How did Harbin rise? The development of Harbin today.

1.1At the beginning of 895, the Sino-Japanese War ended in a fiasco in China. Treaty of shimonoseki stipulated that China ceded Liaodong Peninsula and paid 200 million taels of silver. China's international status has plummeted, and it is eager to find international allies and improve its international status. At one time, the voice of "uniting Russia and refusing Japan" inside and outside the imperial court was very high. Russia used this opportunity to unite France and Germany to force Japan to abandon Liaodong Peninsula.

As early as 65438+80s, Russia's expansion to Europe, the Near East, Central Asia and other places was frustrated repeatedly, so it turned its aggression target to the Far East in an attempt to occupy the northeast and northwest of China, thus occupying China and establishing world hegemony. Trans-siberian railway and Russia's aggressive policy in the Far East are inseparable. As the report of the Siberian Railway Committee said, "This railway is mainly for strategic purposes". 1891May 3 1 Crown Prince Nicholas officially cut the ribbon for the Trans-Siberian Railway Project in Vladivostok. What gives trans-siberian railway a new meaning is Russian Finance Minister Viktor, who advocates that the trans-siberian railway trunk line runs through the northeast of China and goes straight to Vladivostok. He believes that this railway is not only of great political and strategic significance to Russia, but also of great economic significance. Once trans-siberian railway is completed and opened to traffic, the journey between Europe and Asia will be shortened from 35 days to 18 days to 20 days, and Vladivostok will become the main port in Manzhouli, which will provide very favorable conditions for Russian business and promote the close economic ties between northeast China and Russia.

In the early Qing dynasty, the northeast was regarded as a "land of prosperity" by the Qing dynasty and was in a state of blockade. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, although the traditional closed policy was broken, there was a big gap between Northeast China and many coastal and inland areas. The feudal economy developed slowly, and the proportion of commerce and handicrafts in the whole economy was very small. Obviously, it is impossible to develop northeast agriculture into a commodity economy in a short time, let alone change the feudal economic structure. In order to fundamentally change this situation, it is necessary to operate a railway independently.

Li Hongzhang was the earliest courtier in China who advocated the construction of railways. According to the history of Qing dynasty, 1865, "for the benefit of the rulers, it was unsuccessful to directly supervise Li Hongzhang to repair the railway." After a lapse of 1875, Empress Dowager Cixi learned that a railway from Shanghai to Wusong had been built, which was regarded as a scourge and urgently demolished. Its footprint crossed the ocean and was thrown into Taiwan Province Province for disposal. 1887 years later, and 10 years later, due to the development of Kaiping coal mine, Li Hongzhang once again advocated the construction of railways, but was opposed by a group of fatuous old ministers inside and outside the imperial court and had to give up. Soon, "the Sino-Vietnamese War broke out". Due to the inconvenient transportation, the French army lost, and it was only in 1888 that a railway from Zhuang Yan to Tientsin was built. In the 20-year-long railway dispute, Li Hongzhang "persevered and worked very hard", and after several twists and turns, he listed the railway as the foundation for consolidating the country.

Just as Li Hongzhang took over a section of railway from Tianjin to Tongzhou, Russia accelerated its invasion of North Korea, which directly threatened the security of the "land of Longxing" in the Qing Dynasty. 1890, Li Hongzhang and Yi Kuang, the Prime Minister's yamen minister, played in the Qing court, suggesting to concentrate on "running the Kanto Railway first" to compete with Russia. The Qing government quickly adopted this proposal and authorized Li Hongzhang to supervise all matters.

189 1 year, Li Hongzhang presided over the establishment of the Shanhaiguan section of Beiyang Railway Bureau, which clearly stipulated that the road was officially put into operation, and the Planning Department of the Ministry of Housing allocated12.02 million yuan each year, and 16 provinces shared 52,000 yuan each. At that time, the Jingu Railway had been repaired to Linxi Town, Luanzhou. Li Hongzhang decided to take Shanhaiguan from Linxi, and then take Niuzhuang, Shenyang and Jilin from Shanhaiguan. Under the careful planning of Li Hongzhang, the Kanto Railway was laid to Shanhaiguan in 1893, and on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War in 894, the total length from Linxi to Shanhaiguan was 100 kilometers. However, due to the Qing government's arbitrary misappropriation of funds to organize the 60th birthday celebration of Empress Dowager Cixi, the Kanto Railway could not be further extended, and the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out, forcing the whole railway connection project to stop.

