What is the recruitment system?

One of the ancient military systems in China. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, the conscription system has replaced the military service system, which is a major change in the feudal system. In the Song Dynasty, whether it was the forbidden soldiers, the soldiers in the Xiang Dynasty or the soldiers stationed in the Southern Song Dynasty, the way of recruiting soldiers was generally adopted. It is a traditional national policy of the Song Dynasty to recruit refugees and hungry people as soldiers in famine years. The rulers believe that it is impossible for the old and the weak to rebel after the strong men recruit, which is the countermeasure to prevent the peasant uprising from erupting in the disaster year. Recruiting military children also became an important source of soldiers in the Song Dynasty. In addition, able-bodied criminals are also soldiers, especially soldiers. When soldiers are exhausted, rulers often forcibly seize their husbands, causing great harassment and pain to the people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wuqi simply recruited talented people, and instead of recruiting talented people in the traditional way, Wu Zu, the first special elite force in various countries, was established. Once upon a time, during the Spring and Autumn Period, conscription was mainly oriented to urban hukou. With the expansion of the scale of the war, the conscription work in rural areas is also vivid, but the conscripts have to solve their own weapons and food, and there is no salary. Sometimes in the middle of the war, when it gets cold, I have to write to my hometown myself and ask my mother to make my winter clothes and my father to send them to me. It is really a loss and a loss. After the war, the enlisted soldiers felt their heads, and if they were still there, they went home to continue their rural work. Things on the battlefield, like a dream, only hide the weapons stained with blood in the Yellow Sand War in the cellar, hoping never to take them out and use them again. Wuqi reformed the traditional conscription system. He recruited soldiers with strict screening criteria, and once he joined Wuqi, he paid them to become professional soldiers instead of going home after temporary conscription. These people put down farm work to carry halberds, which is equivalent to finding a long-term job. Not only get a salary, but also "one person joins the army, the whole family is glorious": the whole family is exempt from corvee tax, and land and houses are also given. However, in the late Tang Xuanzong period, the system of government soldiers was seriously damaged. It was stipulated in the early Tang Dynasty that government soldiers should be sent every three years. However, with the increase of border incidents, the continuous use of soldiers and the extension of the garrison period after the middle Tang Dynasty, and the increasingly serious corruption, the frontier embezzled soldiers' property and forced soldiers to serve themselves in hard labor, so no one wanted to be a government soldier. In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), none of the Zhechong soldiers in charge of the government soldiers remained. The Tang government had to stop recruiting officers and soldiers and use the recruitment system instead. In the early Tang Dynasty, a small number of soldiers were recruited in some border areas, which became popular since Xuanzong. During the Kaiyuan period, the garrison troops in the capital, the garrison troops in the border towns and the local troops were basically recruited. [1] The standard for selecting soldiers in this "recruitment system" is very high, requiring three layers of armor, namely "upper body armor", "thigh armor" and "calf armor". At that time, there were no trousers, and people's lower body was a skirt-for soldiers, it was a leather "share" like a skirt. There are bare thighs in the skirt, and a half-trouser tube-shaped shin garment is put on the calf from the knee-length shin garment evolved from leggings in ancient times, and will continue to expand upward into pants in the future (but there are no pants yet, only the shin garment on the calf). For soldiers, the shin coat on the calf is the "shin armor" of leather. Put on this three-layer armor of upper body armor, thigh armor and calf armor, wear a bronze helmet, hold a twelve-stone crossbow, carry 50 arrows, bring a sword, wrap up food for three days, and run with load. Only those who can run 100 miles from dawn to noon can apply for this position. At that time, a hundred miles was equivalent to the current 4 1.5 kilometers, which was equivalent to a full marathon, which took half a day to finish. And these soldiers carry so many weapons, not vests and shorts. It can also be judged that the pre-Qin people are superior to modern people in height, physical fitness and endurance! Edit this "conscription system" to select soldiers. Those who are selected are called "soldiers". After joining the team, they will be formed according to their specialties, and their positions and weapons have their own sequences. Wuqi adopted a step-by-step training method from single soldier to multi-soldier, from detachment to synthesis, so that soldiers were completely separated from production and concentrated on performance, becoming "standing soldiers", which was obviously different from "recruits" who were too amateur and part-time. This is an unprecedented pioneering work, which has set a precedent for the conscription system of later generations. These professional soldiers, brave and good at fighting, have repeatedly made outstanding achievements, and have been knighted and sealed off. Historical Development Since Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, implemented the military strike policy, the military service system in the Eastern Han Dynasty has also undergone great changes. The universal conscription system in Qin and Han dynasties was gradually abolished and replaced by the prevalence of conscription system. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, no matter the Central Army, local temporary troops or long-term garrison troops, most of them were conscripts, such as Linying, Chang 'an, Yingyong, Yuyang and other places, and their soldiers were recruited. The conscription system in the Eastern Han Dynasty is very different from that in the Western Han Dynasty. The conscription system in the Western Han Dynasty is a supplement to the conscription system. Only a few soldiers were recruited, but they were all carefully selected brave men. In the battle, one is often used as ten, and the combat effectiveness is extremely strong. The military service system in the Eastern Han Dynasty took the conscription system as the main form, and there was no requirement for new recruits. Therefore, the composition of soldiers is complex, mainly social idlers and unemployed people, as well as farmers, businessmen, ethnic minority men and even prisoners on death row. For example, the Liao Ying concentration camp is made up of condemned prisoners who have been recruited, and many prisoners are placed in other places. The army formed by these people is of low quality, poor fighting capacity and corrupt military discipline. The main means of recruiting soldiers in the Eastern Han Dynasty was to lure them with property. Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor, was the first person to adopt this method. When Liu Xiuchu set out to fight, because Ren Guang was asked by serenade, Ren Guang suggested: You can raise money to escape and attack the neighboring counties. If you don't surrender, you will be plundered at will. People are greedy for property, and soldiers can recruit them. This thought influenced the rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In order to attract more people to join the army, they often support and condone soldiers to rob property. Moreover, many conscripts who join the army often intend to plunder other people's property, but have no intention of fighting. In this way, although there are many recruits, the combat effectiveness can be imagined. Other means of recruiting soldiers in the Eastern Han Dynasty included recruiting foot soldiers on the condition of tax exemption. For example, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when warlords were fighting, Sun Ce entered Jiangdong first, that is, he enlisted more than 20,000 soldiers and more than 1,000 horses on the condition of joining the army with joy, and the situation turned prosperous. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the extremely serious annexation of land by powerful landlords, a large number of farmers went bankrupt and a large number of homeless people appeared in society. In order to survive, they often rely on the battalion and embark on the road of being soldiers, which also provides a guarantee for the prevalence of the recruitment system. The combat effectiveness of conscription in the Eastern Han Dynasty was poor, except for its complicated composition, low quality and corrupt military discipline. In addition, the recruitment system is often an emergency temporary recruitment. Soldiers have no military training on weekdays and are not used to riding and shooting. Although he was a professional soldier a long time ago, he joined the army for a long time, and he was enlisted in the army from the fifteenth to the eighties. As a result, a large number of sick soldiers appeared in the army, and their combat effectiveness naturally became lower and lower. Due to the above reasons, whether the Eastern Han army fought abroad or suppressed resistance at home, it often had less chances of winning and more defeats, and it often lost every battle, and the Wang brigade was sluggish. The biggest drawback of the prevalence of the conscription system in the Eastern Han Dynasty was that it facilitated the armed separatist regime of local warlords. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the centralization of power was strengthened, and there were not many local officials supporting troops, so the conscription had to be ordered by the central government. After the middle period, with the decline of imperial power and the development of recruitment system, military and political chiefs all over the country recruited soldiers to form troops themselves. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, these armies had become their own private armed forces, making them independent. At the same time, powerful landlords all over the country also took the opportunity to develop their own private armed forces. Powerful landlords organized private armed forces, which appeared as early as Xinmang. At that time, powerful landlords all over the country organized their clans, guests, children and dependent farmers to form private soldiers-Buqu, or built barriers to protect themselves, or harassed the countryside, or supported the Han people to resist the new. The basic backbone of Liu Xiu's career is mostly powerful landlords with private soldiers in Wan and Ji, such as Herry Liu and Geng Chun. After they joined Liu Xiu's army, they still kept the original trilogy. After their death, their son took over the camp. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu exchanged generous political and economic treatment for these heroes to give up military power and dissolve the old army. For the folk armed forces in other places, Liu Xiu used the means of military repression and appeasement, forcing them to gradually transform into hidden and unconventional forms. For example, in his own grange, every year in the spring and autumn, when the green and yellow are not connected or the cold current is coming, he will gather the attached farmers, establish a garrison, train five soldiers and learn to shoot. This kind of private soldiers convened in an extraordinary period was acquiesced by the Eastern Han government because of its supplementary role in maintaining feudal ruling order and realizing national repression. Sometimes, landlords and bureaucrats are even allowed to form their own soldiers into formal armies to go out to fight. For example, when Emperor Ling was in power, thieves from the handover department joined hands, and weak grazing could not be banned. In the first year of Guanghe (AD 178), the address of Zhu Ren was the secretariat, that is, simply recruiting soldiers from the county and cooperating with other troops to set the tenth month. When the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the government troops and military expenses were scarce, and their fighting capacity was poor, so they were unable to suppress this large-scale peasant uprising. So the Eastern Han government allowed local strongmen to organize private armed forces and put them into repression. From then on, the home army of the powerful landlords became an open, permanent and organized private army, which played an important role in suppressing the Yellow Scarf Uprising. However, after the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising was suppressed, it quickly turned into the opposite of centralization and became an important armed force in the warlord melee. Since the Tang and Five Dynasties, the conscription system has replaced the military service system, which is a major change in the feudal system. In order to strengthen military strength, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty implemented the recruitment system. The conscription system is that the state recruits Ding Nan as a soldier, provides food and clothing, and is exempt from labor. This lightened the burden of farmers' military service, saved the consumption of officers and men's exchanges and trips, and was conducive to the development of production, so that feudal countries could establish a strong