How is the world cultural heritage evaluated?

Two premises: ① authenticity (the most basic premise) ② protection and management (laws and regulations and funds are formulated by relevant management agencies).

World heritage is divided into natural heritage, cultural heritage, mixture of natural heritage and cultural heritage and cultural landscape. World Heritage has clear definitions and standards for nomination by member countries and approval by the Heritage Committee.

1. Cultural heritage

Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science.

Architectural complex: from the historical, artistic or scientific point of view, because of its architectural form, identity and position in the landscape, it has outstanding and universal value of individuals or interrelated architectural complexes.

Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.

Its criteria are:

(1) represents a unique artistic achievement and a creative masterpiece of genius.

(2) It can have a significant impact on the development of architectural art, memorial art, planning or landscape design in a certain period or in a certain cultural region of the world.

(3) It can provide a unique or at least special witness for a disappearing civilization or cultural tradition.

(4) It can be used as an outstanding example of a building, a group of buildings or a landscape to show an important stage (or stages) in human history.

(5) It can be regarded as an outstanding example of traditional human habitation or use, representing one (or several) cultures, especially under the influence of irreversible changes.

(6) It has a direct and substantial connection with events of special universal significance or current traditions or ideas or beliefs or literary and artistic works (the Committee believes that this paragraph can only be the reason for listing in the catalogue under some special circumstances or when the standards work together with other standards).

2. Natural heredity

From an aesthetic or scientific point of view, a natural feature consisting of geological and biological structures or such structural groups with outstanding and universal value.

From a scientific or conservation point of view, it has a prominent and universal geological and natural geographical structure, as well as a clearly defined habitat for endangered animal and plant species.

From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, a natural scenic spot or a clearly defined natural zone with outstanding and universal value.

Its criteria are:

(1) is an outstanding example, representing an important stage in the history of earth modernization.

(2) It constitutes an outstanding example representing important geological processes, biological evolution processes and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment.

(3) Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty.

(4) Habitats of rare and endangered animals and plants.

3. Types of cultural landscape:

(1) The landscape intentionally designed and built by human beings. Including gardens and parks built for aesthetic reasons, they are often (but not always) associated with religious or other conceptual buildings or groups.

(2) The organic evolution of landscape. It originated from the initial social, economic, administrative and religious needs, and developed into the present form through the connection or adaptation with the surrounding natural environment. It also includes two subcategories: first, the remains (fossils) landscape represents an evolutionary process that has ended in a certain period in the past, whether it is sudden or gradual. They have outstanding and universal value because their distinctive features are still reflected in the physical objects. Secondly, the sustainable landscape, which maintains a positive social role in the local society related to the traditional lifestyle, is still in the process of its own evolution, and at the same time shows the physical evidence of its evolution and development in history.

cultural heritage

According to the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, one of the following categories can be classified as cultural heritage:

1. Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science;

2. Buildings: From a historical, artistic or scientific point of view, they have outstanding and universal value because of their architectural form, identity and position in the landscape.

3. Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.

There are six specific evaluation criteria for world cultural heritage, so long as they meet any one of them (except Article 6, which cannot exist alone), they can be selected into the World Heritage List.

A stands for creative masterpieces of genius: for example, the pyramids and the Great Wall.

B It had a great influence in a certain period or a certain cultural area in the world-for example, Versailles (the oldest and largest palace in Europe, whose layout and specifications have influenced Europe for two or three centuries).

C. special proof of a culture. For example, the Persian city-state palace in Iran was left over from the Persian Empire. The carvings on the wall reflect the situation in Persia at that time, and the tributes from various countries are cultural proof. On Easter Island, there are only huge stone statues left, leaving no other antiquities. Only stone statues were used to study the history at that time.

D. a model of a historical period. Different from the second article, the model refers to more influences, such as the Vatican, which influenced the 6th and 7th centuries, and everything is essential.

E. outstanding examples that are difficult to preserve, such as Indian reservations.

F it has direct and substantial connection with some major events or previous traditional concepts or beliefs or literary and artistic works. This clause cannot be established independently. Such as Jerusalem and the Statue of Liberty.

Natural heritability

The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage defines natural heritage as one of the following:

1. From the aesthetic or scientific point of view, natural features with outstanding and universal value are composed of geological and biological structures or such structural groups;

2. From a scientific or conservation point of view, geological and natural geographical structures with outstanding and universal values, and clearly defined ecological zones of endangered animal and plant species;

3. From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, there are only natural places or clearly defined natural areas with outstanding and universal values.