China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 1895. Although Li Hongzhang is eager to conclude a defense alliance with Russia, he dare not easily agree to Victor's request of "borrowing land to build roads". Li Hongzhang has repeatedly stressed: "Recommend a company as an agent for Russia, and the rights in China will be hindered, and countries will follow suit." Victor carrot and stick, saying that if China doesn't agree to "recommend this company", Russia "can't help China from now on". Later, the Tsar secretly met with Li Hongzhang and said, "China has a vast territory and a small population, and it can never occupy land the size of human beings. Sino-Russian friendship is getting closer and closer, and Dongfang Province is on the road. It is actually a quick action in the future, and China will help if something happens; Not just for Russia. " He also said: "It is difficult for Japan and Britain to guarantee that things will not happen again, and Russia can help." In this way, in order to get their hands on China's rights, Russia asked to borrow land to build roads; Li Hongzhang hopes that the Sino-Russian military alliance will "control Japan with Russia", and both have their own purposes. However, the military alliance that Li Hongzhang hoped for was not the original intention of Russia; Borrowing land to build roads is not what Li Hongzhang wants. If Li is not allowed to borrow land, Russia will not be allowed to form an alliance; If Russia is not allowed to form an alliance, Li is not allowed to borrow land. In this negotiation, the Russians tried their best to woo, seduce, intimidate and intimidate, starting in Petersburg and ending in Moscow.

1On June 3rd, 896, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Mutual Assistance to the Enemy was signed, the fourth paragraph of which stipulated: "Russia will run Russian troops to defend the enemy in the future and provide arms and food, so that China countries can build railways as soon as possible to reach the sea cucumber in Heilongjiang, China and Jilin. However, this railway construction project will not occupy the land of China in the end, nor will it hinder the rights of the great emperor of the Qing Dynasty. It can be the contractor manager of national diplomatic relations between China and Sino-Russian Daosheng Bank ". This treaty was not released until 192 1, so it was also called the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty.

The Sino-Russian Secret Treaty gives Russia the privilege of building and managing the Middle East railway on the territory of China. "Mutual assistance" and "jointly defending Japan" are completely false. It can be said that the front door refused the wolf and the back door attracted the tiger, which eventually led to the joint invasion of China by Russia and Japan. The Middle East Railway is called "Sino-Russian Joint Venture", but it is actually controlled by the Russian government and has seized a series of rights in China. But the China administration also has undeniable rights to the Middle East Railway:

First of all, the China government is a shareholder of the Sino-Russian Dawson Bank, which builds and operates the Middle East Railway. The China government initially invested 5 million Kuping Bank as a shareholder, "to establish a partnership with the Sino-Russian Daosheng Bank and share the business profits and losses by shares". 1920 "Renewing the Operation Contract of the Oriental Railway" reconfirmed the legal status of China Government as a shareholder of the bank.

Second, China government is the co-organizer of the Middle East Railway Company in law, insisting that the road name should be "China East Railway" (referred to as "Middle East Railway"). The inscription applied by the company was published by the China Municipal Government, and the general office of the company was selected by China, and it was stipulated that all railways and all railway industries would be owned by the China Municipal Government at the expiration of 80 years, without giving a price. It also stipulates that after 36 years from the date of driving, the China municipal government has the right to recover the price and so on. All these indicate that the sovereignty of the Middle East Railway belongs to China, which laid the foundation for the right to recover the Middle East Railway in the 1920s.

