Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional stories - Introduction to the characteristics of the clothing of the Miao people
Introduction to the characteristics of the clothing of the Miao people
Most of the Miao live in the mountainous areas, and a few live in the open places between the mountains. In western Hunan, western Hubei, eastern Sichuan, northeastern Guizhou, Chengbu and Jingxian in Hunan, and Longsheng in Guangxi, they generally live in the foothills of the mountains, by the riverside or by the side of the fields.
Southeast China and Guangxi Rongxian and other areas, mostly living in the river, field cans or the terraced side of the mountainside. Miao west of central Guizhou to Yunnan, Sichuan and other places, generally live in the mountainside, a few live in the top of the mountain or Pingkan, river valley place.
The form of housing varies from place to place. Southeast Guizhou, southwestern Hunan, eastern Sichuan, Guibei Miao housing cottage and building two kinds. On the slopes of the mountains, most of them are built with footstools.
In the west-central part of Guizhou and the west part of Gui, there are tile houses and straw houses. Anshun, Pingba, Zhenning area for the thin slate cover house. The four walls of the Miao house in Wenshan, Yunnan are mostly woven with bamboo strips, smeared with mud, and the roof is covered with grass.
Architecture
Miao residential architecture, generally the following types: Qiandong area is mostly wooden structure of the dry-rail building; western Hunan and Guizhou Songtao and other places, mostly tiled or brick composition of the bungalow. In central Guizhou, there are mostly wooden houses; in northwest Guizhou and northeast Yunnan, there are mostly bungalows made of earth and wood or grass. These types, with the local conditions, local materials created by the characteristics.
The public **** building of the Miao people is quite a national characteristic. Such as the gate, in the southeast Guizhou region, many larger Miao cottages, are built with public **** cottage door. In western Hunan, southeast Guizhou and other Miao villages, there are public **** water mill and waterwheel. In the Miao, Dong mixed parts of Qiandongnan, there are also wind and rain bridge and drum tower.
Transportation
The transportation in the Miao area can be divided into two ways. The waterways are transported by boats of various sizes along the natural rivers. The waterways in western Hunan are mainly the Youshui, Wushui and Chenshui in the upper reaches of the Yuanjiang River; and the waterways in southeast Guizhou are mainly the Qingshui River, Duliu River, and Bac Maoyang River, etc. In addition, the southern and southern parts of Qiandongnan are mainly the Qingshui River, Duliu River, and Bac Maoyang River. In addition, the Nanbeipanjiang River in southwest Qianxi, the Mengjiang River in south Qianxi, and the Rongjiang River in Rongshui, Guangxi are also more important waterways in the Miao area. There are ferries in the deep and wide water of the river, which are divided into two kinds of public and private ferries.
Miao clothing features less words Miao clothing is divided into children's clothing, Dahua Miao men's and women's clothing. Miao men's colors and decorations are more monotonous, less bright and rich than women's clothing. Women's clothes are divided into casual and dressy clothes. Casual clothing is usually worn by the clothing, its color pattern and decoration is not as bright as the festivals when the wedding dress.
If silver jewelry is the representative symbol of Miao women, then the dress represents the unique art work of the Miao people. In the Dictionary, it is recorded that Miao embroidery, which represents the highest level of Miao embroidery, has been listed together with Hunan embroidery, Suzhou embroidery, Shu embroidery and Guangdong embroidery. Miao embroidery, clothing, as the famous art master Liu Haisu praised: Miao women embroidery skillful, Hunan embroidery Su embroidery than difficult to be exempted, with great commercial development and prospects.
Dahua Miao clothing Miao clothing is known for its eye-catching colors, complex decorations and intriguing cultural connotations. The patterns of the Miao costumes carry the historical burden of passing down the culture of the nation, thus having the function of expression of the written part. Due to the long history, the function of words represented by these patterns and the specific meanings conveyed by them are also covered with mysterious colors that cannot be fully deciphered, which is also the unique charm of the Miao costume patterns.