Natural heritage projects listed in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria and be approved:

1, which constitutes an outstanding example representing an important stage in the history of earth evolution;

2. It is an outstanding example representing important geological processes, biological evolution processes and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment;

3. Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty;

4. Habitats of existing rare or endangered animal and plant species.

Cultural landscape and others

The concept of cultural landscape was put forward at the16th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Santa Fe, USA in February, and was listed in the World Heritage List.

In this way, the world heritage can be divided into: natural heritage, cultural heritage, a mixture of natural heritage and cultural heritage (that is, dual heritage, China's Taishan, Huangshan, Emei Mountain-Leshan Giant Buddha) and cultural landscape. Cultural landscape represents the "works of nature and human beings" expressed in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Generally speaking, there are the following types of cultural landscapes:

1. Landscape designed and built by human beings. Including gardens and parks built for aesthetic reasons, they are often (but not always) associated with religious or other memorial buildings or buildings.

2. The landscape of organic evolution. It originated from the initial social, economic, administrative and religious needs, and developed into the present form through the connection or adaptation with the surrounding natural environment. It also includes two categories: one is the relic (or fossil) landscape, which represents an evolutionary process that has ended in the past, whether it is sudden or gradual. They have outstanding and universal value because their distinctive features are still reflected in the physical objects. The second is the sustainable landscape, which maintains a positive social role associated with the traditional lifestyle in today's society, and its own evolution process is still in progress, while showing the physical evidence of its evolution and development in history.

3. Related cultural landscape. This kind of landscape is listed in the World Heritage List, which is characterized by its connection with natural factors, strong religion, art or culture, rather than cultural material evidence. In addition, once the historical sites and natural landscapes listed in the World Heritage List are seriously threatened, they can be listed in the List of Endangered World Heritage after investigation and consideration by the World Heritage Committee, pending emergency rescue measures.

Oral and intangible heritage of mankind

The oral and intangible heritage of mankind (referred to as intangible cultural heritage), also known as intangible heritage, is a concept relative to tangible heritage, that is, material heritage that can be passed down. Refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions (such as folk activities, performing arts, traditional knowledge and skills, and related appliances, articles, handicrafts, etc.). ) and the cultural space closely related to people of all ethnic groups from generation to generation.

The International Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted on June 5438+ 10, 2003 points out that intangible cultural heritage should cover five aspects: 1. Oral legends and expressions, including language as a medium of intangible cultural heritage; 2. Performing arts; 3. Social customs, etiquette and festivals; 4. Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; 5. Traditional handicraft skills. The convention also points out that the intangible meaning in the concept of intangible cultural heritage is opposite to the material production that meets people's basic material needs, and refers to the intangible meaning of spiritual production aimed at meeting people's spiritual needs. The so-called immateriality does not mean that it is insulated from matter, but refers to its creative activities and the crystallization of its spiritual field in the form of immateriality.

At present, China has a national intangible cultural heritage list, and it is necessary to enter the national intangible cultural heritage list to declare the representative works of the United Nations.

If you want to enter the world, you must first apply to be named China, and then recommend it as a world cultural heritage. (What does lZ mean by little Mao Mao? ) At the international level, then, we should consider two points: one is unique, and the other is that Kaiping has certain characteristics in the West and is more easily accepted by people outside China. If the application is successful, although its value will be recognized by the world and become the supreme honor, it will also restrict local development, such as building water conservancy projects and mining, which is difficult to succeed from the perspective of protecting cultural heritage ~

But anyway, I am very much in favor of the Huangdi Mausoleum of the Chinese nation becoming a world cultural heritage. We lost a Dragon Boat Festival before, which made people very disgusted. In fact, I can feel a little sad from this incident. First of all, there are not many people who pay attention to the world heritage (from the population of 65.438+0.3 billion), and few people will ask "why not be included in the world heritage" by rhetorical question. Secondly, it is the attitude of China people. China people's attitude towards cultural heritage is mostly from indignation to disappointment, and finally indifference. ("Compromise" is the bad root of China in middle school history books) However, now the ceremony of Huangdi Mausoleum has become the intangible cultural heritage of China. I believe that with the support of the local government and constant publicity, such a good cultural heritage will definitely occupy a place in the world.