The Sino-Russian joint Middle East Railway is the starting point of Harbin's modern history and also a historical opportunity for Harbin. However, the massive spillover of railway rights in the Middle East exceeded Li Hongzhang's original intention of signing the Sino-Russian Treaty of Resistance Against Enemies and Mutual Assistance. The reason why Russia took this opportunity to burn, kill and plunder was that it bullied the weak and feared the hard, plundered and pushed its luck, and the corruption, ignorance and backwardness of the political system of China imperial court and some local officials were also important reasons. For example, Xu Jingcheng, general manager of the Middle East Railway, was executed by the Western Empress Dowager, and the post of general manager has been vacant for a long time. 1898, the construction of the middle east railway began in Harbin, and it was not until 1905 that the Qing government set up a riverside pass outside the road.

Following the signing of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Mutual Assistance to the Enemy, on September 8, 1896, China and China formally signed the Middle East Railway Contract, which stipulated: "All matters related to the direction of the railway should be handled by the general office of the Russian government with the construction department of the company and local officials passing by the railway."

1897 65438+ 10, the middle east railway company sent a "suggested road map" to Xu Jingcheng, the German ambassador to China, which basically determined the direction of the railway, as follows: "From the west, the rough map crosses the river into the boundary, passes through the north of Hulunbeier, goes back to Hailar River, crosses the Xing 'an League mountains, reaches Qiqihar from the upper reaches of Shunyar River, and crosses Nenjiang River to Hunan.

But soon, the Russian side wanted to move the railway route south, roughly "the original line to Hulunbeier, turning to the southeast, along the Ibn River and the Wenghe River (that is, the northern branch of Ibn River), crossing the river along the upper reaches of the Muer River (the original line along the Yar River), passing through Zhalaite Banner and Dutoso River in Mongolia, along the west bank of Nenjiang River, and passing through the front banner (flag) of Mongolian Guoerluosi.

Ambassador to Russia Xu Jingcheng In view of the dense population in Jilin and Fuyu areas where the new line passes, it is difficult to allocate railway land. In addition, the new line "needs to pass through Mongolia, because the original documents of the two countries do not contain and there are obstacles." Therefore, he flatly rejected Russia's request to move the route south.

Enze, the general of Heilongjiang Province, also telegraphed the Prime Minister's yamen on June 9 1997, saying that the southward movement of the route was unfavorable to both China and Russia:

"Check, China and Russia to build a railway. The original intention was to benefit the people. Richard must pass through existing cities and places, with abundant goods and many tourists, so the place is prosperous and can be bought and sold, and it is not too difficult to avoid the twists and turns of the road. Now, the Russians want to change their original route and plan to take the Mongolian grassland until Botuna. Although the road is smooth, it is a wasteland with few people and no business; The original intention is to put aside the capital of Qiqihar, which is inconvenient for both countries. Moreover, the soldiers sent in the future are also difficult to take care of. For Hulan, it is the essence of Jiangsu Province, especially the track. Please build and repair according to the previously discussed road. "

However, the Qing government made a decision without seriously considering the opinions of foreign minister Xu Jingcheng and frontier minister Enze. On June 2 1 day, the Prime Minister's yamen telegraphed two generals, Jilin and Heilongjiang, agreeing to the Russian request to change the route. Under the overall arrangement of the Middle East Railway Construction Bureau, each measuring section is very long, and after necessary preparation, all measuring and supporting personnel are led to the work place. Chief engineer Yugevich, accompanied by medical officer Bolejiko, captain Sokfuning of the General Staff and translator Liu (China's third-grade translator in Britain, with a sixth-grade title), crossed the mountains and rivers from east to west and from west to east along the Middle East Railway for five months, and made a further on-the-spot investigation on the new and old lines on the basis of investigation.

The survey of the Middle East Railway was carried out under extremely difficult conditions. Summer in Northeast China is hot and rainy, with flash floods and river flooding. Winter is cold, the north wind is cold and there is heavy snow all over the sky. In addition, there are topographic and geological data for reference, and even simple maps are very scarce. All these have hindered the smooth progress of the investigation.

After on-the-spot investigation, Yugevich found that Beduna is low-lying, the land is wet, and it is often flooded, which is not conducive to the construction of railways and modern cities. Although the Songhua River flows through Bertuna, due to its shallow water and narrow waterway, larger ships cannot pass through it. All these unfavorable factors have diluted the Russian interest in Bertuna and the whole new line.

