The carrier of official script is

Question 1: What is the main carrier of official script in the Western Han Dynasty? In the Western Han Dynasty, the main writing carrier should still be wooden slips or bamboo slips, and the advanced ones should be cloth and silk, as well as paper. At that time, people called the person in charge of litigation documents a knife and pen officer, which shows that Jane was still the text carrier at that time.

Question 2: The evolution of Chinese characters and the main writing carriers of ancient inscriptions and official scripts. After thousands of years of change and development, the evolution process of Chinese characters is: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscription, big seal script, small seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script and running script.

The evolution of Chinese characters can be simply summarized into five stages: sound, shape, image, number and reason.

The main writing carriers can be summarized as follows:

Oracle Bone Inscriptions:

The earliest Chinese characters discovered in China were called Oracle Bone Inscriptions because they were carved on the shoulder blades of tortoise shells and cattle. They cover many aspects, such as politics, economy, military affairs, climate and academics, and are important materials for studying the history at that time. About 6.5438+0.4 million pieces were unearthed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with a total of about 4,500 words, and the recognizable characters were about 654.38+0.700 words. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the ancestor of Chinese characters.

Jinwen:

The inscriptions on bronzes in Yin and Zhou Dynasties are also called Zhong Dingwen. China entered the Bronze Age in Xia Dynasty, and the technology of copper smelting and bronze ware manufacturing was very developed. Because the Zhou Dynasty called copper gold, the inscriptions on bronzes were called "inscriptions on bronzes" or "auspicious words"; This bronze ware was called "Zhong Dingwen" in the past because it had the largest number of characters on Zhong Ding. The application period of bronze inscriptions is about 800 years, from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty's destruction of the Six Kingdoms.

Official script:

Lishu is a simple method of writing Xiao Zhuan, which was popular among the lower classes in the Qin Dynasty at first. It is said that Cheng Miao arranged it into a new font in prison. The writing carrier is on the bamboo slips. Later, after the Han Dynasty, paper was invented, and most of the characters were written on paper.

Question 3: The evolution of Chinese characters and the main writing carriers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Bronze inscriptions, official scripts, 1 Chinese characters are the most basic units of Chinese character writing, and their use began at the latest in Shang Dynasty, and they have undergone various changes in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Dazhuan, Xiaozhuan, official scripts and regular scripts. Livestock used for making wishes and banquets; Silk, bamboo, stringed and wind instruments (flute, etc. (3) China's highest education management institution in feudal times, imperial academy, and some dynasties also served as the highest institution of learning, setting up fatwas to offer wine to take charge of Chinese studies; Guo Jianziming and the Qing Dynasty called those who studied in imperial academy or obtained the qualification of studying in imperial academy. Friends who have been close since childhood are bosom friends. 5 Your Majesty's subjects' honorific titles to the monarch; Qing "and" love Qing "are the courtesy of the monarch to his ministers; Imperial edicts and orders issued by the emperor; Troublesome imperial edicts and orders; The imperial edict shows the will of officials; The orders or remarks made by imperial edicts are document orders issued by emperors in previous dynasties, and imperial edicts or decrees issued by conferring titles on heroes or conferring titles; An imperial edict issued by an ancient emperor in the form of an imperial edict. Choose B C E

Question 4: The development history of official script. Official script is also the leader of seal script. This is the Western Jin Dynasty? Wei Heng's Si Ti Shu is a classic narrative of Lishu itself and its background. In fact, the regular script of seal script refers to a new relatively independent font that changed in structure and writing during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In other words, official script was born out of seal script font through "official change". Li Bian is an important calligraphy cultural event in the history of calligraphy in China. The internal motivation of the official change is to adapt to the requirements of the social development at that time for the application of characters. "Li change is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the change of font structure is not only the change of regular script font structure, but also the main direction of this change is simplification; The second is the change of writing style, which is not only to change the writing style of the original regular script, but also to be concise and convenient. The simplification of font structure and the simple flow of writing style constitute the core content of the transformation process of officialdom. The simplification of glyph structure and writing style here is not only for the improvement of writing speed, but also for the inherent writing movement situation that is more in line with people's physiological movement track, so that official script was widely used with the political changes at the turn of Qin and Han Dynasties. As far as calligraphy is concerned, Li Bian has completed the following official seal transformation: 1, getting rid of the solidification of the font structure of the official seal and moving towards the abstract expression of the temporal and spatial movement of the official seal lines; 2. Lines change from euphemistic arc strokes of seal script to steep straight strokes, and twists and turns change from joint circle of seal script to turning point of Fang Bi. The formal transformation marks the destruction of the phase of Chinese characters and the establishment of abstract symbols, which makes Chinese characters change from ancient writing system to modern writing system. At the same time, it also marks the final formation of the independent personality and aesthetic characteristics of Lishu. On the other hand, as people's normative consciousness, we must standardize this new font and style. As a result, a highly standardized stereotyped writing appeared in the late Han Dynasty. Therefore, we say that the so-called official reform process is the normative construction process of the new calligraphy body produced by the triumph of seal script. As calligraphy, the beauty of official script lies in the process of official change that lasted more than 400 years. It is very necessary to interpret the aesthetic connotation and background of official script, which is helpful to our in-depth understanding of official script itself. Usually, we know official script from the existing Han steles and bamboo slips. However, it is far from enough to understand official script only through Han steles and bamboo slips. Because we can't understand the origin of the aesthetic connotation of official script. Therefore, we should interpret the process of official change for more than 400 years under the cultural background of Qin and Han dynasties, and explore the cultural and ideological origin of the beauty of official books. Only in this way can we know some official script traditions. In the Han Dynasty, Lishu not only formed its own independent personality and aesthetic characteristics through the process of bureaucratization, but also had a general trend of development in the direction of laxity and standardization. On the one hand, Lishu gradually broke away from its original practical position in the extreme of overemphasizing the convenience of writing, and then in the process of constantly planting grass, because of the different writing movements, what we call Cao Zhang and modern grass finally formed; On the other hand, it shows the normative construction of the original writing form of official script, which is based on the formal order. Because the stability of writing order directly affects the smooth communication of national culture and social progress. This is an important link that the government has always attached importance to. Therefore, with the establishment of the kingship in the Han Dynasty, it is inevitable to standardize the official script widely circulated in real life. Stereotyped eight-part script effectively overcomes the tendency of random writing in seal script Li Jie's calligraphy by standardized means, and makes the formal order tend to stable position selection and orderly structure diagram. Coupled with the constant accommodation of the aesthetic concepts of the official literati in the Han Dynasty, it finally formed a standardized, harmonious, quiet and left-handed style. The overall trend of stone carving in Han Dynasty from the simplicity of Western Han Dynasty to the standardization of Eastern Han Dynasty also confirms the historical process of official standardization of official seal characters. However, today's academic and calligraphy circles generally regard the gradual development trend of stone carving in Han Dynasty as a sign that official script is maturing. This is not only far-fetched, but also brings difficulties to the interpretation of official script ontology theory. This is because: First, the transformation of stereotyped writing to official script is based on the standardization of art and the modification of lines. Not only does it not have the randomness and rationality of writing, but it increases the difficulty of writing and loses the practical position of official script which was originally simple and convenient to write; Secondly, from the perspective of the writing subject, from the original official official position to the literati and officials. We started with, Yiying Monument, Ceremony Monument, Huashan Monument, Cao Quanbei, Zhang Qianbei >>

