What are the main systems of selection of officials in ancient China? What is the basis of selection

1. Xia, Shang, Zhou era: "Shiqing Shilu system", prevalent in the Xia, Shang, Zhou era. At the end of primitive society, "the world for the public" selection of the virtuous and capable of the Zen transfer system destroyed, the emergence of the "great man and thought that the rites of passage" of the hereditary system. The hereditary system was characterized by the unification of royal power and clan power. It determined the appointment of officials at all levels of government through family blood relations, and determined the rank and title of officials according to blood affinity. Nobles of all sizes were required to undergo a national education and to learn the relevant etiquette before taking up their posts.

2. Qin: The granting of titles on the basis of military service broke the system of hereditary titles for the slave-owning nobles, which was conducive to the strengthening of the power of the emerging landowning class.

3. The two Han dynasties: the Han dynasty established a whole set of election system for electing talents, including the system of investigation and enlistment.

The Chaju that is election, is a bottom-up selection of talents for the system, is the two han the most important way to choose officials; Chaju system, the initial "township election" as the basis, pay attention to the township public opinion on the authoritativeness of a scholar's moral character, in the case of increasingly corrupt system of selection of government officials, the emergence of a number of generations for the government, In a situation where the system of selecting officials was becoming corrupt, a group of powerful families that had been officials for generations and held central or local power emerged, and the family landlords who had been officials for many generations were formed and developed as a result.

Conscription is a system of selecting officials from the top down, and there are two main ways of recruitment by the emperor and dismissal by the government, state and counties. Emperor recruitment is to take the characteristics of the way with the call, select some of the prestigious people with good character and education, or to prepare the adviser, or appointed political affairs. Recruitment of the party, from a long time ago, such as Qin Xiaogong openly ordered to seek wisdom that is the nature of recruitment. Shusuntong in the first emperor of Qin to literature levy, Wang Zizhong to change the old Cangjie text for the Li Shu levy, are also the nature of the recruitment. To the Han Dynasty, Han Gao Di eleven years (196 BC) to seek the virtuous edict, is also inherited this way.

4. Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties period: the implementation of the system of nine products, focusing on the family origin.

The establishment of the Zhongzheng official not only retained the tradition of the Han Dynasty's rural appraisal, but also changed the situation of the late Han Dynasty, where famous scholars invited the discussion of the left and right rural discussion and the local clans manipulated the election, and put the power of appraisal and the selection of officials back to the central government. This played a role in eliminating cronyism and breaking down the clans. Especially in the early stage of its implementation, it played a positive role in strengthening the Cao Wei regime.

5. The imperial examination system: after Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty (Qing Dynasty New Deal) (the Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the imperial examination system).

Sui-Wen Di abolished the nine-pin system, began to use the method of examination to select officials; Sui Yang Di, the beginning of the establishment of the entry section, the formation of the system of science and technology; the Tang Dynasty inherited and perfected the system of science and technology: Zhenguan years, increasing the number of subjects, to the entry, the Mingjing two subjects; Wu Zetian, increase the number of science and technology to take the number of people, the first martial arts and the Palace Examination; the beginning of the year, the appointment of high-ranking officials preside over the examination, to enhance the status of the examination, and then into a customized system. During the Kaiyuan period, senior officials were appointed to preside over the examinations, thus improving the status of the imperial examinations, which later became customized. The Northern Song Dynasty than the Tang Dynasty has further developed: the examination is divided into township test, provincial test, the Palace test three levels, strict procedures for the examination of science and technology, the lifting of the Ministry of Manners exams must be qualified by the Palace test, the right to admission by the emperor directly in control of the Palace test to become customized.