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Mushroom cultivation techniques are as follows to see if you can help.

Indoor cultivation of mushrooms requires certain facilities, such as houses and bed frames. In the process of cultivation, the handling of culture materials and soil particles greatly increases the cultivation cost and a lot of labor of mushroom farmers, and the mushroom room increases the density of miscellaneous fungi and pests in the room due to the yearly cultivation of mushrooms, and a little negligence in disinfection and extermination will cause the mushroom to reduce its yield and quality. In recent years, the state has strengthened the management of land, and to develop edible mushrooms on a large scale, the construction of standardized mushroom rooms will encounter greater difficulties. Therefore, the development of mushroom cultivation from indoor to outdoor has become the direction of large-scale mushroom cultivation in the future. Mushroom farmers in the mushroom production base of Shapingba District of Chongqing, under the technical guidance of experts, have successfully planted mushrooms in unused winter paddy fields, whose yield reaches 7~9 kg per square meter, and the facilities are simple, the cost is low, and there are fewer pests and diseases, which reduces the intensity of labor and the amount of labor used. The mushroom residue after planting mushrooms is treated locally and becomes organic farmyard fertilizer for paddy fields, creating a good ecological agriculture model and achieving a double harvest of social and economic benefits.

The cultivation measures are:

1. Selection of land for scaffolding Rice paddy mushroom planting is to utilize the idle winter paddy to plant mushrooms after rice harvest. When the rice in the scattered seeds, drain the paddy water, began to make compartments for the whole land are: 2 ditch 3 compartments type, in the compartment 1.5 meters, side compartments 1 meter, compartment ditch width of 0.3 meters, depth of 0.3 meters, the length of 10 ~ 15 meters; 3 ditch two compartments type, compartment width of 1.5 meters, ditch width of 0.3 meters. When making compartments, the field in the ditch is dug out and built on the side of the compartment to form a ridge to block the culture material. The ditch is also used as a walkway for the operator and for drainage. In the compartment on the surface of the building of herringbone shed, herringbone shed in the middle of the bamboo or wooden stick support into the middle of the shed columns, 2.4 meters high. Between the columns with large bamboo poles connected to the roof beam. Cover the roof beam with mulch, straighten the sides into a natural triangle. And then use thin rice straw with heavy clamps into a large fan against the roof beam, to play the effect of shading. Black plastic film can also be used to form a herringbone triangle shed by stretching both sides after passing over the roof beam, without using a hair fan to shade the light. The two ends of the herringbone shed are shaded with straw curtains. The outside of the shed should be well surrounded by drainage ditches.

2. Fermentation of culture material The formula of culture material is the same as indoor mushroom growing. Primary fermentation and secondary fermentation can be used. Outdoor secondary fermentation method does not use fuel to heat up, but uses the natural high temperature in early fall to achieve the effect of secondary fermentation, which reduces the production cost. The method is to use bricks and stones to make a mat pier, about 20 centimeters high. In the hot pier placed on the wooden stick, wooden stick placed on the bamboo sheet, especially like a bed frame, made 1.5 meters wide, long indeterminate base. After the former fermentation of the pile, water to the hand pinch material 5 ~ 6 drops of water, and then lime powder pH value to 7.8 ~ 8. Then the culture pile on the base, pre-positioned wooden rods or bamboo into the aeration holes. Material stacked into a high 0.8 ~ 1 meter, ventilation holes made into a d-shaped, when the material is piled up, draw out the stick or bamboo, it is natural to become a cavity, for the material of air exchange channel. Use 0.5% dichlorvos or dicofol to spray the surface of the pile to kill insects. Then in the pile of bamboo around a simple frame, from the pile of about 20 centimeters, to prevent the plastic film directly affixed to the culture of the material to affect the fermentation. Finally, cover the film. Pile in the film tightly closed, make full use of the sun during the day to increase the temperature, coupled with the accumulation of fermentation heat in the pile, so that the temperature of the pile quickly rose to 62 ℃ or more. When the high temperature is over, the temperature is reduced by 1~2℃ per day, and ventilation is performed 3~4 times for 30 minutes each time. The temperature is controlled at about 50℃, the fermentation is finished in 6~7 days, and when the temperature is finally reduced to below 45℃, the material can be moved into the herringbone shed.

