Scandinavian style and organic modernism furniture design?

Nordic style and organic modernism furniture design_Bison Youxin_Architectural Design_Architecture Chinese traces the history of the development of the world's furniture, from the mid-century onwards, the development of Western furniture design has roughly gone through a period of classicism (which includes the Renaissance period of classical, Baroque and Rococo), the modernist period and the period of post-modernism in three stages. And from modernism to post-modernism and its subsequent emergence of structuralism, deconstructionism, high technology, high emotional school, neo-modernism and other schools of thought, furniture style is becoming more and more diversified. Scandinavian style and organic modernism is between modernism and post-modernism design trend. It is the emergence of modernism is too rational and stereotypical design style

Abstract: Tracing the history of the development of the world's furniture, from the mid-century onwards, the development of Western furniture design roughly went through the classical period (which includes the Renaissance Classical, Baroque and Rococo), the period of modernism and the post-modernist period of three stages. And from modernism to post-modernism and its subsequent emergence of structuralism, deconstructionism, high technology, high emotional school, neo-modernism and other schools of thought, furniture style is becoming more and more diversified. Scandinavian style and organic modernism is between modernism and post-modernism design trend. Its emergence is a kind of abandonment of the overly rational and stereotypical design style of modernism, and at the same time, it also provides ideas for the development of the post-modernism that emerged later, and it has its specific position in the history of the development of the world's furniture.

Keywords: organic modernism, furniture design

Tracing the history of the development of world furniture, from the Middle Ages onwards, the development of Western furniture design has gone through three stages: the Classical period (which includes the Renaissance Classical, Baroque and Rococo), the Modernist period, and the Postmodernist period. And from modernism to post-modernism and its subsequent emergence of structuralism, deconstructionism, high technology, high emotional school, neo-modernism and other schools of thought, furniture style is becoming more and more diversified. Scandinavian style and organic modernism is between modernism and post-modernism design trend. Its emergence is too rational and stereotypical design style of modernism is a kind of abandonment, but also for the emergence of post-modernism provides the development of ideas, in the history of the development of the world's furniture has its specific position.

Nordic refers to the five countries located in the north of Europe, namely Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland. Nordic countries due to geographic location, relatively isolated from the outside world, and not subject to the strong impact of the Industrial Revolution, the industrialization process is very slow, in this context, the Nordic furniture craft tradition is very prevalent. By the early twentieth century, modern industry was finally established in Northern Europe, and the modernist design movement in mainland Europe influenced the design philosophy of Northern Europe. As a result, a furniture design style that combines the local craft tradition with modern functionalist design trends developed, which is the Nordic style.

The most prominent representative country of Scandinavian furniture design is Denmark. Denmark has a fine handmade furniture tradition, due to industrial underdevelopment, in the early years of the twentieth century, mass-produced furniture companies and manufacturers are very few, the furniture industry is based on small craft factories, these factories have a very low degree of mechanization. Furniture designers mostly used natural wood, while plywood, laminated wood, and synthetic materials such as steel tubes and plastics, much favored by modernist designers, were less common. In the late 1920s, the Bauhaus-promoted Functionalism began to influence the Nordic countries, an influence most evident in the Stockholm Exposition held in Sweden in 1930, which rapidly spread the Functionalist view of design to the Nordic countries. However, the early functionalists strict geometric forms and steel metal furniture did not get the favor of the Nordic designers, who on the one hand absorbed the functionalism of practical, economic, comfortable law; at the same time, the development of the traditional furniture design in the style of humane, the formation of the so-called "soft" furniture design style. Danish furniture designer Kaare. Kaare Klint (Kaare Klint) is the founder of the Danish school of modern design. He has studied functionalism, great respect for the characteristics of the material itself and the tradition of craftsmanship, and good at absorbing the essence of different cultures and different stages of history, to create a design language close to nature. These constitute the main features of the Nordic style. Swedish and Finnish designers have also developed this style, and their achievements, beyond national boundaries, have had a wide impact on the international community, and foreshadowed some of the characteristics of "organic modernism".

In the 1950s, Scandinavian furniture produced a new leap, its "simple and organic" form and "natural color and texture" once again by the people generally welcome. Danish furniture designer Hans. Hans Wegner (Hans Wegner) is one of the most important designers. Wegner himself was a highly skilled carpenter, well versed in furniture construction, craftsmanship and material texture. His designs have very few of the hard edges and corners that functionalists often use, and the corners are handled with rounded curves, making people feel elegant and close. The elegance and simplicity of Oriental furniture is an influence in his work, and he has designed a series of "Chinese chairs" characterized by Ming-style furniture.

Scandinavian furniture design is, in general, functionalist, but it is not as strict and dogmatic as functionalism. It differs from functionalism in that it shows respect and preference for craft traditions and natural materials; it is softer and more organic in form, and thus has a strong human touch; it has a strong national character, which is very different from the standardized production of the international style of functionalism.

