Characteristics of private gardens in Jiangnan

Jiangnan garden features:

One, aesthetic features

1, stacked stones and water

Jiangnan water town, water features are good at, water and stone, constituting the main landscape of the garden. Taihu Lake production of strange stones, exquisite and colorful, planted in the garden, can be enjoyed. Song Huizong camp Burgundy, set up a flower and stone outline dedicated to carry Taihu Lake stone peaks, scattered relics still exist, such as Shanghai Yuyuan Yu Linglong, Hangzhou Botanical Garden Crepe Cloud Peak, Suzhou Ruiyun Peak. And the development of stacked stone for the mountain, in addition to the Taihu Lake stone, and with yellow stone, Xuan Shi. Ming and Qing dynasties, stacked stone celebrities, such as Zhou Bingzhong, calculated to become, Zhang Nangqi, Shi Tao, Go Yuliang, etc., activities in the Jiangnan region, a great contribution to the art of gardening. Today's survivors, Yangzhou, Yangzhou, a stone mountain house rockery, passed out of the Shi Tao hand. Go Yuliang stacked mountains, to Suzhou Huanshoushanzhuang rockery as a representative, is still intact. Changshu Yanyuan Huangshihu stone rockery repaired has lost the old view.

2, many flowers and trees

Jiangnan climate and soil suitable for the growth of flowers and trees. Suzhou Garden is known as the collection of plants, and more flowers and trees, such as the Humble Administrator's Garden in the camellia and the Ming painter Wen Zhengming hand-planted rattan. Yangzhou has always been famous for its dill flowers. In the early Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou peony world, new species of strange products repeatedly, known as the flower Rui. Jiangnan gardens are blessed with natural and horticultural artisans carefully cultivated, so there are flowers in all seasons.

Jiangnan gardens according to the tradition of Chinese gardens, although the nature of the Zong, never a thicket, no rules. The principle of its arrangement is generally as follows: tree tall trees to shade the sun, planting simple or beautiful tree shape tree (such as gnarled pine, willow) for appreciation, and then supplemented by flowers, fruits, leaves, color and fragrance (such as danggui, red maple, kumquat, wax plum, autumn chrysanthemums, etc.). Jiangnan more bamboo, categories are also a variety of green all year round for the garden color, or more planting of trailing grass, vines, to increase the interest of the mountains and forests. There is also appreciation of its sound, such as the rain in the lotus leaves, plantains, branches of birds, cicadas and so on.

3, architectural elegance and simplicity

Jiangnan gardens along the track of the literati garden, to the elegant phase Shang. Layout freedom, architectural simplicity, halls as appropriate arrangements, the structure is not confined to the stereotypes, pavilions, corridors and thresholds, turning its way, a reversal of the palace, temples, homes of the constrained symmetry, and to the freshness of the known as the spontaneity. This literati garden style, and later for the government offices, temples, halls, academies attached to the garden, and even the Royal Court to take the law. Song Huizong's Burgundy, the court in the building are imitated Jiangsu, Zhejiang, white house, do not apply color. The early Qing Dynasty, the construction of Beijing's three mountains and five gardens (see Yuanmingyuan) and the summer resort in Jehol, intending to emulate the mood of the Jiangnan gardens. Such as the Garden of Harmony in the Garden of Clear Ripples imitation send Changyuan, Yuanmingyuan, the four Yi House imitation of Haining Anlan Park; Summer Resort's small Jinshan, Yanyulou are based on the architecture of the Jiangnan gardens as a model. These are enough to show that contains poetic and picturesque literati garden as the characteristics of the Jiangnan gardens, has become the mainstream of Chinese gardens after the Song Dynasty. Northern scholars to build a garden, but also tend to invite the famous masters of Jiangsu and Zhejiang for the breakthroughs hosted.

Second, architectural features

Jiangnan gardens have the classical art and traditional history and culture is any form of architecture can not be replaced, as a complete design system, it uses a lot of gardening techniques, such as the layout of the plane, the organization of space, the creation of the mood and so on. The main features include intention and layout; extension, penetration and separation of space; spatial ambiguity; spatial emptiness and reality.

