What prodigies are there in the history of China?

According to the children's story, when prodigy Zhu Yue was 8 years old, he watched the teacher He Cheng draw a picture of Tao's mother's haircut, which showed that Tao's mother was from a poor family and cut her hair for wine. Zhu Yue found that Tao's mother was wearing a golden shovel, so she pointed to the golden shovel and asked her teacher, "This can be exchanged for wine, so why do you want to have a haircut?" Teacher He Cheng was greatly surprised. It is said that when Dai Dongyuan, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, was 65,438+00 years old, his teacher said to him: "The chapters and sentences in the university were written by the sage Confucius; And Ceng Zi's remarks were recorded by students in Ceng Zi. " After hearing this, Dai Dongyuan asked, "How do you know that this is Confucius' speech described by Ceng Zi, and that is Ceng Zi's speech described by Ceng Zi students? The teacher replied, "This is what Zhu said in his notes." Dai Dongyuan asked inexplicably, "When did Zhu come from?" The teacher said, "People in the Southern Song Dynasty." Dai Dongyuan asked again, "When were Confucius and Ceng Zi? "The teacher said," People lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. " Dai Dongyuan asked again, "How long is the interval between the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty?" The teacher said, "About two thousand years. Dai Dongyuan was even more puzzled: "Since it is more than two thousand years apart, how can Zhu Xi know about Confucius and Ceng Zi?" "The teacher was asked speechless.

"Children's World Theory" records that "Sima Guang played with a group of children when he was young. A child fell into the water tank and the group of children walked away. Take the stone, break its urn, and get it. " "Wen Yanbo. Xiao and the group workers hit the ball, and the ball rolled into the column hole, watered by public water, and floated out.

"Bookstore Yuan Gui? General recording department? "Youmin" records that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Gan Luo, a prodigy of Qin State, was the Scheeren of Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin State, at the age of twelve. At that time, Qin Shihuang wanted to send Zhang Tang, the minister, to attack Zhao with Yan, so as to open up the land of Hejian. Zhang Tang said to him, "When I conquered Zhao for the king of Qin, Zhao hated me very much. He once said, "Whoever catches Zhang Tang will be given a hundred pieces of land. I'm going to Yan today, so I can't go. " Lv Buwei was unhappy, but he didn't force him. Gan Luo asked Lv Buwei, "Why is Hou Jun so unhappy?" He said, "I have worked for Yan for three years. Yan took Prince Zidan as hostage and entered the State of Qin. I personally invited Zhang Tang to Yan to take a photo, but he refused to go. " Ganluo said, "I'll invite him." Lv Buwei scolded him and said, "Go! I wouldn't even invite him myself. How can you do that? " Gan Luo said, "Xiang Tuo became a teacher of Confucius at the age of seven, and I am twelve now. You can let me try. Why do you want to scold me? " So Ganluo went to see Zhang Tang and asked Zhang Tang, "Can your contribution be compared with that of Wu Anjun?" Zhang Tang replied, "Wu Anjun defeated the powerful Chu State in the south, Yan State and Zhao State in the north, and defeated them. I don't know how many cities have been broken and captured. I am not as good as him. " Gan Luo said: "Who has more power, Qin Guo, Yan Hou or Wen Xinhou (Lv Buwei)?" Zhang Tang replied: "It's better to wait than to be Wen Xin Hou." Gan Luo said, "The Duke of Yan tried to attack Zhao, but he was blocked, so he left Xianyang No.7 Road and died in Du You. Today, Wen Xinhou personally invited you to take photos in Yan State, but you refused to go. I don't know where you will die. " Zhang Tang promised to go to Yan State. A few days after Zhang Tang left, Gan Luo said to Wen Xinwei, "Please lend me five cars to report to Zhao for Zhang Tang." Lv Buwei, Emperor Wen Xin, went to see Qin Shihuang and said, "Ganluo, the grandson of Gan Mao, was young, but the descendants of famous scholars all heard that he had the talent to be a vassal. Today, Zhang Tang said that he didn't want to go to Yan State because Ganluo persuaded him to go. Ganluo is willing to report to Zhao first, please allow him to go. " Qin Shihuang summoned Ganluo and sent an envoy to see Zhao. King Xiang of Zhao personally went outside to meet Ganluo. Ganluo said to the prince of Zhao, "Did your majesty hear that Prince Khan of Yan State was taken to Qin State?" Wang Zhao replied, "I've heard of it." He said, "Did you hear about the marriage between Zhang Tang and Yan?" Wang Zhao replied, "I heard." Gan Luo said, "Yan Wang Dan's entry into Qin shows that Yan does not bully Qin, and Zhang Tang's entry into Yan is a phase, which shows that Qin does not bully Yan. Yan and Qin do not bully each other. If they jointly attack Zhao, Zhao will be in danger. Yan formed an alliance with Qin, not for anything else, but to attack and expand Hejian area. Your majesty might as well give me five cities to widen the river course. When I return to China, I will ask the King of Qin to send the Prince of Yan back and let the powerful Zhao Can attack the weak State of Yan. " The prince of Zhao immediately cut five cities to the state of Qin, and the state of Qin returned the Yan Taizi Dan and dissolved the Qin Yan Alliance. Subsequently, Zhao attacked Yan, captured thirty cities in Shanggu and sent them to eleven cities in Qin. Ganluo belongs to the king of Qin, who named Ganluo as Shangqing.

