What are the unique ethnic cultural phenomena in Fuzhou

Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's group culture in the process of social history and cultural development gradually converged on the Han culture, and the factors that constitute this phenomenon have many aspects, but the main is manifested in the integration of immigrants and intermarriage Han, cultural penetration and system of coercion, boat-dwelling people's social status role changes, and so on.

"The boat-dwelling people" is the name given to the water dwellers in ancient books. The name of boat-dwelling people (Danmin) has a long history, "east of Jianping, south of Wuling, west of Bashu, north of Shangyong. Their subordinates were the barbarians of Nu, Beom, Yi, and Dan." This is the earliest record of boat-dwelling people in history. Fuzhou boat-dwelling people also has a long history, they are mostly living in the middle and lower reaches of the Minjiang River Basin and the estuary area of the water inhabitants, but also by the Fuzhou language is commonly known as the "Curved Hoof" or "Section". Academics generally believe that the Minjiang River Basin "boat-dwelling people", the earliest should be derived from the Han and Jin Dynasties Fujian Min Yue indigenous people. In Chinese history, the boat-dwellers have always been a special group with different characteristics from all other ethnic groups, i.e., they are a water community with boats as their home. In history, the boat-dwellers suffered all kinds of discrimination and exploitation prejudice, its social status role is extremely low, the history of Fuzhou boat-dwellers and its related historical records are quite limited, "Sui Book", "Northern History", "Taiping Huan Yu Ji", "Fuji Shan Zhi", "Min Du Bieji", "Sanshan Zhi", and Republic of China period of "Fuzhou boat-dwellers survey" and other historical documents and historical data on Fuzhou boat-dwellers to carry out a certain amount of narratives. In the academic world, experts and scholars also based on these limited historical materials, Fuzhou, Fujian, boat-dwelling people to carry out certain discussions, such as Chen Bisheng, "on the name of the Fuzhou water-dwelling people, the origin, characteristics and whether the ethnic minorities," Han Zhenhua, "trying to explain the historical origins of the water-dwelling people of Fujian (Bayshirou)," Jiang Bingzhao, "boat-dwelling people's historical sources and their cultural heritage," Lin Weiwen, "the name of the boat-dwelling people of Fujian and distribution of the Examination", Yang Jiliang, "Fuzhou boat-dwelling people," Liu Chuanbiao, "Minjiang River Basin boat-dwelling people's culture and customs of the form," and so on the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people made a thematic study of the research.

In ancient times, Fuzhou boat-dwellers formed and preserved their own cultural traditions to a certain extent. The Qing Dynasty's "Min Du Bei Ji" describes the "Qu Shou", that is, Fuzhou boat-dwellers, forming a boat-dweller cultural phenomenon that is quite contrasted with the Han Chinese culture, conceptualized and symbolized. For example, in terms of moral character, the "Qu Hu" are selfish, greedy for small favors, and forgetful of righteousness; in terms of treating people and things, they are indifferent, self-enclosed, self-protecting, and do not know how to deal with the world; in terms of interpersonal relationships and social roles, their children "do not wait to be called, but come to pick up the guests. In terms of interpersonal relationships and social roles, their children "do not wait to be called, but should come to receive the guests", and cannot "call themselves little students"; in terms of socio-psychological aspects, they are related to the dangers from the world of ghosts and monsters, and so on. These can fully reflect the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people, "Qu Hoof" culture and the northern Han culture of the Central Plains of the big difference, reflecting the former's obvious particularity. But in today's society, Fuzhou boat-dwelling people in the region, we can clearly find today's "Qu Hoof" life forms, psychological state, and other aspects of the Fuzhou region with the "Han" performance is not a special difference, obviously, this is recorded with the historical historical data on the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's cultural status, life style, psychological state and other manifestations for the assimilation of Han culture, that is, gradually tending to "Hanization". In view of this, this paper wants to Fuzhou boat-dwelling people on the "Sinicization" of the problem of preliminary analysis.

