Type identification of porcelain identification

It is also a reliable method to identify porcelain according to its shape.

To observe the shape of the observer, we must first have a basic understanding of the shape of the past dynasties. Ceramic modeling is closely related to people's living habits, aesthetic standards and technical conditions at that time, which can better reflect the characteristics of each era. With the development of the times, it has become more and more complicated, while the ancient modeling is simpler than before. As far as the modeling of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties is concerned, the modeling of Yuan Dynasty is mostly plain and naive, and blue and white porcelain is more prominent than that of Song and Ming Dynasties. Especially the jars, jars, bottles, jars, dishes, bowls and other utensils commonly used in daily life are quite large. For example, some Yuan blue-and-white and glazed red bowls handed down from ancient times have a caliber of 42cm, and the caliber of blue-and-white and glazed red bowls is also about 45 ~ 58 cm. Because the matrix is thick, it is not easy to be fired, and there are inevitably some defects such as warping, flattening, concave heart and convex bottom, so many documents have the theory of coarse porcelain.

Ming and Qing porcelain

In Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, the bottoms of plates and bowls were mostly convex and concave, and the circle was larger than that in the Yuan Dynasty, which was particularly stable. Fetal soil is good at pottery, and its shape is suitable. For example, the green hualien pattern "hand cup" is the most typical example. During the Xuande period in the Ming Dynasty, porcelain shapes were varied, and plates, bowls, cups, jars, altars and bottles were all exquisite and innovative, such as "unparalleled respect". During Chenghua period, porcelain was exquisite, delicate in shape and not magnificent. For example, the most famous colored flat-bellied cups, Gauss cups and Sanqiu cups are all representative works of beauty and elegance. They are very light and far behind imitations. There are not many works handed down by Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, and it is famous for its yellow glazed ear jars and bowls. During Zheng De's period, the most prominent shapes were penholder, screen string, pier bowl and so on. After Jia and Wanli, the modeling became more and more complicated, and many innovative works appeared in the form. Just as Jingdezhen recorded that "making a good test, there is nothing", it can be said that in style, it is both heavy, light and gorgeous, but compared with the works that are harmonious, easy and elegant, it is a bit shoddy.

In the Qing Dynasty, the shapes or varieties of utensils increased obviously, and they were beautifully made. Among them, the innovative works in Kangxi period are unique. The creation of vessel modeling in Yongzheng period is also rich and colorful, especially the famous kilns in Song Dynasty and the porcelain made in Yong, Xuan and Cheng kilns in Ming Dynasty, which are not only beautifully glazed, vividly decorated, but also more confusing in modeling. During the Qianlong period, the prominent shapes were rotary neck bottle, rotary heart bottle, flower basket, fan and book Yin He. During this period, the innovation of antiques reached a climax, and the imitations of copper, stone, lacquer, jade, bamboo, wood and related items were very similar. After Jiaqing and Daoguang, most of them followed the old system and there were few innovative works. Modeling has changed from exquisite to clumsy, losing the excellent tradition of the previous period. For example, the shape of the jade pot spring bottle is not obviously different in the three generations of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, but it gradually becomes clumsy. In Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong periods, it became a short and thick shape with a short neck and a full belly, and its shape was far less beautiful than before.

In addition to understanding the basic characteristics of porcelain modeling in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, we need to understand or master some methods of observing modeling. Generally, we should pay attention to the mouth, abdomen and bottom first. Many blood vessels of the same type are very similar in appearance, but we can draw different conclusions by carefully observing these three parts. For example, in the mid-Ming Dynasty, the shapes of knives such as bottles, pots and cans mostly left obvious joint marks on the abdomen, but after the Qing Dynasty, such joint marks were not obvious because of the meticulous rotary cutting. The so-called fine line difference often plays a very important role in dating and distinguishing fakes. Another example is that the radian of the disk in Yuan Dynasty is small and shallow, while that of Yong and Xuan in Ming Dynasty is large and slightly deep, with the former having a small bottom and the latter having a large bottom. Especially in Yongle modeling, regardless of the size of the dish or bowl, the center of the utensil is concave, the bottom of the utensil is convex, and the inner wall of the foot is slightly outward. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were obvious wheel-shaped cuts on the bottom of plates and bowls in many folk kilns, which were called "jumping knives", but they were rare in official kilns.