The son of the magistrate of Waihuang County in the Han Dynasty (whose name has been lost) was only thirteen years old. At that time, Xiang Yu attacked Waihuangcheng, and within a few days, Waihuangshoujun surrendered. Xiang Yu ordered men over fifteen to rush to the east of the city, ready to kill them. The county magistrate's son went to see Xiang Yu and said, "Peng Yue robbed him, and he was afraid of the outside world, so he treated the king, and he was cheated. Can the people get their hearts back? " Since then, there have been more than ten cities in Liang Dong, and they are all afraid, so they don't want to get off. "Xiang Yu listened to what he said makes sense, so he pardoned the man who wanted to kill him. Afterwards, Suiyang Zhucheng, east of Waihuang, heard the news and rushed to surrender to Xiang Yu.

Kong Wenju, who was only ten years old, went to Luoyang with his father. At that time, Li Yuanli was very famous, and officials worshipped Li Si as the captain. The callers at home are very talented and need to call their cousins to get in. At this time, Wen Ju came to the Li family and said to the doorman, "I am a relative of the Li family." Get in the car. After meeting, Li Yuanli asked him, "What is your relationship with me?" Wen Ju replied: "In the past, my ancestor Zhong Ni and your ancestor Bai Yang had the respect of teachers and students, so I have eternal kindness with you." Li Yuanli and his guests were surprised. Later, when Dr. Yang Chen arrived, others told him what had just happened. Chen said: "It's time, but it's not always good." Wen Ju said, "When I miss you, I will become one." Embarrassed Yang Chen. When Kong Wenju is belittled by others, he can react quickly, take up other people's topics, fight back cleverly and safeguard his dignity. From his answer, we can see that his thinking is flexible and his reaction is agile.

According to Zhuang Yong's Essays, Wang Zhu was born in Yinxian. Nine years old. Good poem. When he chased geese for Confucius, Yan and other literati in the palace, he saw the palace in a mess and sighed. He wrote a poem, saying, "Yan Hui watches the stars every night, and Master comes to rain. Who is willing to repair the money? " The magistrate was surprised by his talent and summoned him. He was wearing short clothes at that time. Ask him: "Why is the prodigy shirt short?" He replied: "the prodigy's shirt is very short and the sleeves are spring breeze." I didn't go to the emperor, but I came to pay tribute to "xianggong" first. "

Guo Zhongyun, a native of Taihe, bathed with his elders when he was a child. By chance, a turtle floated on the water, and the elder said to the cloud, "The turtle floats on the water and is green." Guo Zhongyun said to the cloud, "Stand out from the crowd and give up the tip." Weng Mai, a native of Chong 'an, aged thirteen, became one of the county leaders with the clever Minhui. Ouyang Qi, the governor, wrote a poem to test him, saying, "Bamboo shoots drill into the sky." He replied, "Mushrooms look like nails." The county magistrate disrespected him because he was young. Ask him: "What book does Xiao Jieyuan read?" He replied, "The squint mouse in the poem." It's all irony. After the banquet, the little geisha came forward and asked him to write a poem. He immediately wrote a poem: "I am not thirteen or fourteen years old, and I am too shy to lift my head." Your heart is still the same as mine, and you know nothing about romance. "The sheriff praised him greatly. Chen's son is both young and clever. At the age of nine, Chen pointed to the pen and said, "The pen is like a mountain." He replied, "The chessboard is like a Luo." He also said, "Su Jiasan and his son, the article is great. He said, "Brother Cheng Men, your virtue and justice are respectable. "Guixi people passed by on Monday and entered the county with their father at the age of six. When the sun rises, people say to the clouds, "The sunrise in the east makes them open their eyes." He replied, "Xiyue Mountain stands on the high ground. Jingshan, Shirley Wang, entered his father's school at the age of five. "。 The father ordered, "The four corners of the table are right." Answer: "The Buddha Hall is two eaves high. "