In the academic world, the word "sinicization" is quite controversial, today's academic interpretation and discussion of the word "sinicization" itself has been very few, and the concept of "sinicization" has basically been "sinicized". The use of this concept has basically been "conventional". Professor Qi Meiqin of Renmin University of China, in his article, "A Study of "Sinicization" and Its Related Issues over the Past Ten Years," typically summarizes the deeper meaning of the term "sinicization": "Sinicization" means the transformation of a people. Sinicization" refers to the transformation of a nation's culture so that the language, writing, customs and psychological state of that nation are assimilated into the Han Chinese. The Han here refers to the northern central cultural group. Historical records show that the boat-dwelling people of Fuzhou are "stupid and do not know how to write, and do not keep track of the years", which describes the cultural state of the boat-dwelling people of Fuzhou, who do not know how to express themselves in writing as a primitive phenomenon, and shows the obvious lagging behind and closedness of their own cultural development. Tang Liu Yuxi Yun: "Min have negative sea of Rao ...... family rafters, and the Chinese language does not make sense", "family rafters" refers to the water residents, that is, the boat-dwelling people, which shows that the boat-dwelling people in the Fuzhou area has This shows that the boat-dwellers in the Fuzhou area have formed their own language. There is a big difference between the customs of boat-dwelling people and those of Han culture. The boat-dwelling people in the Minjiang River Basin are an ancient group with diversified origins, so they have also formed special cultural customs. Liu Chuanbiao in his thesis "the cultural and customary patterns of boat-dwelling people in the Minjiang River Basin" pointed out the diversity and specificity of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's cultural and customary practices, which can be glimpsed as the characteristics of their Min-Yueyue heritage: "living in boats", "dry-fence type of dwelling", "barefooted but not crowned", "barefooted but not crowned", "barefooted but not crowned", "barefooted but not crowned". "living in boats", "living in dry piles", "barefooted without a crown", "the habit of eating raw aquatic products" and so on. The psychological state of Fuzhou boat-dwellers is also different from that of the Han Chinese in the north of the Central Plains. The boat-dwelling people due to their living space, geographical environment is relatively closed and other objective factors, the psychological state and the land residents inevitably form a certain degree of segregation. Therefore, from the above aspects, we can see that the group culture of Fuzhou boat-dwellers is different from that of the Han culture in the north of the Central Plains. In today's society, there are still a certain number of boat-dwelling people in the Minjiang River Basin, but these boat-dwelling people's living customs, language and culture, lifestyle and other aspects have been basically assimilated with the people of Fuzhou, showing no obvious dissimilarity or specificity, Fuzhou boat-dwelling people have been almost completely assimilated into the Han Chinese culture, but the process of Han Chinese is a more complex process. But this "Sinicization" process is a more complex process, this paper wants to Fuzhou boat-dwelling people "Sinicization" problem for the first time to explore the analysis.

Compared with the traditional sinicization process of other ethnic minorities in history, the phenomenon of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's "sinicization" has its own unique features, but also some of these **** the same characteristics, such as the "sinicization" of all the heterogeneous groups of history are generally manifested in the migration, integration, intermarriage, cultural infiltration, and the development of a new culture and culture. Integration, intermarriage, cultural penetration, institutional coercion, changes in social status roles, etc., in these aspects, Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's "Sinicization" performance is no exception.

One, the integration of immigrants and intermarriage Sinicization

The earliest historical record of water dwellers is the Jin Dynasty's "Huayang Guo Zhi", and the earliest historical record of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people in the Sui Dynasty period, "when the South China Sea first five or six hundred home water, for the dead, the number of yachts said yachtsmen ... ... ...Guoqing is chopped wisdom in Quanzhou (i.e. Fuzhou)", in the Sui Dynasty, Fuzhou area already has a certain number of boat-dwelling life exists, and most of them are "for the dead", it can be known that, in the period of war and chaos, including the Han Chinese, part of the people in order to escape the It can be known that during the period of war and chaos, some people, including the Han people, in order to escape from the war and save their lives, became part of the boat-dwelling people in Fuzhou, which also reflects the existence of early immigrants, who, together with boat-dwelling people from other sources, became part of the indigenous inhabitants of Fujian and Yue. The Records of the Grand Historian recorded that during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "the Son of Heaven said that the East Vietnam was narrow and many obstacles, and the Min-Yueyue was tough, several times repeatedly, and ordered the military officials to migrate all their people to the rivers and Huaihuai. East Yue land then virtual". In the Han, Jin and North and South Dynasties period, Min Yue region was conquered by the Central Plains forces, in the Min Yue region of the indigenous residents were forced to migrate to the "river, Huai Huai", Min Yue region appeared to be deserted at the same time, in the subsequent development of the history of the Central Plains Han Chinese people also continue to migrate southward, the Han culture began to spread in the Min Yue region. As the residents living on land were forced to move north in this period, most of the residents still living in the Min-Yue region were boat-dwellers living on the water. Therefore, this period, the Han Chinese immigrants to the Minjiang River Basin, and Fuzhou boat-dwelling people for a certain degree of integration, although in the process of integration, will inevitably produce some kind of cultural resistance phenomenon, but through the immigration, through the integration of Han, Han culture has been initially affected by living in the Minjiang River Basin boat-dwelling people's culture. The Eastern Jin and Northern Dynasties period, due to the war in the northern part of the Central Plains, "Jiangdong clothes right blocking" "eight surnames into the Fujian", and a large number of Han Chinese people to avoid the chaos of the south, part of which settled in the central region of Fujian, Minjiang River Basin boat-dwelling groups of the primitive culture has been a formidable challenge. The importation of Han culture from the Central Plains often conquered and challenged the primitive customs, institutions and cultural forms of the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people to a certain extent.

