Outline of geography review in the second volume of the seventh grade

Hemisphere location: mainly located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere.

Location of land and sea: the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north.

Topographic features: the ground fluctuates greatly, with high terrain in the middle and low terrain around.

Climate characteristics: ① the climate is complex and diverse (there is no temperate maritime climate); ② Continental climate is widely distributed; ③ The monsoon climate is remarkable.

Characteristics of rivers: the sea that originates from the central mountain plateau and radiates to the periphery along the terrain (influenced by the terrain).

Demographic characteristics: Six countries in the world's most populous continent (3.672 billion) have a population of over 100 million, and East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated.

Why is the climate in Asia so complicated? It can be analyzed from latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

(1) Temperate continental climate characteristics: Leng Xia is hot in winter and the temperature is high all year round; Precipitation is small and concentrated.

In summer.

⑵ Temperate monsoon climate features: high temperature and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter. Rain and heat appear at the same time

(3) The influence of monsoon climate (especially summer monsoon) on agriculture in the same period of rain and heat: both rain and heat are beneficial.

Period, conducive to crop growth; Disadvantage-prone to droughts and floods, threatening agricultural production.

Why is Asia the largest continent in the world? It is the largest continent in the world; ② It boasts the widest latitude continent in the world; ③ It is the continent with the farthest distance from east to west; It is the most populous continent.

Usually, people divide Asia into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia and Central Asia. China is located in East Asia. P3 Figure 6.4

2.P5 "Reading Materials" Asian Geography Series

The second section, the human environment in Asia.

1, the most populous continent P 10 Figure 6. 14

(1) In 2000, out of the world population of 6.055 billion, about 3.68 billion people lived in Asia. It is the most populous continent.

(2) East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated areas in the world, with the population of China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan and Pakistan exceeding 654.38 billion.

(3) The pressure of Asia's large population on resources and environment: P5 "reading materials" and tables.

In view of this problem, how to achieve a virtuous circle?

2. Various regional cultures

(1) Relationship between cultural phenomena and natural environment: P 13 Figure 6. 17

A Saudi Arabia is located in a tropical desert climate zone, which is hot and dry all year round. Because of the high temperature, they wear wide robes to cool off. The arid grassland is suitable for the development of animal husbandry, and herders adopt a nomadic way, so they live in tents;

Siberia is one of the coldest regions in the world. In order to keep out the cold, the local people wear fur clothes.

Coniferous forests in the sub-cold zone provide sufficient raw materials for building wooden houses, and snow all year round makes sledges bear the burden.

It is the main means of transportation here.

C. Yemen is located in the hilly area, so most houses in Yemen are built on mountains, and farmland is basically

Terraces.

D. Bangladesh is located in the Ganges Delta, which is one of the regions with the highest precipitation in the world.

It is hot and humid all year round and the river network is dense. The residents here go out by boat and make a living by fishing.

E. Gariman Island in Indonesia is located in the tropical rain forest area, which is hot and rainy all year round. To prevent moisture,

They all live in high-rise houses. The house is very long because we live in a compact community.

F, Japan is located in the Pacific Rim volcano and earthquake zone, with frequent earthquakes, so it is called "earthquake country".

Japanese architecture has many earthquake-proof designs.

3. Differences in economic development

(1) The overall characteristics of the Asian economy: the economic development of various countries is unbalanced and varies greatly. A few countries belong to developed countries, such as Japan; Most countries belong to developing countries.

(2) Reasons for the differences in economic development among Asian countries: On the whole, the main factors affecting Asian economic development are natural factors, social factors and historical factors.

(3) the division of three industry: P 16 figure 6. 19 and reading materials.

(1), the meaning of the three industries;

② The relationship between tertiary industry and gross national product: Generally speaking, the higher the per capita gross national product, the greater the proportion of tertiary industry, and the lower the per capita gross national product, the greater the proportion of primary industry.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan P 18 Figure 7.2

1. East Asian island countries: Japan is located in the east of Asia and the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu (the largest), Shikoku and Kyushu and 3,900 nearby islands. The capital is Tokyo.

2, mountain terrain:

(1) Topographic features: mainly mountainous hills (3/4), with a small plain area (the largest in Kanto Plain).

There are many volcanoes and earthquakes in Japan. Mount Fuji is an active volcano. P20 Figure 7.5

Why are there many volcanoes and earthquakes in Japan? From the theory of plate tectonics, Japan is located at the junction of Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate, and its crust is active. It is also located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean.

