Ancient Chinese Names

Ancient Chinese surname, clan, name, word, number of the historical origin and evolution:

First, the surname

Xu Shen "Shuowen Jiezi" Volume 2.4, "female department": "the surname, the person born, also from the female, born, born also sounds." Ban Gu "Baihu Tongde theory" Volume IX said: "Surname, born also, people endowed with weather so born also." Zuozhuan - eight years of hidden public "the son of heaven build virtue, due to the birth to give the surname." All of these say that the original meaning of "surname" is "birth". Therefore, it is widely believed that the family name is initially a racial title representing the relationship of blood, lineage, and lineage, or clan number for short. As a clan name, it is not an individual or individual family, but the title of the whole clan tribe. According to the literature, our ancestors initially used surnames for the purpose of "different marriages", "clear lineage", "different races". It was created around the time of the primitive society of the clan communal period.

How did the last name come about? People speculate that the origin of the last name is related to the ancestor's totem worship. In the primitive imperceptive era, all tribes and clans have their own totem worship, such as wheat ears, bear, snake and so on were once the totem of our ancestors, this totem worship has become the symbol of the tribe. Later, it became the code name of all members of the tribe, i.e. "surname". Because the number of ancient clan tribes is, after all, limited and countable, so the pure ancient times left the last name is very little.

According to the "Spring and Autumn Annals", the "ancient surnames" are: Gui (today's Zhuo Lu in Hebei Province has Gui water), Si, Zi, Ji, (the Zhou royal family name), wind, win (the Qin family name), hex, Ren, Ji, Qian, Cao, QI, food, ginger, Dong, Yan, return, Man, Mi (the Chu family name), Kui (the original northern minority family name), Lacquer (concealment), Yoon and 22 other surnames. Nearly half of these surnames have female characters. Therefore, it has been speculated that the birth of the family name may be in the matrilineal clan society. Mr. Zhang Taiyan and other scholars from the "Shuo Wen", "Classic of the Mountains and Seas", oracle bones, Jinwen and other ancient literature collated dozens of ancient surnames (about 59, Zhang Taiyan 52, others from the Jinwen Rayon and other 7), so that together with the original is only a little more than 80, it can be imagined that this is only a part of the actual existence of ancient surnames, the original surnames must be more than these. The other has been anonymous. But one thing is certain, the time of the surname is not as much as we speak today's "surname". We can list a few representative figures about surnames from ancient times to the present day.

①Feudal society after the Northern Song Dynasty, a long time as children's literacy reading materials "hundred surnames" (the Northern Song Dynasty, Qiantang Anonymous edited), **** income of 502 surnames (of which 342 single surnames, compound surnames of 60. The beginning said: "Zhao Qian Sun Li, Zhou Wu Zheng Wang, Feng Chen Chu Wei, Jiang Shen Han Yang ......") ② Song Dynasty Zheng Qiao "Tongzhi - Surname略" in the statistics of ancient surnames **** there are 1745. ③ Ming Dynasty Hanlin Academy editorial Wu Shen and others according to the Ministry of Households at the time of the collection of household registers compiled into the "Huangming Thousand Surnames", the collection of 1968 surnames. (Beginning said: "Zhu Feng Tianyun, rich Wanfang, the Holy Spirit Wenwu, Taohe Tao Tang ......") ④ Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi personally finalized the "imperial hundred surnames", (Beginning said: "Kong Shi Que party, Meng Xi Qi Liang, Gao Shan Zhan Yang, Zou Lu) Rongchang, Ran Ji Zongzheng, tour summer article ......") ⑤ Qing Zhang Shu "family name to find the source of", "family name to identify the wrong" in the ancient family name said there are 5129. (6) After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yan Fuqing and other mainland scholars have edited and published the Compendium of Chinese Family Names***, which contains 5,730 family names. Among them were 3470 single surnames, 2085 double-character surnames, 163 three-character surnames, and 12 four-character and five-character surnames. Taiwan Province of China has also published "Chinese Surnames", which contains 6,363 surnames, but there are cases of duplication of different characters in it. (7) According to a sample survey conducted by the Chinese Character Division of the Chinese Language and Character Reform Working Committee in 1984 and the estimation of relevant experts, there are more than 3,000 surnames still in use today. (Meteorological Publishing House published in January 2001, Wang Dailiang edited "Contemporary Hundred Surnames" according to the 1982 national census data that: At present, China's commonly used surnames about 400, according to the population at that time, the first 100 surnames are: Li Wang Zhang Liu Chen Yang Zhao Huang Zhou Wu, Xu Sun Hu Zhu Gao Lin He Guo Ma Luo, Liang Song Zheng Xie Han Tang Feng Yu Dong Xiao, Cheng Cao Yuan Deng Xu Fu Shen Zeng Peng Lü, Su Lu Chiang Chai Jia Ding Wei Xue Ye Yan, Yu Pan Du Dai Xia Zhong Wang Xue Yan, Yu Pan Du Dai Xia Zhong Wang Wang, Yu Pan Du Dai Xia Zhong Wang Wang Wang Xue Yan. Yu Pan Du Dai Xia Zhong Wang Tian Ren Jiang, Fan Fang Shi Yao Tan Liao Zhou Xiong Jin Lu, Hao Kong Bai Cui Kang Wang Qiu Qin Jiang Shi, Gu Hou Lang Meng Long Wan Duan Lei Qian Tang, Yin Li Yi Chang Wu Qiao He Lai Gong Wen. These 100 surnames account for more than 87% of the country's total population. Among them, Li Wang Zhang Liu Chen 5 surnames have more than 300 million people. Li 87 million, Wang 80 million, Zhang 8 million, Liu 60 million, Chen 50 million. (The big surnames vary from city to city across the country. For example, the top 10 surnames in Shanghai are: Zhang Wang Chen Li Xu Zhu Zhou Wu Liu Shen.) This number is far from the so-called pure "family name" that existed in ancient times, as we said earlier. What about the other characters that are also called surnames? Those characters are the main components of the modern family name, "氏", which will be introduced below.