The migration and settlement of Han Chinese from the northern part of the Central Plains to the central region of Fujian began the process of integration between the Han Chinese and the boat-dwelling people. And this integration was even more manifested in the process of Hanization through intermarriage. Through intermarriage between Han and foreigners is the most convenient way to promote the spread and development of Han culture, the Tang Jingfu three years, Han Wang Chao, Wang Auditory led three thousand troops into Fujian, after the attack on Fuzhou by the southern Fujian, these three thousand soldiers stationed in Fuzhou. In order to stabilize Fuzhou, Wang adopted the "Han-Barbarian Marriage" to ease the ethnic rivalry. The indigenous boat-dwelling women of Fuzhou were forced to intermarry with the Han soldiers, thus further integrating the Han culture with the boat-dwelling culture, and gradually tending towards sinicization. This is a typical example of the Han people in the north of the Central Plains migrating, spreading and even inculcating their Han culture into the boat-dwelling people of Fuzhou through "intermarriage and sinicization".

Two, cultural infiltration and institutional coercion

The Han Chinese from the northern part of the Central Plains migrated to the Fuzhou area of Fujian and Vietnam, and introduced their own traditional culture and rules and regulations to the indigenous people of Fuzhou, especially the boat-dwellers, who constituted the majority of the indigenous people of Fuzhou at that time.

The infiltration of Han culture into the boat-dwelling groups in Fuzhou from the cultural sphere is more significant. To Fuzhou Minjiangkou area of the boat-dwelling people, for example, the Tang Dynasty, the region's boat-dwelling people, such as Fujian Normal University, Professor Xie Chongguang that "the Tang Dynasty in Fujian, the population of indigenous minorities should be more than the Han Chinese population," and the Tang Dynasty in the region of Fujian and Vietnam, the more majority of the "indigenous minority populations The majority of the "indigenous minority population" in the Min-Yue region during the Tang Dynasty belonged to the status of boat-dwelling people, which shows the large number of boat-dwelling people in the region during the Tang Dynasty. And "Tang Wude eight years (625 years), Governor Wang Yitong sent envoys to pacify, get their leaders Zhou Zuoling, fine Lings, and so on, and awarded riding lieutenant, so that the phase of the command, not for the kou ......" Tang government through this approach to the Minjiang River Basin of boat-dwelling people to carry out the ideological and cultural "Tangization", the purpose is to be these boat-dwelling people "not for the enemy". This ensured the stability of the sea border and safeguarded the interests of the rulers. Here is both the means of cultural penetration, but also the implication of institutional coercion. In order to make the boat-dwelling people of the Minjiang River basin submit to the imperial government, the government through the use of Han culture on the former infiltration, so that these boat-dwelling people gradually by the "Tang", and "not for the bandits". The government gradually "Tangized" these boat-dwellers by using the Han culture to infiltrate the former, so that they would not become "bandits". "The granting of the title of Cavalry Lieutenant" has risen to the level of the system, forcing the boat-dwellers to submit to the Han culture and the imperial government through the system. "In the 10th year of Zhen Guan, the boat-dwellers began to pay half of the tax", indicating that the Tang Dynasty had already implemented a rent and tax system for the boat-dwellers who had been subjugated and pacified. Since these boat-dwellers were already pacified, they had no choice but to accept these cultures, systems and policies, thus gradually advancing the process of their own "Sinicization". Therefore, whether from the cultural penetration or from the system of coercion, the "Han culture" in the northern part of the Central Plains on the Fuzhou boat-dwellers of the cultural and institutional impact, so that the Fuzhou boat-dwellers of the original boat-dwelling culture to further dilute, and had to absorb, accept the Han culture from a different place; from another point of view, the government of the northern part of the Central Plains of the Fujian-Vietnamese boat-dwellers of the Fuzhou area. On the other hand, the policy of "Sinicization" of the boat-dwelling people in the Fuzhou area by the northern government of the central plains could facilitate the ruler's control of the sea border and improve the centralized power of the centralized government, so as to rationally incorporate the marine indigenous people and boat-dwelling people into its political structure.

