Heyuan custom

Heyuan, located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, is the junction of coastal areas and mountainous areas. 90% of the people who live here are Hakkas. Hakkas originally came from Henan Province in the Central Plains during the Eastern Jin War. After several difficult struggles, it moved to the south of Jiangxi, the south of Fujian and the northeast of Guangdong, with a time delay of 1.050. On the basis of inheriting some cultural customs in the Central Plains and combining with their own living environment, they formed a unique ethnic group. Hakka clan is a branch of Han nationality in China, and its most obvious feature is Hakka dialect, which is one of the eight dialects of Han nationality. Hakka people have their own unique cultural customs and habits, but they are slightly different due to different periods and regions. Most Hakkas live in mountainous areas, and there is a saying that "if there are no guests, there are guests in the mountains". Due to little influence from the outside world, Hakkas all over the world have their own small characteristics, such as differences in accents, but they are similar.

Hakka dwellings

Hakka residence is a unique, simple and elegant residential building built on the basis of absorbing the essence of ancient central plains architecture in order to avoid frequent intrusion of wild animals and hooligans on graves when Hakkas moved to Lingnan mountainous area. Hakka folk houses have different forms in different periods. According to the different architectural styles and forms, Hakka dwellings can be divided into dragon house, Wufeng building, square building, earth building and mansion style, among which

The surrounding dragon houses and quadrangles in Beijing, cave dwellings in Shaanxi, the "shoulder pole style" in Guangxi and the "one letter" in Yunnan are called the five characteristics of China's folk houses. At that time, Longwu was an advanced mixed structure craft of "lifting beam" and "crossing bucket" of Han nationality in Central Plains. Generally, hilly areas or sloping fields are selected for construction. The ordinary enclosure covers an area of 8 mu, 10 mu, and the large enclosure is more than 30 mu. It takes 5 years and 65,438+00 years to build a complete enclosure house. There are several bedrooms, kitchens, large and small halls and living facilities such as water intake, pigsty, henhouse, toilet and warehouse in the house, forming a self-sufficient pattern. No matter the size of the paddock, there must be a half-moon pool in front of the door. The grain table is used for activities such as drying grain and enjoying the cool, and the pond has the functions of fire prevention and water storage.

Hakka dwellings in Heyuan area belong to mansion type, and its structural model is similar to Longwei. The building pays attention to topography and sitting orientation, and the general layout requires symmetry with meridian. According to the structure, it can be divided into "three halls, two sides and one circumference". The three main halls refer to the front, middle and back halls, and the middle hall is the place where major gatherings and festive activities are held. The backyard is generally a "ancestral hall", which is a special place for ancestor worship and sacrifice; The left and right doors at the entrance of the front hall are horizontal houses, and then extend backward from the horizontal houses on both sides to the half-moon or square rear fence. Between the back wall and the fence of the ancestral hall in the back hall is a ground higher than the foundation of the front house, commonly known as "flower terrace".

The design and construction of Hakka folk houses are scientific, practical and ornamental, which shows the outstanding talents and superb skills of Hakka ancestors. Hakka folk houses have the following five advantages: first, they are fully economical, and the building materials are mainly loess, wood and sand, and the materials can be reused after demolition and reconstruction; Second, the firmness is good. The foundation of the wall is made of stone with bamboo strips in it. The third is wonderful physics. The wall constructed by civil engineering has the function of regulating air humidity and temperature. Civil engineering is a poor conductor of heat, so its temperature changes slowly. Moreover, if the air humidity is higher than itself, it will absorb the moisture in the air to adjust the air humidity and temperature. Fourth, the defense is outstanding, the walls are solid, there are no windows on the ground floor, thick hard wooden doors covered with iron sheets, and there are fire-proof water tanks on the doors, which are necessary for them to resist attacks by soldiers, bandits and wild animals. Fifth, the unique artistry is mainly reflected in the layout and modeling, as shown in the figure:

Hakka customs

When the Hakkas came to the mountainous area, due to the influence of the environment, some unique customs and habits of the Hakkas were formed. With the passage of time, some customs have disappeared, some have remained, and some have been improved or changed. The following are some typical customs, which are listed as rewards for everyone.