The Miao dress pattern is a piece of decorative art developed along with the Miao clothing, which is still used in the daily dress and daily necessities of Leishan Bara River branch, and has the characteristics of combining the practical function and aesthetic function, and is endowed with rich and colorful connotations and meanings such as inheritance of the national traditions, remembrance of ancestors and inheritance of the ancestral teachings, etc. The meanings and origins behind the patterns represent the emotional experience and understanding of the objective world of the Miao people. The meaning and origin behind these patterns represent the Miao people's perceptual experience and interpretation of the objective world. Miao costumes have a long history. For historical reasons, Miao costumes have never been recorded in any historical materials. However, from the cultural connotations represented by the symbols of the Miao dress patterns, the Miao dress has a history of several thousand years. Although the Miao people do not have their own literature, but only with a strong sense of identity, by generations of oral tradition, will be handed down thousands of years of stories, the first people living in the city, migrating and wandering routes and other points into the dress culture, but also a needle and a line embroidered into the clothing and costumes, the generations to wear bearing, never forget, and, therefore, the Miao dress is known as a wordless history book and wear in the body of the history of the book.
Introduction to Miao costumes If the dressed Miao girls converge together, it will become a beautiful silver world. Like to wear silver jewelry is the nature of the Miao girls, they pull hair in a bun on top of the head, wearing about 20 centimeters high, beautifully made silver flower crowns, flower crowns inserted in front of the 6 uneven heights of silver wings, most of which are made of two dragons playing with the beads pattern. In some areas, in addition to inserting silver pieces of silver crown, but also inserted about 1 meter high silver bullhorn, the tip of the horn Department of colorful floats, more noble and magnificent. Silver crown along the lower edge of the circle hanging silver flower belt, hanging a row of small silver flower pendant, wearing a silver collar on the neck has several layers, more than a silver piece of beaten flowers and small silver ring even set and become. Chest wearing silver locks and silver pressure collar, chest, back wearing a silver cloak, hanging many small silver bells. The earrings and bracelets are all silver. Only the two sleeves show embroidery in a fiery red color, but the cuffs are also inlaid with a wider circle of silver ornaments. Miao girls often have several kilograms of dress, some of which have been inherited for several generations. Known as "flower clothes and silver Sai Tianxian" beauty. Miao silver craft, ornate and elaborate, ingenious, fully displaying the wisdom and talent of the Miao people. Miao girl's skirt called pleated skirt, but in fact a skirt on the pleats have more than 5,000, and the number of layers, some as many as thirty, forty layers. These skirts from weaving cloth to bleaching and dyeing sewing, until the final drawing embroidery, are the girls themselves independently completed, plus hand-embroidered flower belt, flower chest pocket, really colorful, beautiful.
What are the characteristics of Miao clothing, food, and residence? A Miao dress
The Miao dress reflects the long history of the Miao people, living in scattered customs and diverse characteristics, the Miao tribes and tribes, counties and counties, easy to cottage and cottage in the dress of the strict difference between. The main color of their clothing is also not consistent, the so-called "white Miao", "black Miao", "flower Miao", "Han Miao "and so on is based on the clothing color or clothing style from the self-proclaimed or other claims, but also according to the women's skirt, known as" long skirt Miao "and" short skirt Miao ". In fact, the same kind of strict, different regions of the women's clothing are different.
2. The same "white seedling", people around the Malipo area, on the round neck placket narrow-sleeved green cloth, sleeve elbow to three black cloth lining, white clothes, collar around the placket to reveal the white clothes, white scarf to the forehead to cross the **** and wrapped around the white scarf on the wrapped around the black scarf, black and white; and Zhenxiong, Weixin around the "white seedling". "White Miao", wearing green and black slant lapel long coat, under the crepe flower skirt, where the collar edge, cuffs, around the waist are embroidered with five-color silk thread inlays to a width of about five inches, up to more than ten feet long green and black cloth wrapped around the head, protruding white lies wrapped in white cloth binding legs.
3. Most of the Miao clothing all over the pattern, embroidery, picking, batik, weaving, lining and other ways and use, workmanship is very sophisticated, dazzling. Especially from the embroidery patterns, you can often find out the history and symbolic meaning of the Miao, which can be called "meaningful forms". For example, Wenshan "flower Miao", in its black round neck slant lapel narrow-sleeved jacket collar, sleeve elbow embroidered with red, yellow, blue, white and other patterns, patterns more flowery, river-like, it is said that these patterns symbolize the Miao ancestors lived in the land: red and green wave pattern on behalf of the river, the large flowers on behalf of the capital city, the interlocking pattern on behalf of the ridge, the flower on behalf of the ear of the grain.