1898 In March, China and Russia signed a land lease treaty, and Russia won the privilege of building and managing the Nanman branch line of the Middle East Railway in one fell swoop. In this way, the necessity of moving the railway trunk line south no longer exists, just determine an intersection on the T-shaped route. Therefore, the general direction of the Middle East Railway was not finalized until then. At the same time, it also plans the location of the future railway administrative center in the Middle East. As early as the winter of 1 897, Russian engineer Delovski came to Harbin to inspect the northern line for the first time. He once raised the banner of surveying and camping under the big elm tree on the highland along the river in Daoli District, and probably understood the terrain in this area. On April 24th, 1898, the task force headed by Shi Delovski came to Harbin again. As a result, it chose the triangle between Songhua River and its tributary Ashe River, which is now the urban area of Harbin.

After the location of the Middle East Railway was basically determined in the early spring of 1898, it has been half a year since the commencement ceremony of the Middle East Railway was held near Sanchakou, Dongning in the summer of 1897, which is very inconvenient for the Railway Engineering Bureau in Vladivostok to directly and effectively lead the construction of the whole Middle East Railway. In order to solve this contradiction, the Middle East Railway Engineering Bureau decided to move to a place in the northeast of China. The original location was near Hulan City, Heilongjiang Province, where the railway crossed the Songhua River. Therefore, a special advance team headed by Shi Delovski, who visited here, was sent to this area in advance to make necessary preparations.

These members include engineers Potts, Visochi and Lavinsky, meteorologist Vicello Zoff, two chefs, a doctor and 20 workers, and a semi-company Cuban Infantry Guard headed by Captain Pavljev, with about 50 people. The advance team and its accompanying articles, including silver dollars worth 654.38+10,000 rubles, took 30 carts and departed from Vladivostok, Russia, on March 8, passing through Sanchagou. On April 23rd, the advance team arrived at Ashe River City (now Ashe River Station). The local guide said that there were Russians in the cart shop near Tianjia Shaoguo, which was part of the investigation team that Shi Delovski left in Qiqihar last winter. In February this year, he was ordered to go to the Songhua River and wait for the arrival of Shi Delovski.

On the afternoon of April 24th 1, the local tour guide took Shi Delovski and his party to the cart shop near Tianjia Shaoguo, where they met Russian technicians Zabyti, Beyenne, Rusiev, Wazny and others.

The next day, Shi Delovski and others rode to the Songhua River to check. They came to Nangang Highland (now Ji Hong Street) through Majiagou Ferry, and saw such a scene: there is a river not far ahead, and a relatively narrow Gaogang (now Zhao Lin Park to Jiuzhan) extends along this river, and there is a camp (now air conditioning factory) on this hill. There are three or two straw houses in Zhao Lin Park today, and there is a bigger village near Chengde Square (Harbin Fishing Village, later called Fujiadian). Between Nangang Highland and Jiangyan Gaogang, there is a wide low-lying land. There are some hills with yellow grass floating in the low-lying land, and there is no direct road to the shore.

Therefore, the translator Chuplov (Xianzu) asked the foreign farmers who were watching with great curiosity. They said that only along the eastern end of Nangang Highland (now Harbin Amusement Park) can there be a road leading to the river. Shi Delovski and others followed the guidance of farmers and found a way (now Taikoo Street) on the east downhill of Gaogang. Although the road was full of puddles, Shi Delovski and his party were led to the river after all.

According to Vicello Zoff, a Russian meteorologist who first arrived in Harbin, after they arrived at Gaogang area along the river, they saw a battery (near today's air-conditioning machine factory) with more than 10 soldiers guarding the checkpoint. These China soldiers wore robes and jackets embroidered with colored circles on the front and back, while officers wore belts similar to headscarves, holding various guns and large eagle guns.

On the way back from an investigation in Russia, a China told them that there was a cooking pot for many years not far from the Russian military camp (car shop) in Xiangfang, which was recently robbed by bandits and left idle. Delovski and others personally check that the cooking pot is good. There are 32 houses, most of which are adobe houses, and some are blue brick houses. Although they have decayed, the walls and roofs are still intact, so it is not difficult to repair them. Tianjia's cooking pot is 8 Li away from the river. It's inconvenient, but there's nothing I can do. Shi Delovski intends to use it as the temporary office of the soon-to-be-established Engineering Bureau.

