behind the "new left". Since 1962, "Students for a Democratic Society" has been established on campus.

Since the establishment of the democratic society (SDS), the "New Left" set off a vigorous social movement in the 1960s.

Movements, such as civil rights movement, feminist movement, anti-war movement, anti-culture movement, sexual liberation movement, they have great influence on society and this

The development of these movements prompted the Democratic-controlled Congress to pass a series of laws that changed history, such as the Civil Rights Act and war appropriations.

Bill of rights, etc. ; Their presidential candidates Hubert humphrey and george mcgovern are in 1968 and 1972 respectively.

The second general election was nominated by the Democratic Party. However, their influence gradually declined after 1970s. In conservative thinking,

Under the guidance of George W. william buckley, "American Youth for Freedom" was founded on campus on 1960.

The right-wing student freedom organization (YAF) did not disintegrate until the 1980s. Most students in this organization come from different backgrounds.

So * * * and the party's family, they don't agree with * * * and the party's liberalism, and think that * * * and the party's liberalism are not.

Classical liberalism advocates "conservative" freedom, tradition and order; The centralization of authority in Washington is democratic and free.

As a result of the excessive development of socialism and the expansion of government functions, some people have been freed and the rights of others have been taken away.

Freedom, such as new forced racial integration and affirmative action in the South. This organization was the new right in the 1970s and 1980s.

The conservative movement has trained many cadres, such as Richard Ellis, the first executive director of the New Right.

Gerry became an expert in direct mail fund-raising for conservative political movements, and Howard Phillips was a veteran of YAF, establishing a "conservative".

Paul Warwick is a conservative activist and organizer of the "Doctrine Core Group". He initiated the "Christian Right" conservative movement.

It is generally believed that the "new right" and "religious right" mainly carry out their activities through four types of organizations: (1) political action.

Committee. The Political Action Committee is a political organization that points to interest groups that donate money to candidates running for public office.

The main activities are fundraising and donations; The purpose is to help conservatives enter the leadership and make them sympathize with conservative owners.

For example, Zhang, 1974, the organization "Fighting for the Survival of a Free Congress" was established under the leadership of Wei Ruike, aiming at helping conservatives to be elected as members of Congress.

Committee "; From 65438 to 0975, the conservative party group led by Phillips was mainly held at the grassroots level in every country in China.

There are branches in the member constituencies, with about 300,000 members; From 65438 to 0974, Terry Dolan led the establishment of a national conservative political line.

The Action Committee has become the largest conservative political action committee in the United States. (2) Interest groups with a single topic. Oppose abortion

The National Committee on the Right to Life claims to have100000 members; National Committee on the Right to Work Advocating the Abolition of the Minimum Wage Law

It is said that there are 6.5438+0.5 million donors; The National Coalition Against High Taxpayers has 450,000 members, claiming to be the oldest and largest taxpayer in China.

Taxpayer organizations; The American Gunners Association, which opposes gun control, also has 6.5438+0.86 million members. (3) Religious organizations. Seven or eight

The religious conservative groups that appeared in the 20th century10s have more and more influence on politics. First, Robert Grant established a foundation in 1978.

Christian voice, Edward McAteer, pastor of james robinson, founded in the religious round table of 1979, Robert Bibi.

The National Christian Action Alliance established by Collins and the "Moral Majority" established by Jerry Fauville in 1979 include many morals.

Several factions are the most powerful, with 400,000 members and 60,000 priests. They have branches in all states of the country with an annual budget of over 6 million pounds.

Dollar; Then Pat Robertson's "religious right"; The former claims to have done 1980 12 liberal Democrats.

Lost in the election of 1998, who claimed responsibility for * * * and the party's regaining the leadership of the National Assembly in 1994. In fact, "Zong"

The religious right has been growing, and now it has 6.5438+0.7 million members. Since 1992, it has become an important part of * * * and the party.

Strength; In some States (such as Alaska and Minnesota), evangelical Christianity is a branch of the "religious right wing", and

The right to life movement has actually controlled the state's * * * and party organizations. This kind of political and religious groups in * * * and the party recently three.

The nomination process for the second presidential election was very active. Like most interest groups, religious groups also adopt new technologies.

Political activities, such as telephone banking, fax, satellite TV, bulletin board system, radio talk and direct mail, etc. "Religious Rightists"

Every two years, it publishes the scores of members of Congress on related issues. It is most concerned about family morality, so it opposes it.

Any proposal about abortion, same-sex families, etc. Think tanks and publications. 1973, Paul virek founded the new right.

The traditional foundation, the school's think tank, rarely surpassed the activities of * * * and party conservatives before entering the 1980 s.

So it's not very noticeable. After 1980s, with Reagan in power, the scope of activities of traditional foundations gradually expanded. now

Taking internal affairs, diplomacy, economy and social issues as research objects, we often hold seminars and put forward policy suggestions, especially 90.