Second, the "clan"

Because of the reproduction of the population, the original tribes and a number of new tribes, these tribes in order to distinguish each other in order to express their own specificity, for their own sub-tribe alone a tribal **** with the code name, which is the "clan! ", of course, there are also small tribes did not do so, and still use the old tribe's surname. Some tribes used their old surnames while having their own "clan". These small tribes later branched out into more small tribes, which in turn established their own clans, so that the number of clans grew, even to the point of far exceeding the size of the original family name.

From the time, this has been the patriarchal clan society, the clan with the brand of this era. So the "clan" can be said to be a branch of the family name. "Tongzhi - outside the record," said: "the family name of the unity of its ancestor from the test, the clan is not its descendants of the self-subdivision." This is a good illustration of the relationship between the two. "Surname" is unchanging while "clan" is variable. Gu Yanwu also said that "the clan can be changed in a single transmission, and the family name remains unchanged for millions of years." Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the family name and clan were used on different occasions, and there were strict regulations on who had the family name and who used the clan, but after the Han Dynasty, the family name was not distinguished, and the surnames were united and collectively called the family name. Some of them are directly the first name and surname titles of female matriarchs.

(2) to plants and animals or other natural objects for the family name. Such as horses, cows, sheep, pigs, snakes, dragons, willows, plums, plums, peaches, flowers, leaves, grains, wheat, mulberry, hemp, corn, mountains, water, forests, wood, wind, clouds, rivers, rivers, gold, stone, steel, iron, jade, and so on, and a large part of this is the totem of the tribe.

(3) Taking the feudal state, cognizance or office or title as the surname. Such as Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin, Lu, Cai, Zheng, Chen, Song, Ruan; Szeto, Sima, Sikong, Lezheng, Zai, Shangguan, Taishi, Shaozheng, Wang, Hou, Gongsun, Buozi and so on, due to the ancient feudal titles and offices in the name of a variety of such surnames, so many.

(4) The birthplace, place of residence or occupation for the family name, such as Yao (Yu Shun born Yao Hui), the East (Fuxi residence), Ximen, Dongmen (Luzhuang Duke Sui descendants of the feudal residence), Dongguo, South, Baili, Ouyang (King Goujian, was sealed in the Wucheng Ouyang Pavilion), Tao, Woo, Bu and medical, and so on.

(5) Surnames are based on the clan name or posthumous name of ancestors. For example, Tang, Yu, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Yin, Wen, Wu, Zhao, Mu, Kang, Zhuang, Xuan, Ping, Cheng and so on.