Soon, Chuplov, an interpreter sent to Ashe River, brought back two factory owners of the boiling pot. After a long negotiation, they agreed to hand over all the property here to the railway at the price of 8000 taels of silver. On May 5, we began to repair the Tianjia cooking pot, set up a shed and set up the office and dormitory of the Engineering Bureau.

At the same time, Shi Delovski also set up several shacks in Gaogang along the Yangtze River (near the club near Harbin-Tiejiang today). On June 6th, 1898, the first cargo ship "San Innocenti" arrived in Harbin and unloaded a lot of road construction equipment. So this area was originally called dock area, also called dock area. And set up a tent at a higher place on the river bank, about between Paodui Street and Koryo Street. In order to avoid the rain, we had to use everything at hand, such as boards, trunks, barge tarpaulins and some iron sheets, and even empty boxes unloaded from barges and ships came in handy.

On June 9th, 1898, all technicians of the Middle East Railway Engineering Bureau headed by Russian deputy chief engineer Ignazius arrived in Harbin on the ship "Hailanpao", and immediately found that the original decision to use Hulan as the bridge site of Songhua River and the future urban construction base was not ideal. This view also coincides with the opinion of the special advance team headed by Shi Delovski.

In this case, Ignazius, the deputy chief engineer, resolutely decided to set up the Railway Engineering Bureau in Harbin, and immediately began to formally work in the renovated Tianjia Shaoguo Hospital, and actually started the road construction work. Therefore, June 9th, 1898, should be regarded as the official commencement date of the Middle East Railway and the starting point of Harbin's urban construction.

The construction of the Middle East Railway has broken the rural life here. According to witnesses at that time, it was the opium harvest season shortly after the arrival of the Russians. The corner of Central Street and Shidao Street in Daoli District used to be a field where poppies were planted. The farmers walked through the fields, scraping the pulp from the head of the poppy cut off by the iron piece on the thumb of their right hand. Nowadays, in Nangang Highland, many fields are planted with corn, millet and sorghum. Occasionally, a gentle vendor comes slowly along the narrow path on the cultivated land. There are several jungle trees in some places, a small forest at the intersection of Garden Street and Beijing Street, and a small cemetery near today's Garden Street Children's Park. There are dense trees around. Another grove is at the junction of Manzhouli Street, Songhua River Street and Jiashu Street. In today's Jihongqiao, there is a small temple in an elm forest. Further down, near Factory Street and Trade Street, there is a big lake. Flocks of wild ducks and snipes frolic on the water, becoming "live targets" of Russian marksmanship and delicious food on the table of Russian housewives. Especially those tall ancient elms growing in Gaoyi Street, Jingwei Street and Youyi Road left a deep impression on people.

At that time, there were some small villages scattered on this land. There is a small village near Harbin Railway Station. There is only one family named Qin, and this is called Qinjiagang. Near Majiagou of Miller levski Barracks, there is a small village called Lazy Tun, and there is also a small village near the Botanical Garden in the distance. In the downstream of Majiagou, near the ferry (Guang Guang-Jianshe Street), there is a big village called Majiagou (Majiagou). There are only two or three straw houses in the city park (now Zhao Lin Park), and Fujiadian is just a village composed of a dozen straw houses. There was also a Tianjia wok, which belonged to all the residents of Harbin at that time.

Soon, all this "turned upside down", a modern city was born between Baishan and Heishui, ushered in the dawn of the new century!

When the Russians first came to Harbin, although the headquarters of the Engineering Bureau was located in Tianjia Shaoguo Courtyard (now the north side of the middle section of Anbu Street in Dongxiang Xiangfang), some new buildings were located in Xiangfang, west of Hongqi Street, near Xiangfang Park, which was also the place where the Russian special advance team Shi Delovski first settled in-the first Russian camp was another manor near Tianjia Shaoguo. According to legend, around 1805, the Li family in Laoting County, Hebei Province came here to farm for a living. Later, because he could make incense, he built a tile-roofed house at the corner of Caoliao Street and Hygiene Street (now opposite the south gate of Xiangfang Park), and the word "Xiangfang" was engraved on the gate, which is the origin of the name "Xiangfang".

