A better book on world geography.

World geography omniscient (Platinum Advanced Edition)

Introduction: The book recommended by the editor is divided into six parts: the universe and the earth, Africa, Asia, Oceania, America (South America and North America) and Europe. This paper comprehensively and systematically introduces the geographical features, natural resources, economy, customs, transportation, education and tourism of more than 200 countries and regions in the world, and interprets the world's natural and human geography from multiple angles. The book has set up "National Survey", "Historical Chronology" and other related columns to extend and expand the world geographical knowledge, trying to make the complicated geographical knowledge form a systematic and scientific organic whole, which is convenient for readers to learn and master. The book contains more than 400 beautiful pictures, including natural wonders, famous cities, cultural sites, underwater world, cultural sites and so on. , complement each other, giving readers pleasant visual enjoyment and broad imagination. This book is practical, informative and concise. The arrangement of each part pays attention to internal relations and logical order. Detailed data, concise country profiles and historical chronology are intuitive and clear, which is convenient for readers to browse quickly. Introduction: This book opens a window for readers to know and understand the world quickly, and is a reference book to help readers learn and master the knowledge of world geography quickly. The book is divided into six parts: the universe and the earth, Africa, Asia, Oceania, America (South America and North America) and Europe. This paper comprehensively and systematically introduces the geographical features, natural resources, economy, customs, transportation, education and tourism of more than 200 countries and regions in the world, and interprets the world's natural and human geography from multiple angles. And set up "national overview", "historical chronology" and other related columns to extend the world geographical knowledge, trying to make the complicated geographical knowledge form a systematic and scientific organic whole, which is convenient for readers to learn and master. At the same time, this book is equipped with beautiful pictures that match the text content. Through the organic combination with the layout, the geographical knowledge will become cordial, accompany the readers to start a pleasant reading journey, and easily acquire the world geographical knowledge. Directory Universe and Earth Introduction Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Africa, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, C? te d 'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Central Africa, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Congo Brazzaville and Gabon. Zimbabwe Botswana Namibia South Africa Swaziland Lesotho Eritrea Saint Helena reunion island Asia Overview China Mongolia Korea Laos Cambodia Myanmar Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Nepal Bangladesh India Pakistan Kuwait Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates Oman Iraq Syria Jordan Israel Cyprus Turkey Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Tajikistan. Stan Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Georgia Oceania Overview New Zealand Australia Tuvalu Samoa Tonga Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Fiji Islands Micronesia Federated States Kiribati New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna Americas Overview Canada USA Greenland Mexico Guatemala Belize El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Cuba Jamaica Haiti Dominica Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Antigua and Barbuda. Dominica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Barbados Grenada Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Anguilla Montserrat Guadeloupe Martinik Netherlands Antilles Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Ecuador Peru Brazil Bolivia Argentina Paraguay Uruguay Europe Overview Norway Sweden Denmark Iceland Faroe Islands Ireland UK Billy Luxembourg Netherlands France Monaco. , Liechtenstein, Austria, Hungary, Czech Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Italy, San Marino, Vatican, Slovenia, Malta, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Greece, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, book abstracts, illustrations, Africa overview, transportation in Africa. The transportation system (especially the railway) is mainly built for the export of important products, not for transportation in all parts of China. Traffic conditions seriously restrict the development of African economy. Most of Africa's main natural resources are hidden inland, so it is difficult to develop without railway transportation system. However, in order to build a railway on the African continent, it is necessary to overcome the steep slope and hot and humid climate unique to Africa, and it is difficult and expensive to build a railway. Apart from the southernmost tip of Africa, Africa is one of the few regions in the world with inadequate railway systems. Africa's road system is also underdeveloped. Many roads, either rugged paths or yellow mud paths, are simply impassable in the rainy season. At present, the development goal is to reduce the money and manpower spent on the maintenance of Huangni Road, and increase the money and manpower to build asphalt roads, concrete roads or roads paved with other materials. Another goal is to develop branch lines to bridge the gap between villages. The utilization rate of inland waterways in Africa is not high. Africa is a plateau terrain, and the coastal areas are seriously eroded by seawater. Therefore, there are many rapids and waterfalls in the lower reaches of the river, and unpredictable rainfall makes the water level fluctuate greatly, which limits the utilization of the river. African seaports are superior to their inland transportation systems, and some of them are better in southern Africa, such as Lobido on the west coast and Mabudo on the east coast. Lobby has a railway connecting to the copper and cobalt mining center inland, and Mabudo also has a railway connecting to the industrial zone near Johannesburg. The natural conditions of the southern coastal ports between Mabudo and Cape Town are not very good. The expansion of the ports, especially the construction of large breakwaters, requires huge funds, while there are some excellent natural ports in the southern parts of West Africa and East Africa. Air transport Africa's aviation industry and air transport system developed synchronously with other parts of the world, and further expanded after World War II, making up for the shortcomings of railway and highway systems. Population The population of Africa reached 850 million in 2005. The population distribution is extremely uneven. 