Three, the boat-dwelling people's social status changes and its "Sinicization"

The boat-dwelling people's social status has always been extremely low, the Fuzhou area folk more circulated "curse words", "curse word "are related to boat-dwelling people, such as" a good 'Qu Huo plague' "," ghosts wear human skin into Qu Huo woman "," Qu Huo Gluttony, do not come to report to know", "boat-dwelling thieves", "boat-dwelling prostitutes", "boat-dwelling women prostitution for a living" and so on and so forth with the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people "The government of successive dynasties has also been to facilitate the management of the boat-dwelling people in Fuzhou. And the successive governments also in order to facilitate the management of the boat-dwelling people together with other vulnerable groups are classified as pariahs, therefore, in ancient times, boat-dwelling people "qu hooves" is almost the same as the pariahs together, by the secular world of general discrimination and prejudice.

Since the Ming Dynasty, the governments of various dynasties for various considerations, gradually canceled the status of the boat-dwelling people of the untouchability, especially into the Qing Dynasty since the concern of the parties concerned. Yongzheng seven years issued an oracle to allow boat-dwelling households and Qimin together with the A household, the decree of boat-dwelling people "liberation": "Where the powerless boat-dwelling households listen to the boat at their own convenience, do not have to be forced to disembark,......, and allowed to reside in the near-water villages, with the Qimin together! Organized A household, ...... and order the Secretary to persuade the boat-dwelling households to reclaim the wasteland sowing plus field for the service of the people of the capital." The government had already put the boat-dwellers on a par with the Qimin, allowing them to live and farm ashore. Although the living standard of the boat-dwellers was still relatively low, it had changed dramatically from the past. The social status of the boat-dwellers was comparable to that of the Qimin, and they could live on the shore, thus getting rid of the difficult conditions of living on the water, and their original life pattern would change to a certain extent, and gradually converge with that of the land-dwellers, thus further advancing the process of their Sinicization. Such as the Qianlong period, issued an oracle "...... allow its (boat-dwelling people, etc.) reported to donate to the test", so that boat-dwelling people to further contact with the Chinese culture, absorption, acceptance of the Chinese culture, and allow boat-dwelling people to report to donate to the test, in a sense, has been boat-dwelling people and the other people treated the same way. But in reality, the Qing Dynasty on the boat-dwelling people "liberation" is very incomplete. It is because of the social role of the boat-dwelling people status "liberation" of the incomplete, the Republic of China period, Fuzhou boat-dwelling people have petitioned several times to the Consultative Council, please allow and civilian equality. In the first year of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen ordered "to open up the boat-dwelling aborigines to enjoy public and private rights as a whole". The boat-dwelling people of the Minjiang River basin in Fuzhou again petitioned for the "restoration of the rights of boat-dwelling people", "...... also has the provision of equality of all people, which can not be exclusively outside the boat-dwelling people is also clear", reflecting the "untouchability" of the boat-dwelling people, including the boat-dwelling people of Fuzhou, and the "pariahs" of the boat-dwelling people. The "untouchables", including the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people, the awakening of the consciousness of equality.