Move to a new house

When building a new house, Hakkas usually hold the custom of "moving to a new house", which is called "showing evil spirits". It will be safe and auspicious to ask Mr. Feng Shui to drive away the "three evils".

At about one o'clock in the morning on the day of moving, a table was enlarged in the hall. There are three rice buckets on the table, one for white rice and two for dry food. The rice bucket was placed in the center. Mr. Feng Shui put a compass on the rice bucket, the clay figurine put a mud knife and a five-foot one on the left, and the carpenter put a ruler and Mo Dou on the right. Each rice bucket was enlarged with a red envelope. Put some square tables in the center of the hall, put them in front of the gate, and spread them straight to the door with folded cotton cloth. Mr. Geography is wearing a red scarf and plain clothes. He has a big cock in his left hand and a seven-star sword in his right. He is full of pride. He hacked the rooster to death, spilled blood on a piece of white cloth, went straight out of the gate and threw the chicken out of the gate. At the same time, the mud teacher and carpenter vigorously beat the cloth with a red stick and walked out of the door. Then firecrackers, birds, gongs and drums roared and sent it out of the gate.

At the auspicious moment in the morning, urge the famous old couple with many descendants to "open the door". Men left and women right, standing in the door, waiting for the door god, that is, the elderly couple to open the door. When you open the door, you should say auspicious words: "Left door opens, wealth comes, right door opens, wealth comes"; As the saying goes, "Cai Ding will come with Fu Gui". The main house is the entrance of the lantern, and the furniture goes in with the lantern. Pay attention to the big buffalo or ox, hang a sword on the corner, trip over the red cloth, put on the cow chain and plow, and the descendants of the host family will drive into the house with the plow. Then the housewife will take the cauldron to the kitchen to make a fire, and the furniture and sundries will go in together, and the gongs and drums will ring together and make a big noise in the new house, so that the relocation ceremony will be completed. At noon, a banquet will be held to celebrate, and the elders of the family or geographers will be invited to sit as the chief. When the banquet is opened, the host will say something nice, and then everyone will end up and break up happily.

Annual custom: Hakka people also have the custom and legend of "sending the poor" on the first and second day of the new year.

Hakkas have a long-standing custom of not moving brooms on the first and second days of the Lunar New Year. There is a story of a wish in the five dynasties novel "Looking for Different Stories": Luling Ouming crossed Pengze Lake and was invited by Lake Shenqing as a guest. An accompanying small official secretly reminded Ou Ming that if Qing Hong Jun asked him what he needed, you would only answer "Yes". Sure enough, Ou Ming's "needs" were clearly known, and Ou Ming answered "wishes" according to the instructions of officials. Qing had no choice but to name her maid Ou Zhu. Ou Ming takes his wish home, and everything he wants can be satisfied quickly. "In a few years, he will have money." Later, on the first day of the first month, Ou Ming got up late, so he hit his wish with a broom and ran away. Since then, Oujia has gradually declined. In the future, people have the habit of hiding brooms on the first day of the lunar calendar. No matter how many firecrackers and peanut shells there are on the ground, they don't move the broom, for fear of sweeping away the wealth at home.

In the third grade, there was a legend that in ancient times, when Emperor Zhuan Xu was in power, a son was born in the palace. He liked to wear rags and had to tear up new clothes before he could wear them. Everyone in the palace called him "pauper". "Poor son" died on the dark day of the full moon. When he was buried, people said, "Send my poor son today." The saying of "sending the poor" has been handed down like this. Later, the people swept away the filth in their homes and called it "sending the poor".