Second, quick response.

According to historical records, most child prodigies in ancient China were quick-witted, and they could respond quickly, appropriately and appropriately, whether they were answering questions in poems or responding to other people's cross-examination. The chronicle of this aspect is very rich.

According to Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu? According to Quotations, Kong Wenju, who was only ten years old, went to Luoyang with his father. At that time, Li Yuanli was very famous, and officials worshipped Li Si as the captain. The callers at home are very talented and need to call their cousins to get in. At this time, Wen Ju came to the Li family and said to the doorman, "I am a relative of the Li family." Get in the car. After meeting, Li Yuanli asked him, "What is your relationship with me?" Wen Ju replied: "In the past, my ancestor Zhong Ni and your ancestor Bai Yang had the respect of teachers and students, so I have eternal kindness with you." Li Yuanli and his guests were surprised. Later, when Dr. Yang Chen arrived, others told him what had just happened. Chen said: "It's time, but it's not always good." Wen Ju said, "When I miss you, I will become one." Embarrassed Yang Chen. When Kong Wenju is belittled by others, he can react quickly, take up other people's topics, fight back cleverly and safeguard his dignity. From his answer, we can see that his thinking is flexible and his reaction is agile.

China's ancient poetry is an important measure of a person's talent and wisdom. In the chronicles of ancient prodigies, there are countless poems describing the agility of prodigies.

According to Zhuang Yong's Essays, Wang Zhu was born in Yinxian. Nine years old. Good poem. When he chased geese for Confucius, Yan and other literati in the palace, he saw the palace in a mess and sighed. He wrote a poem, saying, "Yan Hui watches the stars every night, and Master comes to rain. Who is willing to repair the money? " The magistrate was surprised by his talent and summoned him. He was wearing short clothes at that time. Ask him: "Why is the prodigy shirt short?" He replied: "the prodigy's shirt is very short and the sleeves are spring breeze." I didn't go to the emperor, but I came to pay tribute to "xianggong" first. "

According to "Chong Xiao Zhuang", Guo Zhongyun, a native of Taihe, took a bath with an elder when he was a child. Occasionally, a turtle floated on the water, and the elder said to the cloud, "The turtle floats on the water and is green." Guo Zhongyun said to the cloud, "Stand out from the crowd and give up the tip." Weng Mai, a native of Chong 'an, aged thirteen, became one of the county leaders with the clever Minhui. Ouyang Qi, the governor, wrote a poem to test him, saying, "Bamboo shoots drill into the sky." He replied, "Mushrooms look like nails." The county magistrate disrespected him because he was young. Ask him: "What book does Xiao Jieyuan read?" He replied, "The squint mouse in the poem." It's all irony. After the banquet, the little geisha came forward and asked him to write a poem. He immediately wrote a poem: "I am not thirteen or fourteen years old, and I am too shy to lift my head." Your heart is still the same as mine, and you know nothing about romance. "The sheriff praised him greatly. Chen's son is both young and clever. At the age of nine, Chen pointed to the pen and said, "The pen is like a mountain." He replied, "The chessboard is like a Luo." He also said, "Su Jiasan and his son, the article is great. He said, "Brother Cheng Men, your virtue and justice are respectable. "Guixi people passed by on Monday and entered the county with their father at the age of six. When the sun rises, people say to the clouds, "The sunrise in the east makes them open their eyes." He replied, "Xiyue Mountain stands on the high ground. Jingshan, Shirley Wang, entered his father's school at the age of five. "。 The father ordered, "The four corners of the table are right." Answer: "The Buddha Hall is two eaves high. "

According to children's stories, Zhan Jinlong was summoned by the emperor at the age of five to give fruit. He said to him, "A bowl of fruit is for a five-year-old prodigy." The emperor said, "Three feet is rough." He said to him, "Emperor Wan Nian." Li Dongyang, known as a child prodigy, went to the imperial court to see the emperor, but he was too young to cross the threshold. The emperor said, "A prodigy has short feet." He said to him, "The Tian Zi Gate is very high." He Tuo, eight years old, joked with him and said, "Your surname is Lotus Leaf, which is the river of the river?" He replied: "My husband's surname is Gu, which is a human feeling and a new reason." Zhang Xuanzhi lost his tooth when he was eight years old. Others joked with him and said, "What's the dog sinus in your mouth?" He replied, "It makes your generation come and go."