3. laying and sowing in the material into the shed two days before, with 0.5% of the dichlorvos on the cultivation bed for all the spraying insecticide, make good preparation for the culture material into the shed. Cultivation material into the shed spread in the bed, the water content of the material to master in 63% ~ 65%, with a hand pinch 1 drop of water is appropriate, the material pH value of 7 ~ 7.5, no ammonia flavor. Paving thickness of 13 ~ 17 centimeters, mixing while paving, strength and uniformity. After the material is laid, the thermometer should be used to determine the material temperature, if the material temperature is below 28 ℃ is sophisticated can be sown. Sowing more than the use of shift seed, each bottle of seed can be sown 0.7 ~ 0.8 square meters. Before sowing the operator will hand, tools and the bottle of strains with 0.1% potassium permanganate sterilization. When sowing, use 2/3 of the seeds to spread on the surface of the culture material, and then turn and mix to the material's prostrate by hand, and then spread the remaining 1/3 of the seeds on the surface of the material, and gently compacted with a clean wooden board.

4. mushroom and mushroom management 3 days after sowing, tightly closed herringbone shed, the two ends of the shed with grass curtains to keep warm and moist, in order to promote the germination of strains and eat material. 3 days later, you can lift the two ends of the shed in the evening to ventilate the air. 15 days later, the mycelium in the material is basically full, you can mulch. Mulch using wet soil mixed huller. Coarse soil, fine soil evenly covered in the material surface. When the mycelium grows on the soil cracks, start spraying heavy water once to promote the rapid growth of mushrooms, in the whole period of mushrooming, the moisture management, using light spraying and diligent spraying, to maintain the humidity of mulch can be. After spring, the temperature rises, pay attention to increase the amount of water spraying, and strive for more spring mushrooms, in April the whole paddy field mushroom planting end, you can remove the herringbone shed, mushroom residue into the paddy field, 667 square meters of mushroom residue can be spread 2700~3300 square meters of land. The mushroom residue is a good organic fertilizer, which can increase the rice yield and reduce the application of chemical fertilizer. Growing mushrooms in paddy field is a good way to develop paddy field resources and guide farmers to get rich.

Shiitake mushroom planting technology

Overview

Shiitake mushroom is one of China's specialties, has been exported for many years, China's production of shiitake mushrooms in 1999 has amounted to more than 1 million tons, ranking first in the world

World. Shiitake mushrooms are also the most consumed mushrooms in the world. China's shiitake mushrooms are mostly sold in dried products, and in recent years there are also some fresh products exported.

Two, cultivation mode, process and variety type

1. Cultivation mode and process

Shiitake mushrooms have three basic modes, namely, segmented wood cultivation, artificial mushroom wood cultivation and ground cultivation. With the continuous improvement of the technology of surrogate cultivation and the enhancement of the awareness of people's protection of the forests, the cultivation of segmented wood cultivation has become very rare in recent years, and the shiitake mushrooms in our country are mainly grown from the surrogate material cultivation.

The basic process of mushroom cultivation is one bag with one ingredient, one sterilization, one inoculation, one mushroom development and one mushroom production.

2. Cultivation Committee

There are two main seasons: spring planting and fall planting, and there are several production modes: early spring sowing in late spring and summer, spring sowing in summer, spring sowing in autumn and winter, and autumn sowing in

winter and spring.

3. Variety types

There are many varieties of shiitake mushrooms, which can be divided into variety types according to the need, which can be divided by cultivation substrate, divided by mushroom production early and late, divided by

sale type, divided by size, divided by mushroom production temperature, etc.

①Divided by cultivation method. Shiitake mushrooms can be cultivated in wood segments or as substitute materials, and the substitute materials are divided into several types, such as wood chips,

bagasse, corn cobs, rice straw, etc. Therefore, they can be divided into wood segments. Therefore, it can be divided into five major types such as segmented wood species, wood chip species (substitute material species), grass species, mycorrhizal grass species, segmented

wood substitute material dual-use species.