army. However, soldiers in the recruitment system are soldiers, and generals command an army for a long time, so there is a subordinate relationship between soldiers and generals, which leads to the formation of warlords. During the Song Dynasty, no matter the forbidden soldiers, Xiang soldiers or An Lushan in the Southern Song Dynasty, recruiting soldiers was widely used. It is a traditional national policy of the Song Dynasty to recruit refugees and hungry people as soldiers in famine years. The rulers believe that it is impossible for the old and the weak to rebel after the strong men recruit, which is the countermeasure to prevent the peasant uprising from erupting in the disaster year. Recruiting military children also became an important source of soldiers in the Song Dynasty. In addition, able-bodied criminals are also soldiers, especially soldiers. When soldiers are exhausted, rulers often forcibly seize their husbands, causing great harassment and pain to the people. The main physical standard of recruits is body length, and it is also necessary to check running and jumping movements and eyesight. Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, was the first to choose powerful non-commissioned officers as "soldiers" and distributed them all over the country, which was used as a model for recruitment. Later, it was changed to "equal-length staff" and recruited soldiers according to their length. The body length standards of various forbidden soldiers and box soldiers are also different. People recruited as soldiers must have tattoos on their faces, arms or hands to prevent them from running away. This is a shameful performance as a soldier. When a sergeant is transferred from one unit to another, he must also change his name. Tattooed clothes, shoes, coins, etc. Will be distributed, this is called "inviting things to stab." Although the equal-length staff was set up in the Song Dynasty, the length standard can also be clearly lowered in actual recruitment. As for officials, it is not uncommon to abuse the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled to courage when recruiting soldiers. In the Song Dynasty, military salaries were paid to all levels of forbidden soldiers, boxers and garrisons. The salary level of the army is extremely complicated, including differences between officers and men, differences between officers and men, and regional differences due to different monetary systems and prices. The salary of a sergeant general includes material money, monthly meals and spring and summer clothes. In addition, there are suburban sacrifices, special money, snow money, firewood money, silver shoes money, salary money, military awards awarded for military exploits and other reasons, as well as coupons for going out to the border or other places to receive money and food. Such fixed or temporary subsidies are numerous and difficult to complete. Sergeant Song mostly lives in the military camp with his family. Generally speaking, the income of the first-class forbidden soldiers can maintain the food and clothing of the whole family, while the income of the private soldiers is too small to make a living. In addition, officers often oppress and enslave non-commissioned officers and deduct their wages and salaries, which makes many non-commissioned officers have a hard life and have to run other businesses, thus seriously affecting Song Jun's combat effectiveness. The incidents of sergeant escaping and resisting are also endless. The Song Dynasty selected officials at all levels every year or irregularly. Soldiers who are brave and good at fighting can be promoted from the Xiang army to the imperial army, and the lower, middle and upper soldiers in the imperial army can also be promoted in turn until the emperor guards the class. Unqualified non-commissioned officers must have their service life and rank reduced. Old, weak and disabled non-commissioned officers can be "non-commissioned officers" or "surplus personnel", get half of the salary and do various handyman jobs in the army. You can also be expelled from the army, return to your hometown to farm, or leave your job without pay at will. However, the selection system is often a mere formality and has not been seriously implemented. Due to indiscriminate recruitment and election and poor training, Song Jun maintained a huge contingent with poor quality, and huge military expenditure often accounted for 78/ 10 of the financial expenditure of the Song Dynasty, which caused a serious financial crisis and greatly increased the tax burden of the people. A large number of non-commissioned officers leave agriculture, resulting in a shortage of agricultural labor force, affecting the normal development of agricultural production, and even serious consequences of a large number of fertile fields being abandoned. (Wang Zengyu) During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, in March (1058), martial artists from Tiande and Dongsheng were recruited to join the army. In the eighth year of Tianqing (1 1 18), more than 28,000 people in the eighth battalion were recruited. The Jin dynasty also recruited non-commissioned officers. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, military households were the main part of the army, but recruiting soldiers still existed. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Jiangnan was pacified and warriors were recruited to form the Ansahan Army. Answer "Abraham" which means "at home". Xu Yijun's plundered population and property are all his. After the army disbanded, the soldiers went out to rob. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Jiang and Huai were recruited to answer the Lahan army. Until the end of the Yuan Dynasty, he recruited many non-commissioned officers in various places. During the Wen Jian period of the Ming Dynasty, Judy started to fight in "Jingnan" and recruited people from Peiping, Baoding, Yongping and other places as troops. Wen Jian four years in December (1402). After Ming Jing ascended the throne, due to the change of civil engineering, the main force of the Ming army was lost, so he went out to recruit volunteers from all over the country. Any shortage of soldiers in the future will often be supplemented by conscription. Although this has increased the burden on the army, the combat effectiveness of the enlisted soldiers is much higher than that of the military households. For example, the Qigujun built by Qi Jiguang and built by Yu are all very strong teams. When the New Army was founded in the late Qing Dynasty (see the New Army), the recruitment system was implemented, requiring applicants to be between the ages of 20 and 25, to be over 4' 8 "tall, with good facial features, strong physique and no criminal record, and to declare their family members within three generations. Later, in the Republic of China, the army also confessed. .

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