Quick thinking and quick response are the important characteristics of prodigy surpassing ordinary children. In ancient China, although there was no objective standard to judge children's intelligence level, reaction speed was a big standard. A large number of accounts about prodigies show that prodigies are quick-witted because they are good at grasping the essence of things and the key to problems, and can quickly analyze, synthesize, compare, classify, abstract, generalize, induce and infer problems, and then quickly find answers on this basis. Therefore, it is basically correct for the ancients to regard quick reaction as a main feature of child prodigy.

Third, a strong memory.

Strong memory is another feature of China's ancient prodigy. According to Liu Shao's Biography of Young Children, Le 'an was a teacher at the age of twelve, and he never forgets anything. He passed three classics in a year. At that time, everyone in the village sang: "Jiang Shiwen, the stone man boy." It is said that the Chiang family is a late bloomer, old-fashioned, aristocratic and wise. Zhang is eight or seven years old and knows the Spring and Autumn Period. Ren Xian, a native of Wan, was named Shengtong when he was twelve years old, and he knew poetry, Yi, Spring and Autumn Period. Jia Kui is ten years old and already knows six classics by heart. Xia's son, Xiahou Rong, could recite thousands of words every day when he was seven years old. Wendi heard about it and invited him to go. At that time, there were more than 100 guests, each of whom only played once, so Xiahou Rong could tell his name and native place. Yuan was ten years old. At that time, The Story of He Shen had just been introduced into Luoyang, and it could only be recited once. Yan is fourteen and Yang is eleven. Song Zhenzong personally read the nine classics, every word. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Jin Dynasty, Liu Tianji, a teenager from Dongping, was seven years old. He can read poems, books, Yi, Li, Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, Yu and Meng. Sharifutsu, an eight-year-old student, can recite the Eighteen Classics. Shi is only seven years old. He became a monk at the age of twelve. His master gave him a volume of the Sutra of Light. After reading it, Shi went back to the teacher and recited it word for word.

According to Children's Tales, Yuan Shao, the eldest grandson, tried Shark Wang at the age of thirteen. After reading it once, he can recite it by heart. Nine-year-old Li Yu was asked about the Five Classics and ten things, and he answered all the questions. Jia Kui, who can't talk at the age of five, often takes him to a private school to listen to books, and he memorizes them. Later, when he can speak, he will recite them like a stream. Fourteen-year-old RoyceWong read the inscription on the side of the road.

The prodigy's amazing memory is manifested in various qualities of memory. Some of them have a quick memory and a good memory. Some memories are accurate and verbatim; Some memories are eternal. Memory is an important factor in intelligence. To have extraordinary wisdom, you must have extraordinary memory.

Why do prodigies have extraordinary memories? The ancients thought it was innate and different from other knowledge that can be studied diligently. Ye Mengde said in "A Record of Summer Vacation": "People's knowledge can be forced, but memory has its own weight and must be rewarded." Although this understanding is unscientific, it is an objective fact that some children have better memory in learning than ordinary children because of their excellent genetic quality.

Fourth, the ability of empathy is strong.

Most child prodigies have an extremely active imagination. When they consider problems, they often "think hard" and "see through Wan Li", and they are unconventional and whimsical. Their way of thinking is often different from that of ordinary children and their thinking ability is very strong.