B. Volcanoes can bring disasters to people, but can they benefit people during the inactive period? The volcanic ash settled after volcanic eruption is fertile soil, which is beneficial to agricultural production. During the inactive period, volcanoes can be opened as tourist destinations and earth science research bases.

③ The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent harbors. This is very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

3. Warm and humid climate (north temperate monsoon climate, south subtropical monsoon climate) → obvious maritime characteristics.

4. Developed economies:

(1) Processing trade economy: raw materials, fuel imports, product exports.

(2) Japan's industrial distribution: the narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

Reason: There are many ports and convenient transportation. It is conducive to importing raw materials and fuels and exporting industrial products; But also a city and population center, and the largest consumption place in China. P23 Figure 7. 13 and table.

(3) Advantages and disadvantages of Japan's economic development:

Advantages: Japan is rich in human resources, high in science and technology, with winding coastline and many excellent harbors, importing raw materials, exporting industrial products and actively exploring the international market.

Disadvantages: Japan has a small territory, lacks resources, needs to be imported from abroad, and its economy is highly dependent on foreign countries. Once there is an economic crisis in the world, Japan's economy will be hit hard.

5. Compatible with Eastern and Western cultures

(1), the Japanese nation is single, and the Yamato nation is absolutely dominant.

(2) Japanese culture is a typical example of East-West compatibility.

(3) Japanese culture is deeply influenced by Japanese culture, and cultural exchanges between China and China have a long history.

Section II, Southeast Asia

1, the location of the "crossroads": Southeast Asia lies between Asia and Oceania, and between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

2. Geographical location and territorial composition: Southeast Asia, including Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

3. Important Strait: Malacca Strait, located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and is an important sea passage P27 connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean (Figure 7. 19 and text).

5. Topographic features: Indo-China Peninsula-mountains and rivers crisscross, showing columnar distribution.

6, climate characteristics:

Climate type

Distribution area

Climatic characteristics

Impact on agriculture

tropical rainforest climate

Most of the Malay archipelago

Southern Malay Peninsula

Southern Philippines

Crops that are hot and rainy all the year round can be sown at any time and harvested in all seasons.

Tropical monsoon climate

Most of Indian zhina Peninsula.

Northern Malay Peninsula

Northern Philippines

High temperature all year round, sowing in rainy season and harvesting in dry season.

7. Countries and residents:

(1) country: (1) Indian zhina countries: Viet Nam, Laos, (inland), Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia.

2 Malay archipelago countries: Singapore-garden city; Indonesia's largest archipelagic country (Thousand Islands and Volcanic Countries); Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, East Timor, etc.

(2) Residents: Most of the residents in Southeast Asia are of yellow race, which is the region with the largest concentration of Chinese and overseas Chinese in the world.

8. Products: famous rice exporters in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar;

Tropical cash crop producing countries

Thailand, the largest rubber producer in the world.

Philippines, the world's largest producer of bananas and marijuana.

Indonesia, the largest coconut producer in the world.

Malaysia, the largest palm oil producer in the world.

Philippines, the largest coconut exporter in the world.

7. The big cities in the Southeast Peninsula are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta.

Reason: These plains and estuary delta areas have fertile soil, flat terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation. After long-term development, it has become an important agricultural area in Southeast Asia, with dense population and developed agriculture.

Advantages and disadvantages of cities along the river.

Benefits: 1 Flat terrain, providing construction land for the city. 2. Waterway conditions provide convenience for the city's external traffic. 3. Provide water for the city

Disadvantages: 1 Urban wastewater pollutes rivers. 2. River floods affect cities.

8.P33, Southeast Asian tourist attractions, Figure 7.30

Section III, India

1. Overview: (P35 Figure 7.34) Location-South Asia, surrounded by the sea on three sides, most of which are located in.

Tropical and subtropical.

India is the largest country in South Asia, with a population of over one billion, ranking second in the world. Ganges is the mother river of India. Indians belong to the white race.

2. The pressure of India's large population on resources, environment and economic development: India's total natural resources.

There are many, but because of the large population, India's per capita natural resources, per capita steel output and grain output are far from the world average. Therefore, the rapid population growth will have a great impact on a country's resources, environment and economic development.

3. Topographic features of India: (P35 Figure 7.34) From south to north, it is obviously divided into three parts: northern mountains.