Initially,1On May 28th, 898, Vicello Zoff, a technician of the advance team, installed the first weather station in this Xiangfang Park. Shortly after the arrival of the Engineering Bureau on June 9, a lithographic printing machine also started to rotate, printing out various documents and forms. In Tianjia Shaoguo Hospital, a privately-run public canteen also opened. On July 6th, Harbin Daosheng Branch opened in a shed in Xiangfang Health Street (now Capital Street), and its first president was Capra Li. /kloc-in August, 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church established the Little Nikolai Church in Junxun Street (now Xiangshun Street) in Xixiangfang, with Zhu Lavschi as the first priest. On August 24th, the first Luxi Ali cosmetics barber shop opened in Xixiangfang. Soon, in Caoliao Street (now Xiangfang Street) of Xixiangfang, the first store, Luoxi Bank Foreign Firm, was opened. On June+10, 5438, a railway primary school also held its opening ceremony in Wei Bao Street (now Jiankang Street) in Xiangfang.

1898 to 10 track laying starts from Xixiangfang towards Ashe River, and a railway station is set up in Xixiangfang, called Harbin Station. According to the supplementary map of Harbin and Suburb Middle East Railway 1902, the west of Hongqi Street is designated as the subsidiary of Middle East Railway, forming the east and west incense pavilions. Tianjia Shaoguo is located in Dongxiang Square surrounded by the railway. Because Harbin stood in Xixiangfang, the whole Xixiangfang was originally called "Harbin" or "Harbin District".

The construction equipment needed for the railway project was shipped out from Boli or Iman, traced back to Wusuli River, Heilongjiang River and Songhua River and transported to Harbin, where it was unloaded at a slightly higher place on Tongjiang Street and Central Street today. This is the origin of Butou District (now Daoli District). At the same time, a stockyard (near the Jiang Shang Club on the railway) and a temporary general factory (now Harbin Railway Material General Factory) were set up to assemble locomotives and rolling stock. 1September, 899, due to the urgent need to supply railway equipment to the east of Xixiangfang (Binsui Line), the railway was built along the river, and the earliest railway station in Harbin was set up along the river (now Zhao Lin Park, later demolished), which was called "Songhua River Station" in history.

Before the Russians came to Harbin, the future railway hub station was named "Songhua River Town" in relevant documents. With the construction of the Middle East Railway, Harbin initially formed a tadpole-shaped city prototype at 1898, with Songhua River Station at one end (Buttou District) and Harbin Station at the other end (Xiangfang District). In order to distinguish Xiangfang "Harbin Station" from Daowai "Harbin Village", people renamed "Harbin Village" as "Fujiadian".

/kloc-in the spring of 0/899, the Railway Engineering Bureau began to plan and construct Nangang, formerly known as Qinjiagang. A big elm tree (cut down in the Great Leap Forward) was reserved at the east end of the first platform of Harbin Railway Station, which is a historical witness of Qinjiagang. Later, due to the Qin family's position in and outside the Daoli, it was used to be called Nangang, about 1903.

The Russians called Nangang "Novi galt" and translated it into "New Town" (New Street). 1In March, 899, civil engineer Levchev moved his office and headquarters from Xixiangfang to Majiagou Ferry (near the current city swimming pool) to facilitate the construction of the nearby Nangang. 1899 1 0 year 10 month 1 3. At the highest point of Nangang (now museum square Province), a "Saint-Nyala Cathedral" (commonly known as Lamatai, which was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution) was first built. A bronze medal commemorating Songhuajiang Railway Town hangs high in this church. At the same time, the main building of Central Hospital (now Railway Central Hospital) has also started construction. In addition, several houses have been built in Customs Street, and more than 20 housing racks have been set up in the former official street.