According to Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu? According to Huisu, when Jin Mingdi was a few years old, he sat on his father Yuan Di's lap and played. At this time, someone came from Chang 'an. Yuan Di asked about the situation on the road, and someone told him. Yuan Di then asked Ming Di, "Do you think Chang 'an is far away or the sun is far away?" Ming Di replied, "The sun is far away. Because I have never heard of people from Japan. " Yuan Di was surprised. The next day, when the ministers held a banquet, Yuan Di told them about it and asked Ming Di again. Ming Di replied, "The time is near. Yuan Di was shocked and asked him, "Why are you different from what you said yesterday? Ming Di replied: "You can see the sun when you look up, but you can't see Chang 'an." According to Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu? It is said that nine-year-old Xu Ruzi was playing under the moon, and others said to him, "If there is nothing on the moon, shouldn't it be particularly bright?" He replied, "Otherwise, it is like a pupil in a person's eyes. Without it, it is unknown. "

According to Liu Shao's Biography of Young Children, Yang's son, Liang Guoren, is nine years old and very clever. Junping Kong went to visit his father. His father is not at home. He came out to entertain the guests and brought them fruit. There are bayberry in the fruit. Junping Kong pointed to Yangmei and said, "This is the fruit of your Yang family." Andy immediately replied: "I haven't heard that peacocks are Confucius poultry." According to Liu Shao's Biography of Young Children, Cao Zhi, the youngest son of Cao Cao, surpassed adults in intelligence when he was five or six years old. Sun Quan gave Cao Cao an elephant and wanted to know its weight. "Shu ordered it to be placed like a big ship, engraved with its water marks, and called it heavy."

Fifth, eager for knowledge.

A strong interest in knowledge, a strong thirst for knowledge and diligence are another feature of a child prodigy. According to The Theory of Children's World, Zuyou was particularly fond of reading when he was a teenager, and his parents were afraid that he would break down from constant overwork and forbade him to study. He secretly hid the fire in the ashes, and when his parents slept, he lit a fire and read a book. And cover the window with clothes, for fear that the fire will be noticed by others. Zhu Fan's parents died when he was young. He lived in his grandfather's house and his family was poor, so Zhu Fan lit firewood in the garden to study. According to Song Lian's Biography of Wang Mian, Wang Mian's father died at the age of seven and relied on his mother to do needlework for the rich family. Really do not bottom go to, mother gave Wang Mian to others as a shepherd. When he was herding cattle, he saw that the mountains by the lake were black and blue after the rain; There are more than a dozen lotus flowers in the lake, and the water drops on the bud and the lotus leaf roll, which leads to the idea of painting this scene. From then on, he began to learn painting, bought paints and brushes with the money he got from herding cattle, and practiced painting every day. Because the family is poor and can't afford to light a lamp, he secretly runs to the Buddhist temple every night, sits on the knee of the clay statue of Buddha, and often learns to draw until dawn by the light of the ever-burning lamp. Those clay statues of Buddha, grinning, blue-faced, fangs, grotesque, ferocious and terrible, Wang Mian seemed not to see them, and buried himself in research. He later became a famous folk painter at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

6. precocious in all aspects

Ancient prodigies not only developed faster intellectually than ordinary children, but also matured earlier in other aspects. According to Liu Shao's Biography of Young Children, his three-year-old father Qiu took him to his grandfather's house. The next day, he ran to grandpa's house by himself. After his father found him, he asked him, and he replied, "The door wall is red, but when you turn into an alley, you know it's a foreign home." One day, when he was playing at his grandfather's house, he found a huge pearl and returned it to his grandfather. His grandfather asked him why he didn't give it to your mother. He replied, "It's safe for me to serve my mother." It can be seen that his intelligence is not only early, but also his moral outlook is formed early. According to children's stories, Yuan, when he was a few years old, his father was ill, and he served day and night. When someone advised him to have a rest, he replied, "I'm not worried about sleeping." Wang Xiu lost his mother at the age of seven and died that day at the club. In the next year, he will repair the nearby club. He was deeply saddened by his mother's death. Wang Tai, when he was a few years old, grandma scattered dates and chestnuts on the bed, and other children scrambled to get them, but Wang Tai did not move. His grandmother asked him, and he said, "Don't take what you deserve." Kong Rong, four years old, eats pears with her brother and takes small pears every time. When asked, he said, "Children should take the small ones." When Bird was six years old, his grandfather bathed him by the well. Bird refused, saying, "You can't show his shape during the day." As can be seen from the above examples, these prodigies surpass their peers in their feelings for their parents, moral concepts and even ethical concepts, and their maturity and intellectual development are basically synchronized.