②Divided according to the mushroom early and late. According to this division, it can be divided into early-born species (mushroom emergence 70(D80 days after inoculation) and late-born species (mushroom emergence more than 120 days after inoculation

). (iii) According to the suitable product type. This is mainly divided into dry and fresh species, dry species are relatively

tight, low water content, high drying rate and suitable for drying; fresh species are looser and have higher water content.

④Divided by size. It can be divided into three categories: large-leafed species, medium-large-leafed species and small-leafed species. The former cap in 5-15 centimeters,

The latter 4-6 centimeters, the size of the two in the middle of the large leaf species.

⑤Divided according to mushroom temperature. It can be divided into 4 categories: low-temperature species, medium-temperature species, high-temperature species and wide-temperature species.

Low-temperature species: the center temperature of mushroom emergence is roughly 5-15℃.

Medium temperature species: the center temperature of mushroom emergence is roughly 10-20℃

High temperature species: the center temperature of mushroom emergence is roughly 15-25℃.

Wide-temperature species: The temperature range of mushroom emergence is wider, from 5-28℃, but the highest mushroom emergence and the best quality is at 10-20℃. Cultivators

have to choose appropriate varieties according to their actual needs.

Third, the main varieties of surrogate cultivation

In recent years, China's surrogate cultivation of shiitake mushrooms has accounted for more than 90% of the total output, segmented wood cultivation has been a kind of cultivation

methods to limit the production, so this paper will not be on the segmented wood species and cultivation technology is introduced, and only the introduction of surrogate cultivation of varieties. In order to

Facilitate the cultivator to understand the varieties and their rational use, this article to cultivation season to introduce varieties.

1. Spring cultivation of late-born varieties

At present, the main application of substitute shiitake mushrooms are 241 (D4, Qingyuan 9015 (Flowering Mushroom 939), Flowering Mushroom 135 three strains.

(1)Name, origin and basic traits

①241(D4241(D4 mushroom strain is the first spring late-breeding type variety applied in large quantities to substitute cultivation of shiitake mushrooms in our country,

the cumulative application volume is about 2.5 billion bags or more since 1988. This variety was successfully selected and bred by Wu Kedian of the Qingyuan Institute of Edible Mushroom Research, Zhejiang Province

under the auspices of the Institute. The 241(D4) strain is a new strain of natural mutation obtained by separating

from the substrate of Duanzhimu 241 strain. The fruiting body is large leaf type, the flower type garden whole, flesh thick, the cap true diameter 6 (D10 cm, flesh

thick 1.8 (D2.2 cm, the stalk is short and fine, the quality is excellent, foreign countries called "bionic mushrooms", belongs to the middle temperature low type, mushroom temperature

degree range of 6-20 degrees Celsius to 12 (D16 degrees Celsius for the most suitable, the inoculation to the mushroom (the most suitable for the mushroom) is the most suitable for the mushroom, the most suitable for the mushroom, the most suitable for the mushroom. It takes 180 days from inoculation to mushroom emergence (mushroom age), and the suitable inoculation period is 2(D5) months,

mushroom emergence period is 10-April of the following year. The strain has strong resistance to adversity and wide adaptability, and has been used in all the shiitake production areas of the country. The mushrooming period is

based on the way of low-shed moisturizing and de-bagging, and the best effect of using dry and wet stimulation to promote the buds within a certain range of temperature difference. It is

the variety with the best sensation and quality of substitute shiitake mushroom, and also the variety with the largest export volume of shiitake mushroom.

(2) Qingyuan 9015 (Mushroom 939) This variety was selected and bred successfully by Wu Qingdian of Qingyuan Institute of Edible Fungus in Zhejiang Province,

and passed the recognition. It is one of the three varieties of shiitake mushrooms legally promoted in Zhejiang Province, belonging to the new strain of natural mutation, and it is the leading variety of cultivated

Flower Mushroom at present. The national application of 9015 (Flower Mushroom 939) accounted for about 75% of the total area of the substitute flower mushroom, which has a rounded shape,

large cap with thick flesh, high yield, cap diameter 4 (D14 cm, shank length 3.5 (D5.5 cm, not easy to open the membrane, and easy to form the flower

mushroom: medium-temperature type, the mushrooming temperature of 8-22 ℃, 14 (D18 ℃ is the most suitable, the age of about 90 days. The biggest advantage of this strain

is that it can be inoculated between 3 (D August. The shiitake production was consistent across inoculation periods, but the shiitake inoculated in 5(DJuly

had the most uniform shapes. This strain is highly resistant to high temperature and has the best heat tolerance among all the strains of surrogate shiitake

varieties, with a mushrooming period of September(D May of the following year. This strain is an excellent variety for the cultivation of Shiitake mushrooms, and also a high-yield and high-quality variety that adopts the low-shed moisturizing and de-bagging

mushroom production method.