Some times are close to or imitated by later generations, because the raw materials of fetal glaze and decorative calligraphy are similar. It's usually hard to tell the difference. For example, Yong and Xuan blue-and-white cake bowls are painted with three layers of ornamentation inside and four layers of ornamentation outside. The fetal glazes are almost the same at first sight, and they are all curly. However, careful observation reveals the important difference between the two: the lower part of the bowl is different in convergence, that is, the Yongle bowl is full and the Yide bowl is slightly cut. These subtle differences are based on defects caused by technical conditions such as molding and kiln firing, or accidental negligence. The shape of the imitation is more or less different from the original. Although the copy is made according to the original product, it is the same as the original product before firing, but its shape is more or less different from the original product after high temperature firing. This may be due to the inconsistency in the source, preparation and refining of raw materials.

Identification of Yongzheng porcelain according to its shape: The shape of Yongzheng porcelain is elegant, small and exquisite, with plates, bowls, cups, saucers and small objects as the main features. The proportion of the device is coordinated, which has the so-called "curve beauty". 2. Identify Yongzheng porcelain according to its decorative patterns;

The pattern style is meticulous, the characters are handsome, and the flowers are particularly delicate.

Painting was still the main decorative pattern in Yongzheng, and the pattern was particularly neat and unique. The flowers and animals in the sketch paintings are very vivid, and the yin and yang aspects are obviously the same as those in the paper and silk paintings at that time.

The painting patterns include: school flowers, broken branches, broken branches, pine, bamboo and plum, ball flowers, eight peaches, flowers and birds, Hua Die, Yunlong, Yunfeng, Tuanlong, Tuandad, Babao, Zhuangdan, magpie climbing plum, landscapes, figures, the West Chamber, baby play pictures, sixteen sons, ladies pictures, eight immortals and pavilions on the balcony.

Since Yongzheng, enameled porcelain has been called "Guyuexuan", which is more elaborate than Kangxi's production process. At this time, there is a significant difference between enamel and Kangxi: Kangxi is generally a relatively regular pattern painting, using colored land. During the Yongzheng period, all paintings were colorless, with special emphasis on painting meaning, and there were many painting themes, such as flowers and birds, landscapes, pines, bamboos and plums, which were extremely vivid.

3. According to the fetal glaze to identify Yongzheng porcelain:

Yongzheng tire is thin and light, and the magnifying glass is neat but not heavy.

There are many kinds of glaze colors, and there are orange peel lines on the glaze, which is the outstanding feature of Yongzheng porcelain.

The kiln turned to red glaze, which began to appear at this time, with red and blue intertwined, and blue was more than red.

Furnace Jun glaze, also from this time on, is composed of sorghum red and emerald green.

4. Identify Yongzheng porcelain according to its foot shape and style:

Yongzheng porcelain has a straight foot, a round foot and a narrow exposed tire.

There are six-character two-line regular script and six-character three-line regular script, all of which have blue-and-white double circles and blue-and-white frames, and some have no frames, as well as stamps of "Qing Yongzheng Year" and "Yongzheng Year".

5. The characteristics of blue-and-white porcelain and colored porcelain in Yongzheng porcelain appraisal:

The shades of blue and white are blue and white and pink. Blue and white color levels are not as many as Kangxi, generally only 2-3 tones.

Colorful variegated colors are soft but not bright. The figures and scenery painted in pastel, multicolored and enamel colors are obviously reduced, and the pictures are gathered. Pastel decoration is delicate, the color tone is elegant and the three-dimensional sense is strong. Around the decorative patterns of colored paintings and in the background of white glaze, you can often see a colorful circle of "color halo".

Compared with Kangxi, the color fight has been improved. Both the color and pattern are finer than before, and the color is thinner, and the tone is very soft and elegant.