Seven, child prodigy discussion

Since ancient times, there have been many discussions about prodigies, mostly around the question whether the level of prodigy's extraordinary intelligence development is influenced by heaven or people, that is, what role does congenital inheritance and acquired environmental education play today? On this issue, some scholars in ancient China believed that innate factors played a decisive role, people were born with wisdom and stupidity, and prodigies were born with life. Some scholars believe that genius is the result of acquired study and education. However, most scholars not only affirm the fact that prodigies have high innate endowment, but also attach importance to the role of acquired environment and education.

Ye Mengde said in "A Record of Summer Vacation" that people's knowledge can be forced. "But every memory has its own weight and must be rewarded." He compares the innate factor of human memory to a person playing Go, and thinks that there is a limit to a person's level of playing chess and doing his best. Although he is only a child, he can't increase when he is old. He took Wu and Yang Wengong as examples. Yuan Xian 14 years old, Wen Gong 1 1 year old. Zhenzong personally tried to read the Nine Classics without missing a word. He thought, "This is the real person." He believes that innate quality is an important factor in bringing up prodigies, and it is very foolish to blindly try to train all gifted children into prodigies regardless of innate quality. He said: "Raozhou has been a prodigy since the end of Yuanfeng, and Zhu Tianxi won the official position, and the common people fought for it." Children can learn without asking how to learn. From the age of five or six, they have been taught by the Five Classics to sit on a raft and carry bamboo baskets, which they have never heard of. The teacher paid the price in advance, but after paying a certain price, the book was bitter at night. The middle subject has been abandoned for a long time, and politics has recovered a little, so it happens occasionally. Tradition makes Raozhou a child prodigy. However, the child is not its nature, and it is so bitter that the dead cover more than the middle. "It is not too early to educate children from the age of five or six, but" absolute audio-visual "instills those abstract" five classics "that lack perceptual experience into children's little heads every day. However, Ye Mengde's view that "children are not their quality" and under the cruel "education" of parents who only want to train children into prodigies regardless of their innate quality, "even the dead are more than the middle way" is not comprehensive, but he is sure that the innate factors of prodigies are desirable and should be taught in accordance with their aptitude.

Wang Anshi, who comprehensively discussed this issue, demonstrated from the opposite side according to examples: although the intelligence of a child prodigy has a good innate foundation, if it is not educated and cultivated, the good innate factors of a child prodigy will not develop, but will be annihilated. Therefore, he wrote an article named Shang Zhong Yong, which analyzed and discussed the innate factors and acquired education of child prodigies. Shang Zhong Yong is an important document to discuss the problem of ancient prodigy in China. It clearly tells people that prodigies are not only "recipients", but also "recipients"; Even if the factor of "accepting heaven" is superior, if you don't learn and accept people, you will only suffer the fate of "losing everyone" He said: "Zhong Yong's general understanding is also influenced by Heaven. Its recipients are also far more moral than talented people; If a chess piece is owned by everyone, it will not be influenced by others. He is blessed by heaven, so he has virtue, and he is blessed by others for all. " He stressed that it is undoubtedly correct to strengthen the acquired education on the basis of the excellent innate factors of child prodigies and not to make it "all-owned".

Jatrophaceae

How to select children with outstanding intelligence and cultivate them is a problem that China has always attached great importance to. As early as the Han Dynasty, China paid attention to the special training, selection and use of talented children, and began to have a boy family. In the Tang Dynasty, the Boy Scout Military Department was formally established in the imperial examination system. Although successive dynasties were intermittent, they basically kept the branch of Boy Scouts, formed a set of systems and methods for selecting child prodigies, and determined some basic contents. This selection measure for gifted children is rare and remarkable not only in the history of education in China, but also in the history of education in the world.

First, the reconnaissance system in Han Dynasty.