So, from the point of view of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's social status change, on the one hand, Fuzhou boat-dwelling people's social status is not only the result of their own efforts, but also since the Ming Dynasty rulers to adjust their political and economic policies, seeking to further safeguard the interests of their rule of the results of the change objectively for the boat-dwelling people accepted the group; from the side of the view, boat-dwelling people to accept the status of their social roles, to obey the rulers of the change of their social role. On the other hand, from a side view, the boat-dwellers could accept the change of their social role status, submit to the ruler's policies and systems, and consciously demand equality, which also reflected the boat-dwellers' admiration for the advanced Han culture, their demand for equal status with the common people of the country, and their desire for "Hanization", or even their desire for "feudalization". Therefore, the social status of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people, the social role from the original "untouchable" gradually evolved into later "equal to the Qimin", is the gradual deepening of the process of Sinicization embodied.

Fourth, Fuzhou boat-dwelling people Sinicization performance

The Han people in the northern part of the Central Plains, through immigrant integration, intermarriage and Sinicization, cultural penetration, systematic coercion, and enhancement of the status of boat-dwelling people's social roles and other ways of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people in the implementation of the Han culture, so that the latter gradually diluted their own primitive culture, habits, etc., and, on the basis of which they had to absorb, accept the Han culture, fusion of the Han culture, thus creating a sense of national belonging in the Han culture, the Han culture. On this basis, they had to absorb and accept the Han culture and integrate with it, thus generating some sort of cultural identity in terms of national belonging and gradually evolving into a part of today's Fuzhou people. Min County Local History" cloud: "this territory (Min County) within the no other kind of people, but there are boat-dwelling people", visible at the time of boat-dwelling people, and this "boat-dwelling people" in the face of the Han culture penetration, the use of their own traditional cultural resources to resist at the same time, or passive, or active The "boat-dwelling people", in the face of the Han cultural penetration, used their own traditional cultural resources to resist, but also either passively or actively absorbed the cultural factors of the Han group, enriching and adjusting their own cultural forms and habits. And the above factors on the boat-dwelling people "Sinicization" is undoubtedly the greatest influence on the integration of immigrants, boat-dwelling people and immigrants for a long time **** place, in the boycott and counter-boycott between the immigrant's original cultural traditions finally obeyed, had to submit to the "Sinicization".

Fifth, the rest of the theory

In summary, the boat-dwelling people in learning, absorbing, accepting and identifying with the Han culture at the same time, although the boat-dwelling people will be retained to a certain extent different from other groups of the characteristics of the boat-dwelling part, but the mainstream of its development is the identification of the Han culture, the Fuzhou boat-dwelling people of the evolution of the evolutionary process of the development of boat-dwelling people in the history of the boat-dwelling people is the process of the boat-dwelling people gradually "Hanization". The historical development and evolution of Fuzhou's boat-dwelling people is a process of gradual "Sinicization" of the boat-dwelling people, which is not an exaggeration at all. From a macro point of view, if the culture must be divided into advanced and backward difference, boat-dwelling culture compared to the Han culture is obviously belong to the backward culture, and the backward culture is subject to the advanced culture, or take the initiative to consciously absorb, accept the advanced culture, or the latter on its mandatory implementation, this is the trend of the development of the historical and cultural (although in a sense, the boat-dwelling culture also affects the development of Han culture changes), Fuzhou The dependence of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people on Chinese culture is an inevitable choice in response to the historical and cultural development of the society. Therefore, the course of "Sinicization" of Fuzhou boat-dwelling people is a manifestation of their own historical development and the requirements of the historical development of the society. From the cultural point of view, it is impossible to have a reciprocal relationship between different levels of cultural exchanges, and the culture at the lower end must pay a certain price to absorb and learn the advantages of the culture at the upper end. Historically, the boat-dwelling people of Fuzhou absorbed the cultural factors of Han society more extensively, learned and drew on the strengths of Han culture to enrich and adjust their own cultural forms and contents, and to improve the level of their cultural connotations and the role of their social status, and this process is often manifested in the process of identifying themselves with the Han culture and submitting themselves to Han domination, and it is the process of exchanging a certain amount of money for their historical progress and social status improvement. The process is a process of exchanging a certain price for their historical progress and improved social status. But on the whole, compared to the progress and development of boat-dwelling culture, this price is obviously slight, and the boat-dwelling community in Fuzhou can only gradually comply with the trend of social history and culture development through the identification with Han culture.