Location: Himalayas; Central Plain: Ganges Plain; Southern Plateau: Deccan Plateau.

3. Climate characteristics of India: tropical monsoon climate is dominant. Climatic characteristics of tropical monsoon: high throughout the year

Temperature, divided into dry season and rainy season (dry season 65438+ 10-May of the following year; Rainy season from June to September).

Influence of monthly wind direction on precipitation

1 month northeast wind (land → sea) is less, which is a dry season.

In July, there are many southwest winds (sea → land) and rainy season.

5. There are frequent floods and droughts in India: affected by monsoon, especially by the change of southwest wind (P37 Figure 7.38\7.39\7.40).

Flood and drought

The change of southwest wind comes early, retreats late, strong wind comes late, retreats early, and the wind is insufficient.

6. Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India, and their yields are among the highest in the world.

Self-sufficient food production is attributed to India's "Green Revolution".

7. Relationship between the distribution of wheat and rice in India and the distribution of topography and precipitation: (P38-39 Figure 7.438+0-42)

Topographic precipitation in crop distribution area

There are many plains in the Northeast Peninsula and many rice areas along the coast.

There are almost no plateaus and mountains in the upper reaches of Ganges River in the northwest of Maidegan Plateau.

8, India's industrial characteristics:

Kolkata, India's largest hemp textile center; Mumbai, the largest hemp textile center.

The relationship between industrial layout and raw materials.

Kolkata's coal, iron and manganese industrial centers in the iron and steel industry are all close to the origin of raw materials, that is, the principle of proximity. Such an industrial layout can save freight and reduce costs, so the factory should be built in the raw material producing area or near the consumer market.

Cotton textile industry Mumbai, New Delhi, Bangalore cotton

Hemp textile industry

9. India has also made some achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software. Software ranks second in the world. So developing countries are not backward.

Section 4 Russia

1, largest country:

(1) The largest country in the world (area1more than 700 square kilometers) is the only country in the world that spans Eurasia. Russia belongs to Europe.

⑵ Location: North Asia borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Baltic Sea in the northwest, the Caspian Sea in the southwest and China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan in the south.

2. Terrain: (P4 1 Figure 7.45)

(1) Topographic features: the terrain is high in the east and low in the west, and the terrain is mainly plain. Attachment: Main terrain areas

Eastern western Russia

East European Plain

Volgogural, mt

Yenisei River in West Siberia Plain

East-west Burleigh of Lena River in Central Siberia Plateau.

submarine area

(2) River: The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, flows through the eastern European plain and flows into the Caspian Sea.

(3) Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world (the deepest point is 1600 meters).

4. Climate: Most areas belong to temperate continental climate (features: long and cold winter and summer)

This season is short and warm. P43 Figure 7.46

5. Abundant natural resources and developed heavy industry: P44 Figure 7.48

(1) Rich natural resources: forest resources (including the largest coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone in the world); Mineral resources (Tyumen Oilfield and Second Baku Oilfield, Kursk Iron Mine, Kuzbas Coal Mine).

(1) Russia is a big industrial country with heavy industry, but its light industry is weak. Industry is mainly distributed in Europe.

(2) Four industrial zones: P44 Figure 7.48①, St. Petersburg Industrial Zone; (2) Moscow Industrial Zone; ③ Ural Industrial Zone; ④ Novosibirsk Industrial Zone (Asia).

(4) Major cities:

(1) Capital Moscow: the largest city and comprehensive industrial center in China, the political, cultural and transportation center; There are the famous Red Square and the Kremlin.

② St. Petersburg: the second largest city, near the Baltic Sea; 3. Vladivostok: near the Pacific Ocean; (4) Murmansk: near the Arctic Ocean (it is not frozen all year round and is influenced by the warm current of the North Atlantic). At present, Russia is in a leading position in the fields of aerospace technology, nuclear industry technology, deep-sea exploration technology, remote sensing technology and biotechnology.

7. Developed traffic P46 Figure 7.50

The transportation departments are complete, including railway, highway, aviation, inland river, ocean and pipeline transportation, especially pipeline and railway transportation. However, the distribution of transportation lines in some parts of Europe and Asia is unbalanced: ① Some railway networks in Europe are very dense, with Moscow as the radiation point. ② Some railway networks in Asia are sparse, but there is a very important railway-Trans-Siberian Railway, which spans Eurasia, and is also called Eurasian Continental Bridge.