In the history of design, people put the form of more free Scandinavian style is categorized as organic modernism. In fact, there is a degree of difference between organic modernism and Scandinavian style.

Organic modernism is mainly prevalent in the United States after the Second World War. During this period, the Western world, having endured the ravages of war and material scarcity, functionalism, which is based on the principle of economic durability, was widely accepted and gained a great deal of development." By the mid-1940s, functionalism had gradually included many stylistic changes that left the Bauhaus geometric forms and machine language aesthetics" and people complained about functionalism's stereotypical, apathetic designs. And it was in this context that Organic Modernism was born.

Between 1937 and 1949, a series of design competitions centered at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, which the organizers hoped would promote the influence of modernism in American design, established a series of functionalist criteria for the competitions. These criteria included: the design of the product should be appropriate to its purpose, appropriate to the materials used, appropriate to the production process, and the subordination of form to function. Design that meets these criteria is called "good design", and the design competition promoted the emergence of a modern design style with natural forms, known as "organic modernism".

The concept of "organic design" (Organic Design) of furniture first began in 1941 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in an exhibition entitled "Organic Design in Home Furnishings" (Organic Design in Home Funishings). Design in Home Funishings" (Organic Design in Home Furnishings) exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1941, in which Eliot Noyes, then director of the U.S. Department of Industrial Design. At the exhibition, presided over by Eliot Noyes, then Director of the U.S. Department of Industrial Design, Charles Eames (1962) was the first person to exhibit his work in the exhibition. Charles Eames and Eeso Saarinen were featured in the exhibition, which was hosted by Eliot Noyes, then director of the U.S. Department of Industrial Design. Charles Eames and Eeso Saovinen won the first prize for their collaborative chair series. This is a group of plywood molding chairs, chair shape according to different occasions the human body sitting posture, made of two-way curved shape, a change in the past existing one-way bending, creating a three-dimensional surface, and the use of a kind of unprecedented rubber connectors, effectively connecting the plywood components of the soft components, the two innovations on the future of furniture design has a great impact on the design of the furniture, and become a common worldwide approach. The organizers of the exhibition commented, "A design can be called organic when the parts of its whole can be organized in great harmony according to the structure, materials and purpose of use. In this definition, there can be no futile ornamentation or superfluity, while beauty remains conspicuous - provided there is a desirable choice of materials, a skillful arrangement of vision, and a rational elegance in what is to be used." This is probably the best and deepest understanding of "organic design".

Charles Eames. Charles Eames is known for designing a series of popular, inexpensive chairs. Eames was interested in plywood, glass, and fiber materials, as well as new materials such as steel bars and plastics, and designed a variety of forms of plywood thermoformed furniture, which is simple, simple, easy to apply, and has become the most widely sold mass market products. 1946, Eames designed an armless plywood chair, the back and seat made of walnut plywood, pressed into a subtle curved shape, supported by a chrome-plated steel frame. The chair is supported by a chrome-plated steel frame. The chair presented a powerful, stable and sophisticated shape, and for the largest furniture company in the United States - the Miller Company (Hevman Millev) bought out its manufacturing rights, the chair once almost worldwide standard office chair. 1949, Eames designed the "Shell Chair In 1949, Eames designed the "Shell Chair" series. In this more refined sense of a three-dimensional modeling component, he introduced the then recently invented fiberglass plastic as the main material. The simple combination of a single seat and legs and feet molded in the form of this chair had an equally great impact on furniture design. The addition of color in the new material added to the vitality of the chair series. 1956, designed by Eames and manufactured by Miller, the "Aluminum Series Chair": the base is a ribbed support made of die-cast aluminum, the upper part of the seat and backrest are integrated, and the details of the structure are hidden in the seat cushion, which is covered with an organic fabric, filled with vinyl and plastic foam. The seat cushion is covered in organic fabric and filled with vinyl foam, a natural blend of two very different materials, an aspect of Eames design that has always been a constant and important part of the Eames design. The Eames recliner and footstool were also conceived as a combination of modern technology and traditional relaxation, designed entirely for comfort, and the combination of a molded plywood base with leatherette cushions was very innovative. The chair is still used today in numerous commercial and residential settings, demonstrating the enduring vitality of its design. The Eames chair is one of the most beloved furniture masterpieces of the 20th century, and has been called "America's Morris Chair".