After the founding of the Han Dynasty, taking Qin's subjugation as a mirror, he wanted to recruit talents and cultivate talents, and * * * ruled together. In order to select sages, the inspection system was implemented in the Han Dynasty. In the inspection system of the Han Dynasty, besides the sages, the upright people, the filial people, the scholars and the bright and quiet, a boy scout department was specially set up to select talented children. In the Han Dynasty, the boy's family was chosen between the ages of 12 and 16, and was able to "learn the classics". This subject can be traced back to the early Han Dynasty. At that time, Xiao He put forward in the Official Law that school children "can satirize books with more than 9,000 words, but they can take an examination of history", and those with excellent grades can be appointed as ministers, censors and other official positions. ("literature general examination? Election exam? In the post-Han period, Zuo Xiong actively reformed the examination system, insisted on examination and strictly selected. He appealed to the emperor: call the famous Confucian scholars in the country as doctors, so that officials and their children can become students. "Those who are interested in doing exercises should be given a higher salary." (ditto) He also personally elected the shrewd Runan Xie Lian and Henan as boys. At that time, Xie Lian and Jianzhang Zhao were only twelve years old. The electoral law of the Han dynasty stipulates: "Those who try classics worship Lang, and those who are young and talented worship Tong Zilang. "At that time, there were many prodigies, prodigies and sons in imperial academy." Ren Yannian is twelve years old. He is a student and a famous businessman. His nickname is Ren Shengtong. Zhang Kan was sixteen years old and was educated in Chang 'an. He is ambitious, beautiful and diligent, and Confucian scholars call him the son. Duane entered Imperial College at the age of thirteen and was called a child prodigy. Huang Xiangnian was twelve years old, learned and classic, and the capital city was called:' A Chinese Odyssey, a Yellow River in Jiangxia. (ditto) Sima Lang 12 years old became a teenager after the exam. Because of his tall figure, he was suspected of hiding his age. He said confidently, "Lang studied both inside and outside since childhood. Although he is young and weak, he doesn't want to look up to the heights. He doesn't want to waste time for early success. " The examiner was surprised.

Second, the Boy Scouts in the Imperial Examination System in the Tang Dynasty

After the establishment of the Scout Division in Han Dynasty, it was difficult to implement the talent selection system in the historical period from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty because of many wars, social instability and frequent regime changes. Even if the subject is opened, only those sages who know how to govern the country and use troops are selected. As for those gifted children, they are ignored. In this historical period, there are historical records about the boy's family, only "Liang Shu? Biography of Emperor Wu: "In July of the seventh year of Emperor Wu's prison, he gave the boy a car full of boys. "

In the second year of Yang Di's great cause (AD 606), the imperial examination system in China began to be established. By the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system had been developed and perfected. There are three ways to recruit scholars in the Tang Dynasty: those from schools are called "students" and those from counties are called "rural tributes"; The imperial edict written by the emperor himself is called "imperial edict". Students and apprentices must take the provincial examination and take the provincial examination of the Ministry of Rites. There are six subjects, such as scholar, in the general subject, and boy's subject in the specialized subject. Like other subjects in the imperial examination system, the boy scouts in the Tang Dynasty also had strict rules. The contents and methods of the examination, the age of candidates and the use of selected candidates are all restricted by regulations. When Tanggang started to build a family for boys, it was stipulated that the selected students must be under ten years old. "None of the boy's family is under ten years old." Later, it was stipulated that "the actual year is eleven or twelve." The content of the exam requires that you can recite ten articles of the Book of Filial Piety and the Analects of Confucius, and be a "self-capable writer".

In the Tang Dynasty, there was a continuous and complete process of the boy scout department, which began in the years of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong (627-655 AD). In May of the second year of Guangzong, Yang Wan, assistant minister of Ritual Department, found that the boy scout department had the possibility of making children an official with its intelligence and wisdom, and was "afraid of taking a lucky road". He called for the abolition of the boy scout department. In the third year of Dali, the Boy Scout Army Department was reopened. In the next imperial edict, people under the age of 10 should be selected every year, and those who have passed the Analects of Confucius and the Classic of Filial Piety should enter the examination for the giving and answering course, and take the examination together with Mingjing and Juren. In the second year of Wenzong, the emperor issued a letter to all schools, prohibiting indiscriminate recommendation of boys. "Ji is lucky to be in the door," but "although there is life, there are many people who recommend children." It can be seen that it has become a social atmosphere to recommend prodigies to apply for special courses at that time, even if the emperor has an order, it is difficult to ban them. In the tenth year of Xuanzong, there were detailed regulations on recommending and sending boys. In order to ensure the quality of the boys' department, Shen Xun said: "To recommend and send boys, you must be under the age of eleven or twelve, and you must also be a person who is good at this, knows everything and can write." If those over-aged people with only mediocre knowledge are sent to Beijing to take the provincial examination, then "Taoist officials should also discuss criminal law." As can be seen from the above, the boy scouts in the Tang Dynasty experienced a development and complete process from setting up to banning and then resetting. After discovering the shortcomings of the boy's family, it was banned, but "although there is life, many people recommend boys." Later, it was found that it was not the way to stop it. The correct way was to plug the loopholes in the juvenile department with specific and detailed regulations.