③135 This variety is one of the varieties of shiitake mushroom cultivated in segmented wood, domesticated by substitute cultivation to become one of the varieties for cultivating flower mushroom.

The cap is large, thick flesh, short shank, excellent mushroom quality, cap diameter 5 (D13 cm, shank length 3 (D4 cm, easy to form

Flowering mushrooms; belong to the middle and low-temperature type, the temperature range of the mushrooms 6 (D18, to 9-13 ℃ for the most suitable; mushroom age of 200 days or more, inoculation period

2 (D4 months, the period of the mushrooms in March of the next year for the 10-. This variety is less resistant to adversity, in the stage of mycelial growth and development in the summer high temperature will

affect the quality of the mushroom wood, the light is local mold, the heavy is the breeding of pests and diseases. Inoculation of mushroom wood cultivation environment should be weak light, so as not to fungus

film color is too dark, the film is too thick not easy to produce mushrooms.

(2)Cultivation key technology

①Scientific arrangement of cultivation and inoculation period, spring planting and autumn type varieties from inoculation to mushroom has a long mycelial growth and development

process, inoculation period is too early in the nutrient depletion of the culture material will affect the late production of shiitake, inoculation period is too late in the shiitake mycelial nutrient

accumulation of less, the first two tides of mushrooms of the deformed mushrooms more. From the point of view of climatic conditions in the south of China, the inoculation period of spring-planted and fall-grown types

are: 241(D4 for February-May, Qingyuan 9015 (Flowering Mushroom 939) for April-July, and Flowering Mushroom 135 for 2(D4) months. China's northern air

temperature is low, the appropriate temperature of the mushroom in the fall to come earlier than in the south, the inoculation period can be slightly earlier, but pay attention to, the inoculation period must be arranged

in the air temperature of 5 ℃ after the beginning of the day.

②Reasonable culture material ratio. The above strains are suitable to use 78% of wood chips, 20% of wheat bran, 1% each of sugar and gypsum,

the conventional formula of about 60% water content, and it is better to use slightly lower water content of the culture material of Mushroom 135 varieties.

3) Puncture the holes for aeration at the right time. The tool for pierce hole ventilation is usually made of 1.5-inch nails, and the total amount of pierce holes in each section of mushroom wood depends on the division of mushroom

wood. The number of holes should be more for the tighter mushroom wood, and the holes should be deeper for the mushroom wood with larger water content. Each section of mushroom wood

generally about 100, the depth of 1.5 centimeters. In the process of mycelial growth generally pricked three times, the first time in

inoculation holes in the mushroom mycelial circle diameter of 6(D7 cm, the second time in the mushroom mycelium spread to about 50% of the culture material, the third time in the

mushroom mycelium filled the whole bag. The position of the first and second piercing was chosen at 1.5 cm inside the mushroom mycelium circle, and the third piercing was at the back of the

inoculation hole. The second and the third time, the wall of the culture material bag must appear white tumor of the size of corn grain.

④Adjust the shape of the pile of mushroom wood, adjust the material temperature. The inoculated mushroom wood is arranged in a zigzag pattern and piled up 8-10 layers high, the mushroom wood of the second piercing and ventilating

is arranged in two horizontal and three vertical lines and piled up 8 layers high, and the mushroom wood after the second piercing is arranged in a hexagonal pattern and piled up 5-6 layers high.

There should be a gap between heaps and piles, and there should be a 40-centimeter channel between rows. If the mushroom is cultivated indoors, ventilation should be strengthened.