II Diet of the Miao People
The Miao people in most areas eat three meals a day, with rice as the main food. Deep-fried food is most common in the form of deep-fried poi. If you add some fresh meat and pickles as filling, the flavor is even more delicious. Meat mostly from livestock, poultry raising, some places a few Miao taboo dog meat. Miao cooking oil in addition to animal oil, mostly tea oil and vegetable oil. Chili pepper as the main condiment, some areas even have "no spicy dishes" said. Miao dishes are varied, common vegetables are beans, melons and greens, radish, most of the Miao are good at making soybean products. Hmong people everywhere generally like to eat sour dishes, sour soup is a must for every family. Sour soup is made from rice soup or tofu water, which is put into tile jars and fermented for 3-5 days before it is used to cook meat, fish and vegetables. The preservation of food among the Hmong people is commonly done by the pickling method, where vegetables, chicken, duck, fish, and meat are preferred to be pickled into sour flavors. Almost every Miao family has a pickled food jar, collectively known as the sour altar. The Miao people have a long history of brewing wine, from the making, fermentation, distillation, blending, cellar have a complete set of technology. Oil tea is the most common daily drink. The Miao people in western Hunan also have a special kind of Wanhua tea. Sour soup is also a common drink. Typical foodstuffs include: blood dunking soup, chili bone, turtle and phoenix soup of Miao township, sheep cabbage, worm tea, Wanhua tea, pounded fish, sour soup fish and so on. Fish in sour soup is a unique food of the Miao people, the entrance is sour and fresh, spicy, really appetizing.
Three Hmong residential
1. Hmong residential houses are basically the same, the main house is largely three rooms in a block, the more affluent are five rooms in a block. The main door opens in the middle of a two-poster, into a "concave" shape. Inside the gate was the hall, and the two rooms on the left and right were each divided into two rooms. The small room on the right side is the bedroom of the master and his wife, with a fireplace in the outer room, and a room on the left side is for the children's housing. Toilet, pig and cow pens are located in the side of the main room. People who have the conditions also set up side buildings on the left and right sides of the front side of the main house. People live in the side of the building, while the barn, toilet and pig and cow pens are located underneath it. In the past, some landowners in Qiandongnan and Songtao areas also had large courtyard houses, which were surrounded by brick walls, commonly known as "cellar houses". Inside the hall of the door, columns, inlaid with gilded plaques, gold and blue, very grand.
2. Housing materials vary from place to place, more wood in the Miao region of Qiandongnan, better economic conditions, so the wooden house, tile house more, less grass houses and earth wall houses. Qianzhongnan area of plank houses, tile houses and grass houses, earth walled houses both, largely grass houses, earth walled houses are the most. In addition, the northwest of Guizhou, Qianzhongnan and north of Guizhou, there are still many Miao take "pitchfork room" to live, the house is not divided into rooms, no furniture furnishings, frame wood for the bed, mat grass for the mat, tie the grass pier for the stool, is the poorest of the Miao. In recent years, with the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up, life has improved, thatched houses in this area, pitchfork houses are gradually reduced, the emergence of many new brick houses.
3. In the Leigong Mountains of Southeast Guizhou and parts of northern Guizhou's Wuchuan, Daozhen, and northern Guizhou, there is a relatively special form of housing called "hanging foot". Built on the slope, the foundation cut into a "factory" shaped platform ...... >>
Characteristics of the Miao People The Miao people, with a population of 7,398,035, are mainly distributed in Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Hubei, Hainan, Guangxi and other provinces (regions). The Miaoling Mountains and Wuling Mountains, where the Miao people live, have a mild climate, surrounded by mountains and water, and dotted with large and small fields and dams. It produces rice, corn, grain, wheat, cotton, roasted tobacco, rape, and oleander. In addition to this, it is also rich in timber resources and mineral resources. The ancestors of the Miao people can be traced back to the Chi tribe active in the Central Plains in the primitive social era. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Miao ancestors began to establish the "Three Miao Country" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, engaging in agricultural rice cultivation. The Miao have migrated many times in history, roughly from the Yellow River Basin to Hunan, to Guizhou and to Yunnan. The Miao have their own language, which belongs to the Miao branch of the Miao-Yao language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Originally there was no national script, but in the late 1950s a Latinized phonetic script was created. Nowadays, most people use Chinese as their common language. The Miao have a long history of music and dance, and the Lusheng Dance, a favorite of the masses, is highly skilled. The Miao's arts and crafts, such as flower picking, embroidery, brocade weaving, batik, and jewelry making, are magnificent and colorful, and are internationally renowned. There are many Miao festivals, the more grand festivals have been "Miao New Year", "April 8", "Dragon Boat" festival.
