1. What are the common trade terms? What are the similarities and differences?

Thirteen trade terms Incoterms 2000 lists thirteen * * * four groups of trade terms, the main points of which are as follows: Group E, Group F, Group C and Group D, and the obligations of the seller are gradually increasing. Group E: shipment (1) ex-works (… designated place), that is, ex-works (… designated place). It means that the seller has the responsibility to deliver the prepared goods to the buyer at its location, that is, workshops, factories, warehouses and other places. However, it is usually not responsible for loading the goods into the car prepared by the buyer or handling the customs clearance procedures for the goods. The buyer shall bear all costs and risks of transporting the goods from the seller's location to the expected destination. When the transaction is completed under EXW conditions, the risks, responsibilities and expenses of the seller are minimal. Group F: main freight unpaid (2) Goods delivered to carrier (FCA) The English term is "Free Carrier (…named place)", that is, "Goods delivered to carrier (…named place)". It means that the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the carrier designated by the buyer at the designated place after customs clearance. According to commercial practice, when the seller is required to cooperate with the carrier by signing a contract, the seller can do so at the risk and expense of the buyer. This term applies to any mode of transportation. When adopting this delivery condition, the buyer shall conclude a transport contract for shipment from the designated place at his own expense and notify the seller in time. The General Rules of 2000 stipulates that if the delivery place agreed by both parties is the seller's location, the seller is responsible for loading the goods on the carrier's means of transport specified by the buyer; If the delivery place is somewhere else, the seller completes the delivery on his own means of transport without unloading. (3) The English term for FAS is "FOB (… named port of shipment)", that is, "FOB (… named port of shipment)". It means that the seller delivers the goods to the dock or barge at the designated loading port. After that, the buyer must bear all costs and risks of loss or damage to the goods, and the buyer must go through the export customs clearance procedures. This term applies to sea or inland waterway transportation. Different from the "90 General Rules", the "2000 General Rules" stipulates that the risks, responsibilities and expenses of goods export declaration shall be borne by the buyer. (4) The English term FOB is "FOB (… named port of shipment)", that is, "FOB (… named port of shipment)". This means that the seller delivers the goods after crossing the ship's rail at the designated port of shipment. After the goods have crossed the ship's rail, the buyer must bear all the expenses, risks, losses or damages of the goods. In addition, the seller is also required to go through the export customs clearance procedures for the goods. This term applies to sea or inland waterway transportation. FOB clause change (1) FOB berth terms: The seller does not have to bear the loading fee; (2) FOB is under the tackle: the seller does not have to bear the loading fee; (3)FOB stowage (FOB including cargo handling): The seller must bear the loading expenses and cargo handling expenses; (4)FOB trimming (FOB including flat cabin): The seller must bear the shipping fee and flat cabin fee; (5)FOB stacking and sorting (FOB includes leveling and sorting): The seller must bear the costs of loading, leveling and sorting. Group C: Major freight paid (5) Cost plus freight (CFR) English term is "Cost plus freight (designated destination port)", that is, "Cost plus freight (……)" means that the seller must pay the expenses and freight required to transport the goods to the designated destination port, but before the goods are delivered here, the seller needs to go through the export customs clearance procedures. This term applies to sea or inland waterway transportation. (6) Cost, insurance and freight (CIF) English terms are "Cost, insurance and freight (… named port of destination)", that is, "Cost, insurance and freight (… named port of destination)". It means that the seller has the same obligation as the "cost and freight" clause, and the buyer should pay the insurance premium for the goods lost or damaged in transit. This term applies to sea or inland waterway transportation. CIF clause change (1) cif berth terms: the seller must bear the unloading expenses; (2)CIF: The seller must bear the unloading expenses including lighterage; (3) CIF price: The seller must bear the unloading expenses; (4)CIF Free on Board (CIF): The seller does not have to bear the unloading expenses. (VII) Freight collect (CPT) The English term is "freight collect": TID to (…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. This term refers to the freight paid by the seller to transport the goods to the designated destination. From the time the goods are delivered to the carrier, the risk of loss or damage to the goods and any additional expenses incurred after the goods are delivered to the carrier shall be borne by the buyer. In addition, the seller must go through the customs formalities for the export of goods. This term applies to all modes of transport, including multimodal transport. (8) Freight and insurance premium paid to (CIP) The English term is "freight and insurance premium paid to (… designated destination)", that is, "freight and insurance premium paid to (… designated destination). "This means that the seller has the same obligation as" freight collect ",and this term is applicable to any mode of transportation. Group D: (9) Delivery at frontier (… named place) in English, that is, delivery at the designated place at the border (…). It means that the seller undertakes the following obligations: transport the prepared goods to the designated place at the border, go through the customs clearance procedures for goods export, and deliver the goods before the customs clearance in neighboring countries. This term is mainly applicable to goods transported by rail or road, and can also be used for other modes of transportation. (X) Delivery on board the port of destination (DES) The English term is "Delivery on board the ship (… named port of destination)", that is, "Delivery on board the ship at the port of destination (… named port of destination)". It means that the seller shall fulfill the following obligations and deliver the prepared goods to the buyer on the deck of the ship at the designated destination port without going through the customs clearance procedures for the import of the goods, so the seller shall bear all costs and risks including transporting the goods to the designated destination port. This term is only applicable to sea or inland waterway transportation. (1 1) DEQ: The English word for this term is "delivered ex Quay (delivered duty paid)", that is, "delivery at the port of destination (……… named port of destination)". The obligations of the seller are as follows: pay the freight, transport the goods to the port of destination within the specified time, bear the responsibility and expenses of unloading, hand over the goods to the buyer at the port of destination, and bear the risks and expenses before handing them over to the buyer at the port of destination. The responsibilities, expenses and risks of handling the import declaration of goods shall be borne by the buyer. This term applies to water transport and multimodal transport. (XII) Duty-unpaid delivery (DDU) The English term is "delivered duty unpaid", that is, "duty-unpaid delivery (named destination)". It means that the seller will deliver the prepared goods at the place designated by the importing country, and must bear all the costs and risks of transporting the goods to the designated place (excluding the duties, taxes and other official expenses payable at the time of import), and also bear the costs and risks of handling customs formalities. The buyer shall bear the extra expenses and risks caused by the failure to clear customs in time. This term applies to all modes of transportation. (XIII) The English term of delivered duty paid (DDP) is "delivered duty paid", that is, "delivered duty paid (… designated destination)". It means that the seller will deliver the prepared goods at the designated place in the importing country, and bear all the costs and risks of transporting the goods to the designated place, and go through import customs clearance. This term can be used in various modes of transportation. The role of trade terms can save the time and cost of transaction negotiation, simplify the content of transaction negotiation and sales contract, and be conducive to the conclusion and development of trade.