30% of the whole continent is sparsely populated desert, and a large number of people are concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, near Lake Victoria and the central coast of Guinea. On the other hand, there are few densely populated cities in sub-Saharan Africa and the northern end of limpopo river. There are dense traditional cities in Niger Bay in western Africa and Yorubaran near the coast of Guinea, which are centuries earlier than the arrival of Europeans. In other places, large-scale population transfer to cities is a phenomenon in recent years. Traditional Africa is mainly composed of villagers, nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples who have settled in small villages. The total population density in Africa is slightly higher than half of the world average, which shows that Africa is not overpopulated. However, due to the barren land and uncertain rainfall in many areas, the role of land is limited, which can not meet the productivity required for population growth. In the 20th century, ecological birth control could not stop the population growth. After 1960, the population growth rate even exceeded the growth rate of grain output, causing large-scale poverty. The infant mortality rate is higher than the world data of 4090, the average life expectancy is still only 50 years, and the average national product does not exceed the world's 1/4. If Africa's population growth is unchecked and continues to double every 25 years, then Africa will face unprecedented extreme poverty and turmoil. Race and Nationality There are many different nationalities, languages and cultures on the African continent. The most populous and widely distributed "pure blacks" in sub-Saharan Africa are blacks in forest areas. Their skin is brown or black, their hair is black and curly, their noses are wide and flat, their lips are everted, and their height varies greatly, but they are all higher than 150 cm. Niro subspecies is usually classified as all kinds of black people living in forest areas, with a thin figure, a narrow nose and less everted lips. They mainly live in the Great Lakes region and eastern Sudan, and often mix with blacks in neighboring forest areas. In the forest areas of equatorial Africa, the black people living in the forest areas are Pimeiren. The main difference between them and nigro in forest area is that their average height is less than 152 cm. The other race is the Buschman race in southwest Africa (also known as the Cape race), with a small population, represented by the San people (also known as the Bushmen) and the Koike Yiren people (also known as the Hotanto people). The average height of mulberry people is slightly higher than 152 cm, with slightly wrinkled skin, dark brown skin color, short black hair and quite curly hair. Most North Africans belong to Caucasian race. Caucasians in sub-Saharan Africa have only recently immigrated from Europe and Asia, and they still cannot be regarded as indigenous. There are many Africans, such as Fulani in sub-Saharan West Africa, and Somalis who have inherited the ancestral characteristics of Negro and Caucasian. They may be completely mixed-race. Language Africa is the continent with the largest number of languages in the world. According to various authoritative estimates, there are about 800 to 1000 independent languages, which are mainly divided into four major language families, namely, Afro-Asian language family, Nile-Saharan language family and Khoisan language family. The language in North Africa is relatively unified, and Arabic is the main language from Egypt to Mauritania. The most important dialect dividing lines are Egyptian-Sudanese dialect and Maghreb dialect (Libya in the west). There are Berber languages mixed with Maghreb dialects, mainly concentrated in Algeria and Morocco, distributed eastward to the Shiva Oasis in western Egypt, westward to the Senegal-Mauritania border and southward to the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. The situation of African languages in sub-Saharan Africa is more complicated. Except the southernmost Koisan (Buschman and Hotundu), all 1/3 regions in southern Africa are closely related Bantu languages. Bantu and non-Bantu languages are distributed in the northern part of Bantu language area, from Cameroon to northern Zaire, and then to Kenya via Uganda. Before English, French and a small amount of Portuguese were cited as second languages by most Africans, some African regions had added idioms with foreign words, collectively known as "Pidgin", which was beneficial to large-scale business and other exchanges. Swahili is one of them, belonging to Bantu language of Congo-Cordoba language family. Languages in other regions, such as Pemba, Ngara, Congo (Bantu branch of equatorial Africa), Hausa (Chad branch of West African-Asian languages) and Mandingo, also belong to pidgin. Religion The first characteristic of indigenous religions in Africa is diversity, which far exceeds its language. In Africa, almost every tribe has developed its own belief system and ethics, which cannot be deliberately spread to other societies, which is closely related to their unique culture. However, in many areas, these systems have been replaced by Islam and Christianity from the Middle East. The second universal feature of African religions is the belief in the Creator. People use various rituals, prayers and sacrifices to get the care and help of the creator. Because religion is deeply involved in society and people's lives, and it is an extremely important part of daily activities, only a few societies have organizations similar to churches, and there are not many full-time priests and sermons. Priests, prophets, rainmakers and healers are usually only members of lineage or society who have acquired special religious skills. In some societies, they may be kings or chiefs, while in others, professionals perform their duties. Both Islam and Christianity have a long history in Africa, with many followers. According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, about 45% of the population in Africa are Christians, 42% are Muslims, and 12% firmly believe in "tribal" religion. However, in any region or country, its proportion may be quite different from that of the whole African continent. Among the three religious traditions, Islam seems to be the most dominant, because it does not require people's traditional outlook on life to be completely changed. Moreover, in view of the fact that it is difficult for the mainstream of Christianity to break away from the influence of "European religion" which is closely related to colonialism, Islam can gain the support of more Africans. African culture and art continent is one of the earliest cradles of mankind. In the long history, industrious African people have also created splendid ancient culture. Due to the vast territory of Africa, there are many ethnic groups and tribes with completely different historical and cultural backgrounds, so their artistic works also present diverse styles. Generally speaking, in the Gulf of Guinea in western Africa, its carving art shines brilliantly in the world art history, while the masks, rock paintings, murals, buildings, musical instruments and dances created by African black tribes are full of originality and mystery, giving people endless reverie. We can even describe the emotional charm of the whole African art, including painting, sculpture (pottery, bronze statue, wood carving, tooth carving, etc. ), masks, buildings, clever and practical shapes and decorative patterns, with passionate enthusiasm, casual, simple, mysterious and profound. ……