On June 1899 and 10, the Middle East Railway began to lay tracks southward (Binhai-Lv Xian). At the same time, a small house was temporarily built in the luggage room of Harbin Railway Station, called Songhua River Station, which served as the stationmaster's office, telegraph room and driver's lounge, while the original Songhua River Station along the river was renamed Jiangyan Station. On July 1903 and 14, the entire Middle East Railway was officially opened to traffic. At the same time, Songhua River City will be changed to Harbin City, Songhua River Station to Harbin Station, Jiangyan Station to Wharf Station and Xiangfang Station to Old Harbin Station. Russians call Nangang a "new city" and China people are used to calling it a "new Harbin", which is the origin of new and old Harbin. The whole Harbin consists of Butou District, New Harbin District and Old Harbin District, which is also the origin of "Oriental Moscow".

Today, Harbin has a vast territory, with seven districts of Nangang, Daoli, Daowai, Xiangfang, Taiping, Dongli and Fangping, and five counties of Hulan, Acheng, Binxian, Fangzheng and Yilan, with a total suburban area of 1 637.7 square kilometers (including urban area 1 54.3 square kilometers). The population has exceeded 5.5 million. However, at the beginning of this century, the urban area of Harbin was only 7 square kilometers in Nangang and Daoli, and the rest were attached to the Middle East Railway Bureau (later renamed East Special Administrative Region), Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, and the last four provinces were merged into one. This is the origin of Harbin being the fourth in the world.

Part of Harbin Autonomous City:1In July, 907, the Middle East Railway Administration established the Civil Affairs Department, which stipulated that the Harbin Autonomous Parliament should take the public parliament as the deliberative organ, with a quota of 6 0 people and the board of directors as the executive organ, with a quota of 5 people, and part of the land of about 7 square kilometers in Daoli and Nangang should be classified as autonomous cities. This part of the land development, municipal construction, industrial and commercial management, culture and education and other affairs, are under the jurisdiction of the municipal council. It was not until 1926 that the municipal government was recovered from the Russians and the "Harbin Special City" was established, which still governed the original area.

The subordinate parts of the Middle East Railway Bureau: Majiagou, Xiangfang, Pianlianzi, Area 8, Guxiangtun, Zhengyanghe and Jiangbei Shipyard were designated as the direct jurisdiction of the Civil Affairs Office of the Middle East Railway Bureau at 192 1. In February, after the railway rights in the Middle East were recovered, the Municipal Administration Bureau of the East Special Zone was established. 190.

Riverside part: At the beginning, Middle East Railway Company made three enclosures in Harbin, excluding Fujiadian and Tianjia cooking pots. This part is under the jurisdiction of Lalin, Shuangcheng, Acheng and Binxian. Until 1906 set up a riverside pass, 1907 set up a riverside hall, and 1908 set up a riverside hall. In fact, Binjiang County is a satellite city of Harbin and two independent urban development subjects.

Songpu part of Jiangbei: Since the establishment of 1683 Heilongjiang General Yamen, Jiangbei has been under the jurisdiction of Hulan City, which is not within the scope of Harbin in Qing Dynasty at all. It was not until 19 18 that the Heilongjiang Administrative Office decided to set up Majiakaguchou Municipal Bureau, and 1925 changed its name to Songpu Preparatory Office, because this is a land-water intersection. In fact, this is also the satellite city of Harbin, and Binjiang County is an independent urban development body.

On July 1933 and 1 day, the puppet Manchukuo government merged the above four into one and established Harbin Special City. After liberation, the newly divided power area and residential area finally formed the basic pattern of Harbin suburbs today.

In the past hundred years, Harbin has developed from a tadpole-shaped city prototype to a banana-fan-shaped big city, embedded in the white mountains and black waters, and has continuously achieved new development.

-The above is the rise of Harbin.

2. In 2008, Harbin achieved a regional GDP of 286.82 billion yuan, an increase of 13.2% over the previous year at comparable prices, and maintained a double-digit growth for 15 years. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 39.02 billion yuan, an increase of 6.9%; The added value of the secondary industry reached107.76 billion yuan, an increase of14.5%; The added value of the tertiary industry reached140.04 billion yuan, an increase of 13.9%. The contribution rates of the three industries to economic growth are 7.5%, 40.7% and 5 1.8% respectively. The tertiary industry structure is13.6: 37.6: 48.8. The per capita GDP was 290 12 yuan, an increase of 12.6% over the previous year.