(6) other (there are several variants in the family name, mutation):

A, the emperor gave the family name. For example, Liu Bang gave Xiang Bo the surname Liu. Li Yu gave Xi Tinggui (an ink official) the surname Li.

B. Change of surname to avoid disaster. For example, after Wu Zixu was killed in Wu, his children and grandchildren fled to Qi and changed their surname to Wang Sun; Chen Wan, the son of Duke Li of Chen, fled to Qi as a doctor after the civil unrest in Chen and changed his surname to Tian.

C, in order to avoid the emperor or saints and change the surname. For example, Xun changed his surname to Sun, Zhuang to Yan, and Qiu to Qiu.

D, the complexity of the original surname, more words and change the surname. For example, Sima Jian's surname is Si or Ma or Feng, and Ouyang Jian's surname is Ou.

E, ethnic minorities take the initiative from the Chinese surname. For example, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty stipulated that the Xianbei people changed their surnames to Chinese surnames such as Lu, Mu, He, Yu, etc. The royal family took the lead, changing their original surnames from Tuoba to Yuan.

F, in addition, Tuoba, Shan Yu, Yuwen, Changsun, Huyan, Yuchi, Yelu, Wanyan, Aixinjueluo, etc. are minority surnames of the Chinese translation. Some minority surnames in the translation into Chinese, too long to simplify the word, such as Aixinjueluo, changed the surname Luo, Jin. From the above, we can see that the same surname is not necessarily a family.

Today's social occasions in the public **** "your name", "honored name", "according to the order of the family name strokes" in the last name, in fact, including the ancient family name, the clan of the two aspects of the The content.

Additionally, there are a few points worth noting about the ancient family name:

1) before the Warring States period, the aristocrats only have a family name, aristocratic men called the family name, women called the family name. Because "the name so don't marriage", "the clan so don't nobility and lowly", "the nobility has a clan, the lowly one has a name without a clan" ("Tongzhi - Clan Lilliputian") Gu Yanwu in the "Ri Zhilu", said: "Examined in the" biography ", between two hundred and fifty-five years, there are men and the name of the person? There is none."

So what do men call it?1, the noble one called the clan; 2, the lowly one is summarized by occupation. For example, Yiqiu, Butcher, Shi Shi, medical and, You Meng, these occupational names later became surnames. At that time it was a generic name.

2 Clan with a different name, marriage can be; name with a different clan, marriage is not. "Rites do not marry with the same name," "parents with the same name, its out of not tomato" ("Zuo Zhuan"), "the same name is not married, the evil does not multiply. (Guoyu) Some believe that a simple eugenics is implied.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Zhaodong of Lu married a woman from Wu, both of whom were surnamed Ji, and changed the wife's surname to Meng, calling her Wu Mengzi.

3 because the "surname" plays a "don't marriage" role, the aristocratic men do not call the name, so the woman called the name is particularly important, in order to give to be married or married women with the same name to differentiate between the formation of a woman's special designation, before and after the family name prefixes, suffixes.

A, prefix with ranking: Meng, Bo, Zhong, uncle, quarter. Such as Meng Jiang, Bo Ji, Shu Kui,

B, prefixed with the husband's family's cognomen and posthumous name: such as Jin Ji, Wu Jiang, Wen Win.

C. Add suffixes such as clan, daughter, mother, Ji, old woman, crone, etc.: e.g. Zhang's clan, Shang's daughter, Meng's mother, Wu's Ji, Zhao's old woman.

Three, first name

First name is the code name of each person. Surname is public ****, first name is personal. The naming habits of successive dynasties reflect the social ideology of a certain period of time. Due to the differences in the ethnicity, society, history, religious beliefs, moral traditions and cultural cultivation to which people belong, their naming habits are very different.

The creation of "name" was also in the period of clan society, and it was also the inevitable result of the gradual awakening of the individual consciousness of human beings. The Shuowen explains the name in this way: "Name, self-appointed. From the mouth of the evening, the evening, meditate, meditate not see each other, so the mouth of the self-named". Meaning, after dusk, the sky darkness can not recognize each other, each with a substitute name. This is the origin of the name. This is more or less a legend. People found the convenience of using the "name", and then gradually popularized, so that everyone has a name, and the "name" of the name to pay attention to. In fact, the emergence of the name is the inevitable product of the emergence of private economy. In ancient times, the world for the public, a tribal name, the Yellow Emperor, Emperor Yan, **** work, Chi are tribal name.