In Hakka dwellings, women are confined within one month after giving birth, and Hakka people use Hakka Niang wine with pork, chicken and eggs. It is said that the wine cooked in this way has the effects of beauty, expelling wind, promoting blood circulation, strengthening body and promoting lactation, and at the same time, it is necessary to cook ginger wine to give good news to relatives and neighbors. If ginger is sliced, it means a girl has been born. If it is cut into silk, it means that a boy has been born. If any family gives birth to a boy, then on the fifteenth day of the first month, big lanterns will be hung here, wine will be placed here, and the elders of the family will be invited to worship and make a genealogy.

The major festivals in Guangdong are basically traditional festivals in China, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The most famous festivals in Guangdong are introduced here.

The Lantern Festival in Guangdong is very lively. People will gather in the dragon dance field on the night of the festival and watch the dragon burning performance under the loud noise of firecrackers. At first, dozens of young people ran in the stadium with burning bamboo cables. Then, the dragon filled with fireworks appeared, and the dragon dancers were holding the dragon and dancing in the stadium. Finally, the dragon began to breathe fire. After burning the dragon, all the fireworks were released, and gongs, drums and firecrackers resounded through the sky. Gorgeous dragon dances are everywhere, and the scene is spectacular.

Lion dance can be divided into north and south, and Guangdong's lion dance performance is most famous in the south. Lions are made up of colorful strips of cloth, and each lion is performed by two people, one with the head dancing and the other with the tail dancing. During the performance, lion dancers should show southern martial arts with various moves, which is very manly. It is the most common performance activity in various festivals in Guangdong.

Hakka women

Because of the lack of basic living materials and the embarrassment of life, Hakka people moved to the mountains and were not allowed to explore hard. In this process, they have formed many excellent qualities of Hakka and images and costumes suitable for their living environment. Hakka women are famous for their virtue and hard work. There is a saying at home: "Marry a Hakka woman", which well reflects the quality of Hakka women.

The costumes and headdresses of Hakka women. Wearing a cool hat, a big blouse, carrying a child, holding a plow and walking barefoot in the fields are the traditional images of Hakka women. The custom of Hakka women wearing cool hats began in the late Song Dynasty. At that time, Hakka ancestors moved south from the Central Plains. In order to survive, women worked like men. But it is indecent for a woman to show her face in public when she goes out of the boudoir, so she wears a bamboo hat and covers her face with a black cloth with two holes. Later, in practical use, I found it inconvenient, so I cut the cloth short and sewed it around the brim to become a cool hat that is both practical and beautiful. Later, even the curtains were removed, and only bamboo hats were worn.

Headdress: Every elderly woman in Hakka area combs a bun at the back of her head and then inserts a silver hairpin in her hair. This is a habit formed since ancient times. The formation of this custom has its own historical reasons, just like the cool hat worn by Hakka women at work, it has evolved into a form of summoning to adapt to the environment. The silver hairpin is generally made of silver, about 10 cm long, a bit like the son of an ear scoop, slightly narrow in the middle, big at both ends, pointed at the end, engraved with fine patterns, small and exquisite. In the past, Hakkas, especially women, were often harassed by fleas from local hooligans and local ruffians. In order to defend themselves, they carry a sharp iron bar with them when they go out on business. Later, due to the change of living environment, it evolved into a silver hairpin inserted in the back of the head, which has other functions besides defense. First, it has the function of treating headache, brain fever and other diseases. Hakka ancestors used boiled egg whites and silver hairpin. The second is to give it as a gift to the daughter who is about to get married, and repeatedly tell her that if the groom "suddenly leaves" during sexual intercourse, he can turn the corner by giving a needle to the male coccyx. Third, when bitten by a snake, stab the bite with a silver hairpin to squeeze out poisonous blood and attack the heart with poison.

Reward: Hakka Niang wine is a kind of rice wine with low ethylene glycol content brewed with glutinous rice. The brewing process of this wine is complicated, and the old wine is more and more mellow and not sour. Hakka women have children all their lives, and when they are confined within a month, they use Hakka Niang wine with hunters, chickens and eggs, which not only has the functions of beauty, blood circulation and lactation, but also has a good physical fitness function. This is a rare reward for Hakka women.

