How many kinds of "chapping" are there in Chinese painting? What are the characteristics of each?

The main pi Ma chafing, raindrop chafing, curling cloud chafing, decoupling chafing, cow hair chafing, big axe chafing, small axe chafing, etc.; performance of the tree skin, there are scales chafing, rope chafing, horizontal chafing, and so on.

Pizza chafing :by the difference between the soft stripes of ink line composition, the pen should be flexible, chafing and use, pay attention to the rich changes in the intensity of wet and dry. The long brush line is called long Phi Ma, the short brush line is called short Phi Ma. This phi method is often used to show the soil mountain, or the quality of loose rocks.

Cloud chapped :The pen is more bent and roundabout, to the center of the ring. Such as "summer clouds more strange peaks", so called cloud head chapped. This effect is created from the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painter Guo Xi, his landscape smoke and clouds hidden, strange peaks, "unique for a while".

Raindrops chapped; also known as beans Phi, for a long point-shaped short strokes, commonly used in the center slightly between the side of the front to draw. It can show that the rocks are strong and heavy. In the history of painting the use of raindrops Phi success story is the Northern Song Dynasty Fan Kuan, his wrinkle method is known as the "gun pen", his landscape has a "peaks and mountains thick, the potential shape of this unique style of XiongHuai.

Lotus leaf chapped: chapped pen from the peak downward flexing Phi, shaped like the tendons of the lotus leaf, hence the name. Used to show the hard rocky peaks, after natural erosion, the rock appears deep cracks. When you look at Mount Huangshan's Lotus, Lotus Core two peaks, you can see the stealing leaf effect in nature.

Folding band chapped : with the side of the lying pen to the right line, and then turn the horizontal scraping, to the left line can be reversed forward, and then turn down. Painted ink lines such as "folded belt" so named. This kind of chapping method is used to show the structure of calcite and stratified rock. Ni Yunlin, one of the "four great masters of Yuan", likes to paint the folding band chapped, with "thirsty pen" (the brush contains little water) painted, virtual spirit of the show, extremely artistic charm.

Mi point chapped: is full of ink horizontal point, dense point mountain, splash ink, broken ink, cum ink well with the most expressive of the landscape of Jiangnan early morning after the rain of the clouds and mist, smoke and trees confused scene. Mi Fu's point shape is broad, called the big rice point, Mi Youren painted point shape is slightly smaller, called the millet point.

Ink block chapped: painting a large ink, dipped in ink, must be penciled out, the root of the pen, the starting point more attached to the edge of the rocks or trees, the trend of continuous points to go, the accumulation of large points and into blocks. The pen should be fast, such as the wind and rain, together and into the flexing of the trend, should not be stiff, ink traces of the edge of the appropriate hair, in order to decorate other things, such as rocks, forests, etc., can be less traces, even if you do not paint other things, the edge of the cloud is the gas, it is appropriate to loose hair, can be obtained the cause of the clouds and the clouds of the haze." Expand Ox Fur Chapped: one of the traditional techniques of Chinese landscape painting. Is China's Yuan Dynasty Wang Meng from the "Pima chapped" "Xie Suo chapped" changes to a chapped, this chapped as fine as coiled silk thick as ox hair and named. This method focuses on the performance of the mountains and rivers in the south of the lush vegetation, lush scenery. Among them, "summer mountain high hidden map", "Qing Bian hermitage map", "summer mountain residence map" are Wang Meng with this chapped exemplary works, the Ming dynasty Shen Zhou's "Mount Lu high" is also a masterpiece of this painting method. The Qing dynasty of eight on the point of the cow hair chapped method of great understanding.　The characteristics of this chafing: the pen is thin and fluttering, layer by layer weaving, repeated superposition, mixed but not chaotic, dense but not boring, chaotic in its laws; ink, ink and light ink mixed with the last ink with burnt ink to refresh; point method is most characteristic of the bald pen, scattered points, some of the moss point with a pen to sweep out of the pen, or with a pen belly point out. With the ox-hair chafing avoid pen clutter, monotonous ink color.

Horse chapped; one of the traditional techniques of Chinese landscape painting. The so-called "horse teeth chapped", such as pulling the horse's teeth, tendons and feet are exposed. Horse teeth chapped, side pen heavy press, horizontal kick and become, pen press stationed, bald and flat like a tooth head; line pen kick broken, broken like a tooth foot. Outline and chapped intermixed with the melting, with the outline with the chapped, to get the best. If the first outline after chapped, will become rigid carry on. This method of the Northern Song Dynasty Ma Yuan, Yuan Dynasty Huang Zijiu more.

One line chapped: center brush, round and no angle, curved as painting orchids, a gas in the end, the line is strong, there are differences in the tightness of the point method, such as the word "one" or "mixed point".

Unlocking chapped: seek the rise and fall of the pen, ink and line of the appropriate thickness and staggering. It is the evolution of the pima chapped pen to be longer than the pima chapped, the line of the pen back and forth intensively, such as unraveling the rope, so the name unlocked chapped.

Sesame chapped: the pen for chapped like sesame grains, poly point into chapped, because of its similarity to the latter, so named its name. Suitable for the performance of giant rocks, peaks and mountains more bumpy chapped points. The brush is fine and there are changes of interspersed sparseness, also like raindrops. This method has not become the main wife of a family chapped, I see in the Tang Dynasty landscape painting. Craft painting occasionally seen.

Dragging chapped: this chapped requires the painter to make a comprehensive observation and understanding of the scenery, respect for the objective object and the painter's own true feelings on the basis of the shape of the scenery, God, potential, with the help of the image of the memory, to play the characteristics of ink and ink, boldly drop ink. After the pen falls on the paper, then according to the actual effect of pen and ink on the screen, according to the needs of modeling and the organization of the pen and ink of their own laws, constantly make adaptive adjustments. When the pen should be fixed, sequential order, pen and brush, control the rhythm of the pen and ink, painting a local regeneration to another local layer by layer to spread, so that the painting of the scenery and pen and ink in a single breath, all in one, so that the chakra, chi rhyme is naturally vivid.

Alum head chapped: that is, such as the head of the alum stone. Alum head stone more angular, shape more knot square, each open side, around the forced convex, straight outline horizontal chafing. Each up the I-word fine lines, high stand inverted, such as stacked alum pile. Pen in the center, ink can be wet or burnt. Jiao can add rubbing, wet is dyeing, Liu Songnian mostly use this method.

Bone-less chapped: painting method is less lines, see more big ink blocks, like the lotus leaves with ink, first with a big brush, slightly looking to fill in the details. Shi Tao in his discourse, also mentioned this technique.

Skull chapped: that is, such as the human head and bones. Human head and bones, painting why this name? I do not know how much the image of the rock is like the Buddha's head, if the name of the Buddha's head, only see the bald, not get orbital teeth, withered and jagged shape, the ancients cover the depth of the intervening, Li Si Xun each painting. Pure hooked, fine and meticulous, meticulous, fine in the strong, dense with sparse, or like a dragon head, or like the Buddha's head, positive side of the left and right, the eyes and nose are presented, short juxtaposition, the shape of the shadows are all in. It is appropriate to make a small, when the white, more must be fine tree folder leaves, curved threshold corridor lining.