According to the "Zhou Li" "marriage born in March and add the name", the baby was born three months after the father to take the name, the earliest name we see now is the name of the Shang Dynasty. The custom at that time, the reverence for the heavenly stem for the name. Also tends to its birthday stem to name, mainly named after the heavenly stems, A B C D E H G S N K (ten heavenly stems). Such as Taiyi, Chengtang (Tianyi), Tai Ding, Pan Geng, Dixin (Zhou) outside C, Zhongnian, Taijia ...... Wuding (Pan Geng great-grandson). Chen Mengjia "Yin and Shang divination synthesis" that: Taikang (that is, big Geng), Zhongkang (in Geng), Shaokang (less Geng) and so on. After the Zhou Dynasty on the naming of some of the preoccupation. Spring and Autumn Duke Huan of Lu six years (705) Duke Huan of Lu asked the naming should comply with the etiquette, the doctor Shen put forward the "letter", "righteousness", "image", "false", "class", "and so on. " and "class" five ("five rules"). By the time of the Warring States period, many aristocrats named their sons through divination, as in the case of Qu Yuan (皇揽揆余初度兮,肇锡余以嘉名). With the rise of Confucianism, naming became more and more complicated, and the Zhou Li, which was written during the Warring States period, stipulated "six no's" for naming, in addition to the five main points of attention mentioned earlier. That is, (1) not to the country (2) not to the official (3) not to the mountains and rivers (4) not to hidden diseases (5) not to livestock (6) not to coins.

After the Qin and Han dynasties, with the strengthening of feudal autocracy, in addition to the naming of the "five categories", "six not" the same care, but also on some of the meaning of the king's words, such as the dragon, the sky, the king, the king, the emperor, on the, the saint, the emperor, and other words to prohibit the use of the word. Some dynasties do not ban.

After the Wei and Jin dynasties, the style of learning, thinking, from the naming alone that can be seen.

Wei-Jin and North-South Dynasties, such as self-appointed, metaphysical prevalence, the name of elegance. Such as the prevalence of "the" name, such as Wang Xizhi son of Xianzhi, Sun Jingzhi, Zhenzhi. Painter Gu Kaizhi, General Liu Juanzhi, scientists Zu Chongzhi, historian Pei Songzhi, literary Yan Yanzhi, Yang Jiezhi and so on.

Buddhism was prevalent in the North and South Dynasties, and it became fashionable to take the names of Buddhist monks. According to the official history of the North and South Dynasties with the name of the word monk there are 122 people, 39 people of the Tuan, 24 people of the Buddha.

Tang and Song dynasties, the Tao blazed for a while, the monk is also extremely red. Named after the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth became fashionable. Such as Zhu Xi (fire), the father's name Song (wood), the child's name (earth), the grandson's name Vantage, hooks, Jian, Duo (gold), great-grandson's name Yuanyuan, Ling, Qian, Ji, Joon, Cheng (water), just the five elements of a cycle.

There are more single names than double names in Zhou, Qin and Han.

Some double names are also single names, such as Jin Jie Zhi Tui, Yu Gong Zhi Qi, Zheng Candle's Wu, anonymous fox, of the virtual word, does not count. There is also a "not" word, Han Shen Buhai, Chu Xiao Buhai, Zhao Zhao Buhai, the Han Dynasty Cheng Tizhi, Buhui, not dangerous, not confused, etc. are so.

Additionally, the Han Chinese name: (1) Shang Yingwu, majestic and strong. Like victory, martial arts, courage, super, fierce, solid, pugilistic, lifting, etc. This is very common.

(2) Seeing the wise and admiring the saints. For example, Zhang Yu, Zhao Yu, Deng Yu, Tao Tang, Zhang Tang, Zhao Tang, Zhou Chang, Wang Chang, Zhang Yao, Huang Shun, etc. reflect this feature.

(3) Seek longevity and long life. Such names as Wannian, Yanshou, Shouwang, Qianqiu, Going to be sick, Going to be sick, Pengzu, Pengsheng, etc. are common.