Teenagers' families in the Three and Five Dynasties

The Five Dynasties period lasted only fifty years. Under the turbulent conditions, the imperial examination declined, and there were many disadvantages in boys' studies. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Mingzong was born in Tiancheng for three years. He once ordered schools to reprimand and understand the irresponsible phenomenon of sending children: either getting older, not handsome in spirit, or saying too many things wrong, or failing to study. In response to this phenomenon, Mingzong made it clear: "From then on, if all prefectures and counties openly abuse literary and artistic explanations and fail in the examination, they will judge and examiner one by one and punish them."

Zhang Yun, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites at the end of Jin Dynasty, also saw the disadvantages of the boy's family at that time. In his memorial to Gao Zu, he said, "This boy always tries and stops learning. Although he recited the classics carefully, he couldn't recite the volumes. He became a Hiram's hospital and returned to his hometown. However, he is eager to be an official, and he is even more unwilling to learn his career, and he is arrogant and extravagant. " The understanding of the boy's family is profound, which is discussed by Hanlin bachelor and assistant minister of Shangshu Ritual Department. He believes that children who are recommended to take the provincial examination of children's subjects are called prodigies. "They are all naive, gifted, intelligent and talented." Such special children may not be found in every year and county. So it should be "out of nature, something can be cited." If not, don't try to make up the number of boys. In his view, the main drawback of the boy's home is that it makes the world make children and grandchildren officials for the boy's home, regardless of the age characteristics of young children, "restrain the playful heart, teach the language of reciting, break its sun and moon, and entrust teachers." When I went to the provincial exam, some were slightly over-aged and some were middle-aged, but they were not good at reciting. In this way, parents refused to accept the ruling, which caused many disputes. To this end, he proposed that the boy "go to other departments for promotion."

In the Five Dynasties, the Department of Classics was established in Liao. It is stipulated that all the children of gentry or ordinary landlords under the age of 13 can recite two classics and three mini classics, as well as the Analects of Confucius, philosophers and more than 5,000 words, and the government will try 15 questions and pass more than 13 questions; Each test will have 15 questions, and three tests will exceed 4 1 question, which is the middle choice. ("Liao history? Confucian Classics in Liao Dynasty was established two years after Sejong succeeded to the throne, and was basically based on Confucian Classics in Tang Dynasty.

Fourthly, the boy family in Song Dynasty.

In the Song Dynasty, the boy's family was similar to that of the Tang Dynasty, and it was repeated several times. In the process of repeated blows, the boy's family has gradually improved. The boy family in the Song Dynasty has its own characteristics: first, it often judges the strange boy emperor personally; Secondly, boy scouts in the late Song Dynasty were divided into upper, middle and lower classes, with different examination contents and different treatment. In the Song Dynasty, there were many examples of the emperor personally examining the boy. "Song history according to? According to the story of Emperor Taizong Yang Yi, when he could speak, his mother taught him classics. At the age of seven, he could become a writer. Emperor Taizong heard his name, and ordered Jiangnan to transfer Zhang to China to study Ci, and then sent him to the capital. The emperor personally tried it, tried five poems, and set about writing. Emperor Taizong deeply appreciated it, and later gave the minister provincial orthography and a robe. According to Yan Shu Biography, Yan Shu became an official at the age of seven. At the beginning of Jingdezhen, I recommended a child prodigy. Song Zhenzong called on Yan Shu to take part in the imperial examination for thousands of people, but Yan Shu was not timid, so she set about writing. In the next two days, when re-examining the poems, Yan Shu read her own prose and said to Zhenzong, "I have learned this prose privately, so try another one." "True sects love it and praise it many times. Give the scholar a background, give the secretary a provincial orthography, and let him study in the secret guest. "Song history according to? As the saying goes, God lived in Yuanfeng for seven years, and God lived in Ruisi Temple to personally test Raozhou boy Zhu Tianshen and give him five classics. Two years after the suggestion, Song Gaozong personally tried the boy Zhu Huchen and gave him a gold belt to spoil him. Because the Emperor of Song Dynasty paid more attention to the selection of prodigies, most of them were famous.