Question 5: What is the style of Wu Rui's official script? The main carrier of characters in the Western Han Dynasty should still be wooden slips or bamboo slips, advanced with cloth and silk, and paper. At that time, people called the person in charge of litigation documents a knife and pen officer, which shows that Jane was still the text carrier at that time.

Question 6: Official script comes first, or Han bamboo slips and Qin bamboo slips come first. Han bamboo slips are just the carrier.

Question 7: Why did the development of unified use of official script in the Western Han Dynasty go through several periods? At first, the Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and used seal script at the earliest. Later, seal script declined, official script flourished and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The cursive script (Cao Zhang) developed into a relatively mature font in the Han Dynasty. Regular script and running script also began to sprout.

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Lishu had reached a highly mature stage. Due to the implementation of thick burial in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the official official script fully displayed the artistic brilliance in the stone carvings. Therefore, Bin Chen, a close friend, said, "Since the Qin Dynasty, Fang Bi was widely used in official scripts, and it was slightly inclined at the end of the Han Dynasty, especially after the Han Dynasty. At the same time, he skillfully strokes with a pen. Before Gai, the strokes of the official script of the Han Dynasty were like children's pens. Later, they gradually improved, and the pen was upright. When they start, stop and flick, they can still protrude, press or float against the pen, and all kinds of ingenious skills, so the change of pen has reached a climax. " Han Li is widely used and famous.

Question 8: How to practice calligraphy (official script Zhang Qianbei) Your teacher's calligraphy can show some basic skills, but there are two points in copying. First, the shape of official script is flat, which is the most basic feature of official script, and it is also one of the easiest ways for people to distinguish the style of official script now. Because the official script was originally written on bamboo slips, it evolved to save space. However, in Zhang Qianbei, for the need of layout, calligraphers take shape long without losing rhyme, while your teacher's memorial tablet takes shape first, which is too deliberate and has the style of official script; Second, people who copy rubbings will deliberately write to cause the stone axe to pierce holes, which is different from the fonts on ordinary paper and silk books. Some people even think that those who write like rubbings are real experts, while others are amateurs. I don't think so, because rubbings are not the calligraphy attainments of the ancients, but the carrier problem. Such deliberate efforts are completely unnecessary. Your teacher writes too deliberately, but it doesn't matter if you write. ...

For your words, practicing calligraphy has nothing to do with who you are with. Calligraphy is not taught. Read more posts, compare more, feel more and feel more, and you will naturally achieve something. ...

Question 9: How to learn official script well? The first question for beginners of official script is how to start. Where to start? What tablet do you choose? What problems should be paid attention to in the process of learning inscriptions? In short, what track should the study of official script take? In which direction? This requires careful consideration and choice. Learning calligraphy should pay attention to learning methods, but there are no shortcuts. If you want to be opportunistic and don't work hard, it is impossible and unrealistic to do it in one step in a short time. Quick success and instant benefit will be self-defeating and even misguided. The premise of learning official script well is to have a serious attitude and the spirit of hard study, otherwise it is all empty talk. Of course, this does not mean that we don't pay attention to learning methods and steps, nor does it mean that we don't pay attention to learning effects. According to the long-term accumulated learning experience of predecessors and the general law of learning calligraphy, it is also very important to choose the correct way and scientific and effective method to learn official script. From shallow to deep, step by step, along the correct learning track, you will receive good learning results and avoid detours and deviations.