1, intention and layout

In classical gardening, people express their emotions and meanings through the form of gardens. According to the specific time and space characteristics, the real scene was transformed into a conceptualized art form. In this stage, Taoist thought exerted a subtle influence, and Qing Qian Yong once pointed out that "gardening is like making poetry and literature, which must make the twists and turns methodical, echoing back and forth?" Emphasized that the Chinese classical gardens pay more attention to the pursuit of the beauty of the poem's mood, in addition to the use of "multiple scenic spots, a stone's throw away from the mountains and forests," the technique, but also often borrowed from the inscription of the plaque to break the title, which helps to inspire associations to strengthen its infectious power. For example, the net lion garden in the waiting for the moon Pavilion. Its horizontal plaque said "the moon to the wind", and the couplet is taken from the famous Tang Dynasty writer Han Yu's poem "late autumn will come, the long moon sends the wind to", where the autumn moon to enjoy the moon, to the scene to taste the plaques and couplets, you can really feel a kind of full of poetic meaning. In addition, the Buddhists believe that people have eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body five roots, feel the beauty of the Jiangnan Garden mood can not rely solely on the visual pathway to convey information, but should be comprehensive use of all factors that can affect the human senses to obtain.

China's ancient times, long-term confinement in the feudal clan law, making the whole nation gradually formed a kind of inward-looking as the main feature of the national character, which permeates all aspects of people's lives, one of the most obvious aspect is the layout of the form of the building, the Jiangnan private gardens is no exception, such as the semi-circular, Chang Yuan, Crane Garden, which is characterized by: the building, the very gallery, pavilion, etc., are along the garden perimeter! Layout, all buildings are back facing outward and inward facing, and thus forming a larger and more centralized courtyard space. Against the Master Fu which needs to be emphasized here is the role of water, the formation of a larger and more concentrated courtyard space is usually centered on the water, its centripetal and cohesion of the feeling of exceptionally strong.

2, spatial sequence

Spatial sequence organization is related to the overall structure of the garden and the layout of the global issues. Some people compare the classical garden to a long scroll of landscape painting, meaning that it is characterized by multiple spaces, multiple viewpoints and continuity changes. For example, the Liouyuan Garden in Suzhou has an unusually complex spatial composition, and it seems difficult to find a clear viewing route and a corresponding spatial sequence in terms of the whole. But so, we can still divide it into several related "sub-sequence", the entrance part of the sequence is quite similar to the series of forms; the central part of the basic ring-shaped sequence form; the eastern part of the series and the center of the radiation of the two forms of sequence characteristics. Thus, it seems that the Jiangnan Garden actually adopts a comprehensive spatial sequence form. In order to achieve the purpose of small but big, the spatial sequence is not a flat expansion. From the city streets first into the garden buildings, often after several twists and turns before entering the main space of the garden. This is a spatial rhythm, the building here is a transition from the urban environment to the natural environment of the space, it laid the foundation for the openness.

3, the extension of space, penetration and hierarchy

The extension of space for the limited garden space to obtain a richer sense of hierarchy has an important role, the extension of space means that in the design of the spatial sequence to break through the material boundaries of the site, which effectively enriches the site and the spatial relationship between the surrounding environment, that is, the "flow of space". It effectively enriches the spatial relationship between the site and the surrounding environment, i.e. "flowing space". Jiangnan gardens are mainly dealt with through the relationship between the separation and connection of space. The internal space of classical private gardens is usually divided into areas and courtyards according to the functional relationship, which contains a number of spatial levels and major scenic objects. The main constituent elements are rocks, water, plants, sound, light and even odor. The extension and penetration of space allows the walls, walls, bridges, etc. used to separate the space to be integrated with the rest of the garden. Usually borrow a large number of completely transparent doorways, windows and make the separated spaces connected to each other, penetration.

4, the space of the implicit

Because of cultural traditions and differences in aesthetic interests. Chinese people tend to take more subtle and obscure method to make works of art lead but not hair, show but not show, the gardening art of the Jiangnan Gardens are often used to show and hide or want to show and hide the techniques of certain wonderful landscape or hidden in the remote and deep place, or hidden in the mountains and rocks, between the tops of the trees, to avoid opening the door to see the mountains, at a glance.

5, the contrast of space

Shen Fu has discussed the art of garden construction law; "small to see the big, small to see the big, real in the virtual, real in the virtual, or hidden or exposed, or shallow or deep," they are the philosophical antithesis and unity, the causal relationship between each other in the art of gardening is the relationship between the mutual contrast. Jiangnan garden through a series of contrasting techniques, spatial changes, limited area to create unlimited space.