The total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery was 67 billion yuan, an increase of 7% over the previous year. The total grain output exceeded1000 billion kg for the first time, reaching154 million kg, an increase of 8. 1% over the previous year, reaching a new record high.

The added value of industrial enterprises above designated size reached 5 1.35 billion yuan, an increase of 1.04% over the previous year. Among them, the added value of the four leading industries accounts for 83. 1% of the added value of industries above designated size.

The investment in fixed assets of the whole society was13465438+300 million yuan, up by 30.2% and 2.9 percentage points over the previous year, the highest since 1994. Among the projects under construction throughout the year, there are 238 large projects with a planned total investment of more than 654.38 billion yuan, with a total investment of 49.30 billion yuan, accounting for 36.8% of the total investment in fixed assets.

Real estate has grown steadily. The investment in real estate development in the whole year was 2158 million yuan, up by 1.5 1% over the previous year, accounting for 1.6 1% of the total fixed assets investment, down by 3.6 percentage points over the previous year. Real estate development and construction area1610.08 million square meters, an increase of 7.2%; The completed area was 4.673 million square meters, down by 3.365438+0%; The sales area of commercial housing was 586 1 10,000 square meters, down by 2 1.7%.

The total retail sales of social consumer goods1264 billion yuan, an increase of 22.0% over the previous year. There are 275 commodity trading markets in the city, of which 47 have an annual turnover of over 100 million yuan, with a turnover of 48.2 billion yuan; There are 1 1 over 1 billion yuan, with a turnover of 36.3 billion yuan.

The total import and export value of the year was 3.64 billion US dollars (customs caliber), an increase of 2 1.6% over the previous year. The total export value of the whole year was $65.438+0.75 billion, an increase of 654.38+0.0%; The total import value was US$ 6,543.8+US$ 0.9 billion, an increase of 33.3%. In 2001, the actual utilization of foreign capital was US$ 570 million, an increase of 28. 1% over the previous year, and 82 foreign direct investment projects were newly approved, with contracted foreign capital of US$ 440 million. The direct utilization of foreign capital was 540 million US dollars, an increase of 22.3%.

The annual general budget revenue of full-scale finance was 28.05 billion yuan, an increase of 27% over the previous year (comparable caliber), of which the general budget revenue of local finance was 654.38+0.64 billion yuan, an increase of 27.2%. The city's general budget expenditure was 3065438+300 million yuan, an increase of 25.6%.

In 2008, the CPI of Harbin increased by 4.7%, of which 65438+February increased by 0.2%, the lowest increase since March 2007.

In 2008, the per capita disposable income of urban households was 14588.6 yuan, an increase of 14.2% over the previous year, and the per capita wage income of urban residents was 8759.0 yuan, an increase of 12.5%, which is still the main factor driving the growth of disposable income. Per capita consumption expenditure 1079 1.2 yuan, with a year-on-year increase of 16. 1%. The annual per capita net income of rural families was 5,960.9 yuan, an increase of 17.6%, and the growth rate reached a new high in four years. Family operational income accounts for 68%, which is still the main source of farmers' net income.

By the end of 2008, there were1174,000 employees participating in the basic old-age insurance for enterprises in the city, an increase of 9,000 over the previous year, and the participation rate reached 90%, an increase of 2 percentage points over the previous year. The number of employees participating in unemployment insurance was 1.284 million, an increase of 28,000. At the end of the year, there were 2.392 million urban employees, an increase of 39,000 over the previous year. New jobs were created in cities and towns 1 10000, an increase of 5000 over the previous year. At the end of the year, there were 73,000 registered unemployed people in the city, 3,000 fewer than the previous year, and the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns was 2.97%.

The population keeps growing at a low speed. At the end of the year, the total registered population was 9.899 million, an increase of 25,000 over the previous year. Among them, the urban population is 475 1 10,000, an increase of 3,000. Among the total population, the non-agricultural population was 4.769 million, an increase of 0.03 million; The male population is 5.002 million, an increase of 9,000.