Wang Mang, "so that China shall not have two names", "Spring and Autumn Annals" "ridiculed two names", "Gongyang Chuan": "two names are not a gift", may be more single names than double names. Western Han Dynasty 15 emperors, two people compound name; East Han Dynasty 13 emperors all single name.

Western Han to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, 54 emperors, 4 compound name, single name 94%, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially the two Jin Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, the prevalence of Buddhism, a time of Buddha's name prevalent: Vajra, Rex, Manjushri, Meilian, the King of Medicine, Prajna, Sambhogini everywhere to bring the Buddha's breath. Monk, Buddha, Mo, Brahma, Tum, straight to take the name of Buddha is also a lot.

After the Tang and Song dynasties, take the compound name more, except for the emperor, because the single name is easy to avoid taboo.

Additionally, the Tang people pursued elegance, to Wen, De, Ru, Yuan, Ya, Shi and other words named very popular.

Five Dynasties, because of the "Shangshu - Taijia" on the "side to seek the handsome" "pseudo-hole biography" has "the beauty is said to be Yan". Therefore, according to the official history, the Five Dynasties **** 87 people named after the word "Yan". Yuan Dynasty people to take the name of the Mengwen fashion.

The end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Shicheng original name nine four, "Shicheng" name is a literati, is making fun of him, he did not know, alluding to the "Mengzi": "Shi, sincere villain also" sentence.

After the Song Dynasty, especially the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the most prevalent character genealogy naming method. To date, this phenomenon can be seen in the rural genealogy. The word is of course some of the meaning of auspicious words, such as Wenwu, rich and noble, Zhaocheng, Dexiang, Longfeng, Changsheng and so on. The Ming and Qing dynasties were characterized by genealogical naming, which had a great impact.

1744, Qianlong for the descendants of Confucius set thirty words for:

Xiyan Gong Yan Cheng Hong wenzhen Shangyan

Xing Yu Chuanjie Guang Zhaoxian Qing Fanxiang

Ling De Zhu Wei You Qin Shao Nian Xian Yang

1920, Kong Ling paste in the 30 words followed by twenty words: Jiandao Dunn Stability, Maocai Zhaoyi Chang. Yurwen Huanjingrui, Yongxi Shixuchang.

The Qing Manchu aristocracy preferred to use An, Fu, Yong, Tai, Baoquan, Changrong, Guixiang and other auspicious words in their names.

And folk naming habits are about the following kinds:

①Seasonal method: to the birth of the season, flowers for the name, spring flowers, plums, peaches, plums, summer rains, autumn, autumn rain, autumn rain, autumn, winter dawn, winter plums, plums, and so on.

②Place name method: to honor the child's place of birth, such as Hang Sheng, Zhe Sheng, Shanghai Sheng, Yu Sheng, Hang Ning.

③The method of hoping for children and wealth: such as Lai Di, Gen Di, Ling Di, Zhaodi, Yan Di, Lai Bao, Lai Fa.

④Animal method: A cow, a mouse, a small fish, a small dog, a small dragon, a dragon, a small steed (horse), a small phoenix, a phoenix.

⑤ Weight method: Nine catty old lady, nine catty girl (plus the weight of the amulet).

6 Sex change method: female raised as a male, Ya-Nan, Guan-Nan, Jia-Jun, Jia-Hsiung; male raised as a female, Xin-Mei, Bao-Ji, Qiu-Yue and so on.

⑦Ranking method: Da Niu, Er Niu, San Xiao, Xiao Niu, Da Nui, Er Nui, San Nui; Gen Dai, Gen Liang (two), Gen Shan (three); Zhang Yi (one) Zhang Er (two) Zhang Shan Shan (three) and so on.

8 five-line method: as mentioned above Zhu Xi's family of five generations of grandparents and grandchildren.

9 comprehensive, such as Runtu (Festival plus five elements).

Republic of China during the Shangyang name: Mary, Helen, Peter, John, Tom a lot.

Between the Cultural Revolution Shang Hong, Jian, Wei, Zhong, Qing and other characters.

Now the tendency: hazy, foreign names, multi-character names.

Ancient women had surnames but no names; at home they had only nicknames and breast names, and externally they were called so-and-so.

Four, the word

"Word" is only limited to the ancient people with status.

