What does landscape painting pay attention to with pen, ink and ink? Especially paper, raw propaganda or cooked propaganda?

Brush has a long history in China. It is said that Meng Tian, the general who was sent by Qin Shihuang to build the Great Wall, was made of Zhongshan rabbit hair. Although this legend is unreliable, it also has certain basis. Judging from 1954, the Warring States writing brush unearthed in Zuogongshan, Changsha, is indeed made of rabbit hair. But this kind of pen is different from the present one. Its nib is made of rabbit hair wrapped around a bamboo tube, hemp and lacquer juice. This pen is strong and suitable for writing. This is the earliest existing writing brush in China. Later, with the development of calligraphy and painting, pen-making technology also developed. According to the needs of users, pen artists have tried various animal hairs as raw materials, such as deer hair, badger hair, pig hair, chicken feathers, rabbit hair, wool, ferret hair and so on. As a result, they found that rabbit hair, weasel hair and wool have the best performance, and they have been widely used since then, becoming the three major raw materials for pen making.

According to different raw materials and properties, brushes can be divided into three types: bristles, bristles and double brushes. Hard brushes are purple brushes made of old rabbit neck hair and wolf brushes made of weasel tail hair, both of which are brown, hard and elastic, and have less water storage, and the drawn lines are vigorous and smooth. In landscape painting, the vertical trunk, branches, hooked leaves and pointed leaves of trees, and the outline and extension of fine lines such as rocks, houses, figures, boats, bridges, water waves and waterfalls need to be expressed with strong elasticity. Soft brush made of sheep hair is soft and has strong water storage capacity. Landscape painting is often rendered with it. Rice-dotted landscape and splash-ink landscape are also commonly used sheep hair, which can receive the effect of full pen and ink. Double brush is made of hard hair and soft hair. There are purple wolf hair, purple wool, chicken wolf hair and other varieties. The hardness is between wolf hair and wool, which can be selected according to personal habits and needs.

In addition, according to the length of strokes, the brush has different performances such as long strokes, middle strokes and short strokes. Long front is easy to draw beautiful lines, short front is easy to make lines dignified and heavy, and it is appropriate to draw mountains and rivers with centers. According to the size of the nib, brushes are divided into three types: small, medium and large. All kinds of landscapes should be prepared. Generally, a small landscape, a big landscape, a little white cloud and a big white cloud, and a bigger bucket pen will do. How sharp the new pen is, it is only suitable for drawing thin lines, and the effect of rubbing, wiping and knocking the old pen is good. Some painters like to use a bald pen, and the dotted line is not vigorous and simple. A good brush has four characteristics: round, neat, sharp and healthy, and it is handy to use. Brush should be cleaned in time after use to avoid dry ink damage.

In the history of pen-making in China, there are two centers: Xu Anbi (Xuancheng, Anhui) and Hubi (Huzhou, Zhejiang). Now the brushes produced in Shanghai, Suzhou, Beijing, Chengdu and other places also enjoy high reputation.

Landscape painting techniques. Classification of raw materials and inks

The original ink is a natural mineral, so Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi thinks that "ink" is the knowing word of "ink soil". After liberation, a piece of Mo Bao of Qin Dynasty was unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province, which was cylindrical and hard. At the same time, there is an inkstone and a stone. At that time, the ink had to be crushed and ground with a millstone before it could be used. Until the Han Dynasty, artificial ink was synthesized with bituminous coal and binder.

Commonly used ink raw materials are oil smoke and pine smoke. Oil smoke ink is made of tung oil fume, black and shiny, which can show subtle changes in ink color and is suitable for landscape painting. Song Yanmo is dark and dull, mainly used for feathers and characters' hair. Landscape painting is not suitable. Choosing ink depends on ink color, purple is the best, followed by ink color, cyan is the second, and gray ink cannot be used; You can also hear the sound. The sound of a good ink button is crisp when it is struck and delicate when it is ground. When inferior ink is ground, the sound is heavy and rough. Chen Mo should be used for painting for more than three years, but not for faded ink with a long history. Clean water should be used for ink grinding, and the force should be even. Slowly grind the ink clockwise until the ink is thick. The ink used for painting should be freshly ground, because the old ink stored for a long time contains concentrated dregs, which is dirty and black if it is not used well. Hui ink (produced in Huizhou, Anhui Province) is the most famous ink. The calligraphy and painting inks produced in Beijiu and Tianjin are easy to use and have been used by many painters. But the glue in the ink is heavy, so it is better to add a little water and grind it evenly with an ink ingot, so that the ink color is better.

Landscape Painting Techniques —— Classification and Performance Differences of Xuan Paper

Most of China's paintings in the Tang and Song Dynasties were painted on silk, and only after the Yuan Dynasty did a lot of paintings on paper. Silk is a kind of silk fabric, which is rarely used now; Modern painting mostly uses Xuan paper. Xuan paper is produced in Jingxian County, Anhui Province, and belongs to Xuanzhou in ancient times, so it is called Xuan paper. This kind of paper is made of sandalwood as the main raw material. Paper is soft and tough, white and elegant in color, beautiful in texture, smooth but not slippery, soft but not brittle. Xuan paper, with distinct ink layers and smooth rhyme, has always been regarded as a good product.

Xuan paper can be divided into raw Xuan and cooked Xuan. The cooked propaganda is treated with alum, and the ink is not easy to penetrate. Therefore, the painting is neat and meticulous, and can be repeatedly rendered and colored. It is suitable for painting green and colorful meticulous landscapes, showing a brilliant artistic effect. Shengxuan is unprocessed, with strong water absorption and hydrophilicity, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. By splashing and accumulating ink, the artistic effect of collecting water, blooming ink and emphasizing color is achieved. Used for freehand brushwork. Familiar with propaganda, it is easy to master ink painting, but it is also easy to have problems of fluency and stagnation. Although Sheng Xuan's paintings are full of interest in ink, they are written immediately, and ink permeates quickly, which is not easy to master. Therefore, general landscape painters like to use semi-cooked Xuan paper, because it has both Mo Yun changes and is not too transparent, and it is easy to master rubbing, rubbing, tracing and dyeing, and can express complex and rich brushwork. This kind of paper can be made by yourself: dissolve a little alum in cold water, dip it in water with a brush pen and brush it evenly in health care, pay attention to the brush, and there can be no leakage marks. Concentration of alum water. To determine the degree of raw and cooked rice paper, you can touch some alum water on your tongue before brushing your teeth, which will have a slightly astringent taste. If it is too astringent, it will be cooked. Xuan paper is easy to break when wet, so it can be put under old newspapers. After brushing, you can take it down and dry it with the newspaper.

Xuan paper is more expensive, and it can be replaced by Korean paper in Northeast China, Jiajiang Xuan paper in Sichuan, Liuji paper in Jiangxi and lining paper in Shaanxi, Sichuan and Guizhou. They are very cheap, close to half-cooked rice paper.