Since the 1990s, the influence of traditional foundations on policies has been particularly obvious. 1994, * * and the new members of the party changed their routine and refused to leave.

Harvard university listened to the legislative report instead of going to the traditional foundation, which reflected the influence of the new right on * * * and the party. small

Since Bush took office, the influence of the traditional foundation has been greatly strengthened, and many nominations in Bush's cabinet have been made by the talent pool of the traditional foundation.

Recommended. The publications of the new right mainly include Viguerie's monthly magazine "Conservative Digest" founded in 1975, which has now become "New"

Right "organ publications. In addition, many organizations of the "New Right" have their own publications, such as the "Politics" of the Traditional Foundation.

Policy Review Quarterly and Tradition Today Monthly.

Compared with the conservative ideological movement in the 1940s and 1950s, the social movements of the "New Rightists" and "Religious Rightists" were right.

The populist movement has a far-reaching and enormous influence, which is manifested in the following aspects: (1) Its organization is constantly developing and growing.

To a large extent, the number of self-proclaimed conservatives in American society has increased steadily, reaching 1993, almost equal to the number of self-proclaimed moderates.

(40%) 。 The religious right has a great influence in the south and midwest, so these places are called "Bible Belt". (2) Rights

* * * and the party's influence is growing, and conservatism has become the mainstream of * * * and the party since the 1980s: most people tend to recognize it.

Because the conservative movement in the late 1970s was an important reason for Reagan's coming to power, and in the mid-term election of 1994, * * * and the party.

The overwhelming victory in regaining control of the Congress is also inseparable from the strong support of the "religious right wing". (3) The 1980s

Since then, it has exerted more and more influence on American public policy. For example, the "New Rightists" use grass-roots organizations to directly put their policy ideas into practice.

Practice: The 50,000-member Eagle Forum led by Phyllis Shreeve testified in the state legislature and held a rally.

1972 The "Affirmative Action Amendment" passed by the National Assembly was "successful" by gathering people to petition, and 1983 was dropped.

Effect; Under the pressure of many anti-abortion "new right" and "religious right" organizations, since 1976, * * * *

Moreover, the party's platform has been written four times in a row to support the adoption of a constitutional amendment to "restore the protection of the rights of unborn children".

198 1- 1982, the "New Rightists" also proposed the 1 18 bill in 3 1 states, in which the "Amendment to the Right to Life of Human Beings" stipulated that,

Decision: Abortion is prohibited for any reason, except to save the mother's life; It is forbidden to use intrauterine devices, because life begins with conception.

In the mid-1990s, the religious right hoped that the conservative104th Congress controlled by the party would pass a bill banning abortion, but

Not fully aware, they signed a contract with American families through 1995 to express their dissatisfaction with * * * and party member.

(4) The influence on all Americans' political ideas or public philosophy. According to a comprehensive social survey conducted by the Center for Public Opinion Research in Chicago

Since 1974, people's positions on a series of issues have become more and more conservative. In the general election of 1988,

Liberalism has become a "dirty word" and a synonym for extravagance and unrestrained. 1996 even Democrats

President Clinton also claimed that "the era of big government is gone forever". This shows that conservatism has not only become * * * and

The main tide of the party has already influenced the policy ideas of the Democratic Party.

Since the end of the Cold War, conservatives have stepped up their efforts to "seize" think tanks and universities in an attempt to make the United States conservative.

Social movements are constantly developing, and their influence on social politics is increasing. National Committee of charities

The survey found that from 1992 to 1994, there were 12 major conservative foundations in the United States that donated money to research institutions, universities, think tanks and the media.

Sports and interest groups provided 2 1 10,000 dollars in funding, among which the traditional foundation advertised as "free market" received funding.

The largest is $8.9 million, followed by $6.9 million from the American Enterprise Institute; Cato Institute, $3.9 million, Hector

$3.3 million for Hudson Institute and $265.438 million for Manhattan Institute. Veric's Freedom Committee received $5 million,

William Crystal's National Interest and Public Interest magazines received $654.38 +0.9 million, and the New Standard received $654.38 +0.7.

Ten thousand dollars, Porto Horoz's review received 6.5438+0 million dollars, and another 3.2 million dollars were given to william buckley Jr. and Benwatt.

Tenberg's TV program. Among the famous universities, the University of Chicago, the bastion of conservative ideas, received the most funds, reaching 1000.

More than 10,000 US dollars, followed by Harvard University, more than 9.6 million US dollars, George Mei Sen University, more than 8 million US dollars, Yale University, 590.

More than ten thousand dollars. These think tanks and universities are interested in American social policies (such as welfare reform, affirmative action,

Social security, education reform), economic policies (such as balanced budget, tax reduction, etc. ), foreign/national defense policy (such as NATO's eastward expansion,

The revision of the new security treaty between Japan and the United States and the proposal of NMD have great influence. Conservatives know the idea clearly.

It has influence, so the investment in ideas is more active.