"Li Ji - Qu Li" said: "men twenty crown and word", "women fifteen maturity and word", that is to say, no matter men and women, only to the adult to take the word, the purpose of taking the word is to let people respect him for other people to address. People in general, especially peers and subordinates are only allowed to call their elders by their words and not by their names.

The main basis of the ancients' method of naming words are as follows:

①Synonymous repetition. For example, Qu Yuan's name is Ping, the word Yuan, Guang Ping for Yuan. Confucius students Zai Yu, the word Zi I, Jilu word Ziyu, Yan Hui word Ziyuan, Zhu Geliang word Kongming, Tao Yuanming word Yuanliang, Zhou Yu word Gongjin, Zhuge Jin word Ziyu, Wen Tianxiang word Jingrui, all belong to this kind.

② Antithesis. The Jin doctor Zhao Fai (reduced meaning) word Ziyou (increased). Zeng point (small black) word Zi Shi, color white. Tang Wang Jie word Wugong, Zhu Xi (fire bright) word Yuan Xi, Yuan Zhao Meng Rui ǜ ┳肿影海, flow Yu lag Plastic?

③Linking the meaning of conjecture. Zhao Yun word Zi Long (cloud from dragon); Chao Shu Zhi, word Wugui; Su Shi, word Zi Zhan (Zuo Zhuan Xi 28 years: "Jun Feng Shi and watch"); Yue Fei word Pengju.

From the above three categories can be seen, the word and the name has a close relationship, the word is often the name of the complement or explanation, which is called "the name of the corresponding", each other, so the word is also known as "table word". These three are the main, in addition to the five elements of the stem and branch of the fate of the word, the fate of the word in line, or the word line with the line, the word plus the father (Fu) of the situation is also generally categorized as the scope of the word.

The fate of the word aspect and naming the same, with the flavor of the times, a general tendency is the beauty of the word and Zun aging, in the Zun aging more obvious.

After the Tang and Song dynasties, due to the strengthening of science, some of the complicated mattress section more and more, between the readers in the name of the great make a big fuss, said the word, in order to show respect, but after a long time, gradually feel that the word is not enough to say respect, and then there are more than the word of the word to show respect for the number.

Fifth, the number

Number is also called alias, alias, alias. Zhou Li - Chun Guan - Da Zhu ":" No. for the honor of its name is more beautifully known as Yan ". Name, word is taken by the elders, but the number is different, the number of the first self-taken, called since the number; later, there are other people to send on the title, called honored number, elegant number, and so on.

No. origin is very early, but until the Six Dynasties period is not popular, Ge Hong, Tao Qian has a number, most people at that time did not. To the Tang and Song dynasty is particularly prevalent, there are two reasons: 1, ethical and moral strengthening, 2, literature developed, the literati pay attention to elegance. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the expansion of the scope of the literati, coupled with the emperor to promote, more prevalent. Throughout the ancients fate number characteristics, we can also be summarized into several.

Self-named generally have a moral within.

1, or to live in the environment since the number: such as Tao Qian, since the number of Mr. Willow. Li Bai lived in Sichuan Qinglian countryside since childhood, so he called himself Qinglian Jushi. Su Shi, self-titled Dongpo Jushi. Lu You, the number of turtle Hall. Xin Qiji was called Jiaxuan Jushi. Zhu Houzhao, Emperor Wuzhong of Ming Dynasty, called himself Jintang Elder, Zhu Houzong, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty, called himself Tianchi Fishing Master, and Zhu Yiyi, Emperor Shenzong of Ming Dynasty, called himself Yuzai. Qianlong in his later years since the name of the ten full old man, the ancient and rare son of God. Xianfeng (Yi) since the number and music Taoist.

2, or to the purpose of the ambition of the self-named: Du Fu, the self-named Shaoling wild old man, "10,000 volumes of books, 1,000 volumes of ancient Jinshiwen, a piano, a game of chess, a pot of wine, an old man" - "Six One Dweller! " was Ouyang Xiu's self-designation in his later years. He Zhizhang, self-titled Simei crazy guest; Jin Xinnong self-titled out of the nunnery porridge and rice monks, all reflecting the personal interest of the purpose.

3, some people also to the birth age, literary context, physical features, and even amazing words.