Elo. Another icon of organic design, Saarinen's furniture designs were often "organic" and free-form, rather than cold and rigidly geometric. Like Eames, Saarinen was very enthusiastic about exploring new materials and techniques, and while he emphasized the rationality of materials and their use, he also focused on creating furniture that harmonized with the environment and was more holistic in nature using the language of modern art.In 1946, he designed the Womb.Chair, a glass-fiberboard shell chair with a body, a body, and a seat: Chair, with a glass fiberboard shell body and a loose seat and back made of foam rubber. "The Womb Chair was conceived as the most harmonious combination of human comfort and modern aesthetics, and has been described as a truly organic piece of design, one of Saarinen's classics. 1956 saw the design of a group of chairs known as the Tulip Chair: a cast aluminum chair with a backrest made of foam rubber and a backrest made of foam rubber. In 1956 he designed a group of chairs called the Tulip Chair: a cast aluminum base with a plastic shell, a pre-stressed molded fiberglass body, and a red, fluffy foam seat cushion. These chairs are considered examples of "organic" design, with careful consideration given to production materials, construction and human posture.

The essence and foundation of Organic Modernism is still functionalist, the so-called "organic" means that its form is more free than modernism, this freedom is not a fantasy, but the result of in-depth study of function, materials and ergonomics, Organic Modernism attempts to create through the perfect combination of form and function to create Organic modernism tries to create a consistent, simple and easy to feel the beauty of the category of beauty is still not separated from the "form follows function" creed.

It can be said that the Scandinavian style and organic modernism are both derivatives of modernism, but also in the sense of form to make a breakthrough, for the further development of modernism to make a contribution, but can not simply put the Scandinavian style to organic modernism. Generally speaking, Scandinavian furniture creates a home atmosphere rich in humanity and vitality, while organic modernism is due to economic and practical, so that low-income families as well as public **** place into its best place to go.

"Organic furniture" style, partly due to the development of new technologies such as plastic, rubber and plywood; partly from the avant-garde sculptor's rounded aesthetic to get the inspiration. After World War II people embraced simple organic forms, perhaps out of psychological necessity. When surrounded by black, white, and gray functionalist design products, people, including designers, tried to create - a kind of "gentle and friendly" objects, people think, angular chairs are uncomfortable, but organic and round chairs will make people feel comfortable. At the same time the word "organic" means "entity", that is to say, each piece of furniture should form an idea according to its own unique objective conditions. That is to say, each piece of furniture, should be based on their own unique objective conditions, the formation of a concept, the concept from structure to form are throughout each part of the furniture, so that each part of the interconnectedness of the whole inseparable part.

Organic design theory, refers to the development of organic growth in accordance with the way the structure of the form, the importance of the composition of the parts of the interconnectedness and indivisible unity, as if the biological kind of organic, living form, and design. This holistic design has been described as "living art". As early as the Middle Ages, sculptors have studied the plant form, understanding that the external form of the plant is always expressed as a function or to obey the needs of the organism; in the middle of the eighteenth century, after the combination of aesthetic research and psychology, people began to form the composition of the comparison to the organic world, it is not regarded as made, but is regarded as if the plant as from the roots of the vibrant natural growth and become. As Danish design leader Kai. Borgersen said "what we make should be alive, have a heart beating in it, should be alive and warm". Similarly the Swedish Industrial Design Association believes that everything should serve the purpose it attempts to serve, a chair should be comfortable to sit on, a table should give comfort to work or eat, - a bed should be cozy to sleep on.

Therefore, organic furniture treats modeling, advocating that furniture modeling should be combined with the indoor spatial environment, as if the indoor spatial environment of an intrinsic object. Treat the structure, that the structure and modeling is as important, is an important part of the composition of the furniture, both to meet the needs of the project, but also to meet the needs of modeling, structural rigor, proportionality and coordination. Treating materials, it is advocated that we should understand the different natures of various materials from both engineering and artistic perspectives, and give full play to the strengths and avoid the weaknesses of each material. Treatment of decoration, that decoration should not be viewed as something added to the furniture, but should be inherent in the furniture, like flowers growing out of the tree - like natural, it advocates striving for simplicity, but not like some schools of thought, that decoration is a sin.

At the same time, organic furniture is humanized, it advocates that furniture design should be people-oriented, respect for people, caring for people, to meet people's physiological needs and psychological needs; that the furniture should be adapted to the people, rather than people to adapt to the furniture; that the design of furniture should be caring for each person, each type of people. Finally, organic furniture should be green and meet the needs of sustainable development. Therefore, we should be concerned about the design of furniture products are comfortable to use, whether people have a sense of affinity, whether it is conducive to the natural environment, whether to take into account all the old, weak, sick and disabled people.

Since the end of the 1980s, the design form, design consciousness, design concepts and other diversified development trend, green design, sustainable design, environmental design concepts have permeated all walks of life, furniture design is no exception, but also actively advocate the green design, sustainable design, and focus on cultural connotation of the design. And these designs are summarized in one point is to focus on man and nature, society, the environment, the combination of organic science. Review of the Nordic style and organic modernism produced by the historical environment and the development of history, and China's current stage of social and economic development has certain similarities, drawing on the advantages and successes of these two schools of thought, we have a certain significance for today's furniture design.

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