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8th grade geography review outline (1) Hunan Education Edition

Chapter I Territory and population of China.

1. 1 the territory of China

1, the geographical location of China: located in the eastern hemisphere, the northern hemisphere, the eastern part of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. The superiority of China's geographical position;

① From the latitude position, the north and south span a wide latitude, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few areas in the south belong to the tropical zone without cold;

② From the land and sea position, China is located in the east of Eurasia, the largest continent in the world, and borders many countries in the west. The east is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world, with many islands and harbors, and it is a country with both land and sea.

2. Vast territory: the land area is 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world after Russia and Canada.

① China's land border is long, reaching 20,000 square kilometers, and there are 14 countries bordering it: eastern Korea, northern Mongolia, northeast and northwest Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Danny in southwestern India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. There are six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Wen Fei, Japan and South Korea.

China is an important maritime power in the world, with a coastline of over18,000 kilometers, which is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with a sea area of over 500 square meters in China. The width of China's territorial sea is 12 nautical mile. The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers. Linhai (from north to south): Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. The sea area is 3 million square kilometers;

③ The coastline is long 1.8 million kilometers. The main islands are Taiwan Province Island, Hainan Island, Zhoushan Islands and South China Sea Islands, and there are six maritime neighbors (from south to north, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia).

3. Territory 4: the northernmost point: the center of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe; Southmost tip: Zengmu shoal; The easternmost point: the confluence of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers; The westernmost point: Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang.

It spans nearly 50 latitudes from north to south, about 5,500 kilometers, and more than 60 latitudes from east to west, about 5,000 kilometers. This is a vast country with remarkable differences in natural environment.

1.2 chinese administrative division

Historical administrative divisions: current administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into three levels: provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and towns (townships). There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions, namely Hongkong and Macau.

Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.

Names, abbreviations and administrative center textbooks of 34 provincial administrative units: Page 8 of 8th grade.

1.3 population of China

The first in the world: the fifth census: the total population of China is 6543.8+29.5 million. The current population is 654.38+0.3 billion. Rapid growth: uneven distribution. East-West Population Boundary: From Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong County, Yunnan Province.

The characteristics of large population and small population: the eastern region has a large population; Coastal, river and lake areas have a large population; The plains and basins have a large population; Areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population; Areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population; The Han area has a large population. The western region has a small population; The arid desert area has a small population; The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small; Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population; Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population; Most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control population and improve population quality.

1.4 ethnic groups in China:

56 Ethnic Groups: China is a unified multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities.

Distribution characteristics: large mixed residence, small settlement. Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. There are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas.

National customs: Mongolian Nadam Congress; Water-splashing Festival of Dai people in Yunnan: Dragon Boat Festival of the Chinese nation.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2. 1 Topography of China

1. The basic characteristics of China's topography: the mountains with high terrain in the west and low terrain in the east are distributed in three steps: the first step and the second step: Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second step and the third step: Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

2. The main terrain that constitutes the steps at all levels: the first step is mainly composed of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; The second step includes Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The third step includes: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

3. The influence of topography on China:

① Climate: China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is inclined to the ocean, which is conducive to the humid air flowing from the sea to the inland of China and bringing abundant precipitation to the vast areas of China;

(2) Rivers: As the saying goes, "Man struggles upwards and water flows downwards". The topography of China is high in the west and low in the east, which will inevitably lead to rivers flowing into the sea from west to east. The ancient poem goes, "One spring water flows eastward" and "One spring water does not return";

③ Transportation: On the one hand, the great river flowing eastward connects the eastern and western parts of China, which facilitates the connection between the coast and the inland; On the other hand, the mountain range at the junction of stairs has become a huge obstacle to the east-west traffic in China.

4. Main mountain ranges in China: (implemented on the map)

East-west trend: Tianshan, Yinshan, Kunlun, Qinling and Nanling;

North-south trend: Helan Mountain, Liupan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain.

Northeast and Southwest: Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Taiwan Province Mountain and Yushan Mountain.

Northwest and southeast strike: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain; Arc strike: Himalayas.

Arc Mountain System: It is the highest mountain in the world, the Himalayas. Its main peak, Mount Qomolangma, is 8848 meters above sea level, which is the highest mountain in the world and is located at the junction of China and Nepal.

5. China Wuyue: Dongyue Taishan; Xiyue Huashan; Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; Zhongyueshan

6. Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers crisscross. Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, and there are many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the east and middle of the northwest. Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.

Great basin: Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in China. Among them is the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China. Junggar Basin: China's second great basin. Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia". Sichuan Basin: It is called "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".

8. Three plains: Northeast Plain: Black soil covers a vast area. North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small. The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".

2.2 Climate in China

1. The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in the northeast of Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

4. According to the comparison of precipitation and evaporation, China is divided into four dry and wet areas: arid area, semi-arid area, semi-humid area and humid area.

Relationship: the dry and wet areas affect the ground vegetation, and the wet areas are rich in precipitation, so the forests are lush; Rainfall is scarce in arid areas, so vegetation is short, agricultural types are different, crops (cash crops) are also different, and people's eating habits and physical conditions are also different.