Xin Qiji self-titled sixty-one on the people, Zhao Meng warrior tre Sheng courtyard even tre 耍辉 T remote courtyard pie murder strainer T swab beard courtyard to throw Vχ dry whisk shirking sin ulcerated blossom spoon V Jian V firm Saek courtyard side ρ small boat disease coriander Yazhou Yeololu Po courtyard compost system bragging ring fine linen tartar throw cherry station people Lu Yuan steel folding P enthalpy tufts of B courtyard vomiting a bolt value of the corridor forgiveness?

There are three main situations in which people give their numbers:

1, to their anecdotal characteristics as a number. Such as Li Bai, known as the banished immortal. Song Dynasty He cast for writing "a river of smoke and willow, plum yellow rain," the good words, known as He Meizi. Zhang Xian wrote three good poems with the word "shadow": "The cloud breaks the moon and the flower shows its shadow", "The shadow of the mountain can be seen where the duckweed breaks", and "The shadow of the autumn swing is sent over the wall". The three lines with the word "shadow" are good poems, known as "Zhang San Ying". Similar examples include:

Mountains and Clouds - Qin Guan's "Full House", "Mountains and Clouds, Sky and Grass"

Dew Reflections of Liu Tuntian --Liu Yong, in his poem "The Broken Formation", there is a line "The reflection of dew and flowers".

Zhang Lonely Geese--Zhang Yan, "Solving the Lianhuan - Lonely Geese"

Red Apricot Shangshu--Song Qi (Minister of Public Works), "Magnolia Flower", "The green poplar smoke outside the dawn of spring is cold, and the branches of red apricots are bustling in spring. ".

The pen names and stage names of modern writers can also be counted in the category of the number, some of which are self-names and some of which are gifts.

Guo Moruo (pen name) original name Kaizhen, Bajin, Xia Yan, Bingxin are all pen names (since the number), rather than the original name.

Art numbers (complimentary numbers):

Zhang Yingjie--Gai Zhaitian, Niu Junguo--Niu De Cao, Xun Huisheng--White Peony, Li Huimin -- White Yushang, Mao Zhihuang -- Mao Sanxiao.

2. The number is based on the official position, the place of appointment or the place of birth. Wang Anshi was called Wang Linchuan; Du Gongbu (Du Fu), Jia Changsha (Jia Yi); Wang Youjun (Wang Xizhi); Tang Xianzu was called Tang Linchuan; Kang Youwei, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, was called Kang Nanhai; Kong Rong was a former governor of Beihai, and was called Kong Beihai; and Gu Yanwu, a native of Tinglin Town, Kunshan, Jiangsu, was called Gu Tinglin. Qing Dynasty folk song "Prime Minister Hefei world thin" said Li Hongzhang (Hefei), "Secretary of Changshu Changshu world turnip" said Weng Tonghe for Changshu, then Minister of the Household.

3, to the feudal title, posthumous title

Ge Liang Feng Wuxiang Marquis, known as the Marquis of Wu; Sima Guang, Duke of Wen, Yue Fei, posthumous title Wu Mu.

After the Song Dynasty, most of the literati to call each other by name, resulting in the number of the world, their word name is cold and rusty situation. Su Shi's life has 14 categories of 38 names, Mr. Lu Xun's life (1881-1936) 57 years old, **** used more than 140 names (mainly pen names).

Lu Xun original name Zhou Zhangshu, the word Yu Cai, changed his name to Shuren. 1898, the first time with a pen name, Jar Jian Sheng, Shuren. 1818, "Diary of a Madman" was published, began to use Lu Xun pen name. After the thirties there were more, with a maximum of 26 in 1933 and 41 in 1934. These two years were also the peak of his creativity, the period when he produced the most works.

Because the number can be taken and given away, it is free and variable. To many literati, there are many aliases, up to dozens, hundreds, "too many aliases, the opposite of churning" (Zheng Banqiao set title painting. Jin Qiu Si Suo painting), so after the modern era, especially since the founding of the country, the literati with the number of winds greatly reduced, many people published works without pen names, with real names. A few literati have aliases, mostly for the 20th century before the 1930s and 1940s on the famous literati. Such as Lu Xun had a self-named bookstore, Greenwood book room, and the pavilion; Wang Li since the number of dragons and insects and carving fast; Yao Xueyin, endless lent; Ye Shengtao did not get tired of living, Yu Pingbai ancient acacia bookstore, which can be described as a legacy of the wind.