5 Mushroom wood timely transfer. Strong diffused light is needed to make the mushroom turn color and form uniform mycelium. 241-4, 9015

(Flower Mushroom 939) mushroom wood, mushroom mycelium spread all over the bag about 2 months after the start of the transfer, at the latest 30 days before the mushroom; 135

mushroom wood is not suitable for a full transfer of color before the transfer, because the transfer of color is too deep mycelium film is too thick, the buds are not easy to occur, you should take a long period of time of the darker light to cultivate the mushroom.

Mushroom wood is not suitable for a full transfer of color.

The mushroom should be cultivated in darker light, and the mushroom season should be changed, and the mushroom should be produced while the mushroom is being changed.

6 Promote the uniformity of mushroom buds. Shiitake 241-4 and Qingyuan 9015 (Flower Mushroom 939) strains are varieties of mushroom buds of multiple occurrence type,

when the mushroom mycelium reaches physiological maturity and the mushrooming season comes, it is more appropriate to take the temperature difference to stimulate the mushrooming. If vibration or

stimulation is taken, the mushroom buds will occur in large quantities, which will affect the quality of shiitake mushrooms. 135 strains of Shiitake mushrooms must be stimulated by a certain degree of vibration

or by striking the wood, or the mushrooms will not be produced uniformly.

(3) Preventive measures for miscellaneous fungi and insect pests

For spring-planted late-born varieties, the focus on prevention of miscellaneous fungi and insect pests is the stage of over-summer management. The main technical measures are:

Fine management, as far as possible to evacuate the mushroom wood, timely ventilation and cooling, mushroom sheds to maintain good shade and good environmental hygiene.

The local pollution of the mushroom wood can be used to clear the fungus pigment, pummeling, etc., brush, mushroom mosquitoes can be used to special mosquito incense, dichlorvos, etc., prevention and control.

2. Spring-planted summer varieties

(1)Name, source and basic traits

①WuXiang 1, is currently applied to the highest temperature of the mushroom varieties. This variety has a large leafy cotyledon, plump mushroom flesh,

the mushroom cap is darker in color, the stalk is medium-thick and slightly longer, and its biggest advantage is the high mushrooming temperature, which can produce a large amount of mushrooms under high temperature conditions of 28℃, up to 34℃, the temperature range of the mushrooming temperature is 10-34℃, the optimal temperature is 20-26℃, and the age of the mushroom is 60 days, and the easy inoculation period

is 3-4 months, and the mushrooming period is 5-11 months. It is a good inoculation period of 3-4 months and mushroom emergence period of 5-11 months. Its strong resistance can be used as the first choice for summer mushroom production in general areas, and it is mainly

suitable for fresh and preserved sales.

②CR04 is a medium-high-temperature variety selected and bred by Fujian Sanming Fungi Research Institute by cross-breeding method. Substrate large

leaf type, flower type round, mushroom flesh is fat, the cap is tea-brown, with scales, sometimes the top of the cap has a slightly protruding cusp, the stalk in the

thick, a little long, the temperature range of the mushroom 10-28 ℃, the most suitable 18-23 ℃, the age of 70 days, the appropriate inoculation period for January-April,

mushroom period of April-November. It has strong resistance and wide adaptability, suitable for use in middle and high altitude areas, mainly suitable for preservation and

dehydration and drying for sale.

3 Guangxiang 47, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology selected high-temperature varieties, the child entity of the round type, cover large meat thick,

cap yellow-brown, shank thick, slightly longer, the mushroom temperature range of 14-28 ℃, optimal 14-24 ℃, the age of 60 days, the appropriate

inoculation period for the month of May 2 (D5), the mushroom period of 5 (DNov., mushroom peak in May-June and September-November, respectively. The peak of mushroom production is in May-June and September-October respectively, and the amount of mushrooms produced in winter is very

low. It can be used in middle and high altitude areas, and is mainly suitable for dehydrating and drying and preserving freshness for sale.

④8001, a medium-high-temperature variety selected and bred by the Institute of Edible Mushrooms, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, has a solitary fruiting body, a rounded,

medium-large-leafed type, with plump flesh, a tea-brown or dark-brown cap, and a thick, slightly long shank, with a mushrooming temperature of 14-26℃, optimal at

18-23℃, and an age of more than 60 days. D November, low temperature in winter is not suitable for mushroom production, suitable for

fresh mushroom sales or dehydration and drying sales. China Organic Agriculture Network