What does Miao clothing look like? The material of the Miao clothing is mainly self-weaving and self-dyeing cotton, silk and linen are less. There are not only gender and age differences, but also dress, centerfold and plain clothes, and even more regional differences, especially the women's costumes, which are extremely gorgeous and colorful, up to more than 100 kinds. In the past, some writings according to the Miao women's clothing, headdress will be divided into white Miao, red Miao, flower Miao, large flower Miao, green Miao, long skirt Miao, short skirt Miao, crooked comb Miao, etc., this division method, obviously is not scientific, but from one side reflects the Miao dress because of the age, region, branch and so on the different and show a rich diversity.
In recent times, the basic clothing of the Miao people is: men wear short pants or lapel long shirt. Youth is a lapel or lapel top, big crotch pants. Festivals wear collarless, sleeveless, front placket embroidered large flowers colorful "bird clothes" or white long shirt. Some shirts are long-sleeved, unbuttoned, and have a number of broad rectangular bands, embroidered with floral motifs. Some also wear colorful shawls full of floral patterns. Older people wear green-colored long shirts. Hmong men's heads are often wrapped with long cloth. Ties are tied around the calves. Women's clothing **** the same point is to wear a hat on the head or head wrapped in cloth, foot wearing embroidered shoes, are wearing silver jewelry. The other is different from place to place, the style is basically divided into the following five: 1, Qiandongnan region on the wear cross-collar right-over-obeat, long-sleeved half-body garment; or lapel without buttons, long-sleeved, large collar short blouse. The lapel and sleeves are set with lace or the whole garment is embroidered with floral patterns. Underneath the pleated skirt, there are 3 types of length - long to the top of the foot; medium to below the knee; short only to the middle of the thigh. II and ensemble motifs. Many silver ornaments. 2. In northeast Guizhou and western Hunan, short clothes with round neck, big lapels and wide sleeves are worn on top, and very wide laces are embroidered on the shoulders, lapels, sleeves and hems. They wear wide-legged pants (originally red skirts), which are as long as their heels and are also embroidered with floral motifs. A handkerchief is wrapped around the head. The pattern is mostly of flowers and birds. In the Qiandongnan region, the upper part of the dress has a big collar and a lapel, with many accessories. Wearing a medium-length pleated skirt, with picking flowers, inlays, batik and other crafts, decorated with many patterns, showing a number of heavy circles from the inside to the outside. 3, Hainan region, wearing a round neck, right bias placket, knee-length singlet, black ground, in the collar, sleeves, placket on the narrow edge of the red cloth. A short batik skirt with fewer flowers is worn on top. The waist is bound with a red woven belt. 4. In the regions of Qianxi, Chuannan, Guibei, and Yunnan, they wear a round-necked, long-sleeved, short coat with a pair of lapels or a large lapeled blouse with a right-over-right overlap, the lower part of the left lapel wrapped diagonally to the right, and the cuffs of the sleeves are covered with wide floral cloth. Underneath, they wear batik or green pleated skirts. They wear a girdle with a floral belt and embroidered flowers on the back of the waist. There are fewer silver ornaments. 5. In the south of Qianzhong region, the upper part of the dress has a big collar with a lapel, and there are a lot of accessories. Wearing a medium-length pleated skirt, with floral picks, inlays, batik and other crafts, decorated with a lot of patterns, showing a number of heavy circles from inside to outside.
At present, in addition to their own national costumes, the Miao people are wearing their own national costumes, the Han Chinese suit, Western suits, and a variety of fashionable clothing and accessories are also circulating in the Miao region.
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