The story of apron

In the Hakka area in the upper reaches of Dongjiang River, both old women and girls like to hang an apron on their chests. Most old people use blue-gray aprons, while girls like colorful flower aprons. There is a legend about it:

One morning, villagers in Liujiawan were transplanting rice seedlings in the field when a young man riding a horse passed by. At the entrance of the village, the young man saw the saplings planted by young women in Liujiawan, as tall and straight as those painted by painters and recited by poets, which made people feel surprised, gratified and happy.

The young man thought: The girl in Liujiawan is an expert in transplanting rice. I wonder if she has become as smart and capable in other aspects. One day, he approached a young woman and asked, "Mother transplanter, have you planted hundreds of rows left and right?" The young woman looked up and saw that it was a young man riding a horse, so she casually replied, "Rider, are you ticking, walking thousands or hundreds of miles a day?" After listening to this, the young man was speechless and difficult to answer. I didn't expect the girl who transplanted rice to ask herself this question. The young man thought deeply for a while, and then said, "Girl, I will go to your house in three days.". You're welcome? " The girl said, "Welcome." "However, I have one condition. I wonder if the girl can promise? " The young man asked, "What are the conditions? Just say it! " The girl replied. The young man said, "Then please prepare ten kinds of meat dishes." Sure, but you can't stand me up. The girl replied.

After returning home, the girl told her family about the young man's visit. Hearing this, the girl's mother said anxiously, "Silly girl, why don't you discuss it with your mother first and agree?" We have chickens and ducks at home, which is easy to handle; It is not difficult to sell pigs, cattle and sheep in the street. But there are only six kinds of meat dishes. What are the other four? Where can I find it? ""mom, you don't have to worry. You don't have to kill chickens and ducks, and you don't have to sell beef and mutton all over the street. Then I will satisfy this young man in my own way. "The girl's mother has always believed that her daughter keeps her word and does practical things, but after listening to it, she will be suspicious and anxious to sleep. Three days later, the young man kept his appointment on time. At lunch, the girl didn't kill chickens and ducks, nor did she go shopping to buy fish and meat. She just picked some leeks from the garden, took an egg, fried a plate of eggs and served them to the young man. The young man asked, "didn't I promise to let you prepare ten kinds of meat dishes?" "Why only bring a plate of scrambled eggs?" When asked, the girl replied, "I ask you, are eggs a meat dish?" "It's a meat dish." The youth said. "Nine leeks, one egg, one plus nine is ten, isn't that ten kinds of meat dishes?" Hearing this, the young man smiled and said, "Yes, yes, what I want is ten kinds of meat dishes with one plus nine."

After lunch, when we parted, the girl saw the young man to the door. The young man stepped on the stirrup with one foot and landed with the other. He turned to the girl and asked, "Girl, do you know if I am getting on or off the horse now?" When the girl asked, one foot was outside the threshold and the other foot was inside the threshold. She turned to the door: "Little brother, do you know if I am going out or coming in?" Hearing this, the young man secretly rejoiced: "People say that the girls in Liujiawan are smart and hardworking, and they really live up to their reputation.

When he left, the young man on horseback took a piece of flower cloth to the girl as a souvenir. The girl cut the cloth and put two flower bands around her chest, which can not only keep out the cold, but also wipe her hands and wrap things. Very convenient and practical.

This is in Hakka area, people can often see girls' aprons around their chests.

Hakka folk songs

Any kind of art has its social background and historical origin. In the whole process, Hakka folk songs have both objective and subjective reasons. Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains to the south, mainly living in southern Fujian, northern Guangdong and southwestern Jiangxi, followed by Hunan, Sichuan and Guangxi. The topography of these places is mainly mountainous. Therefore, the life of Hakka people is closely related to mountains, which is the objective environmental reason for the emergence of Hakka folk songs. There is no strict difference between Hakka women and men, that is, "men are the masters outside and women are the masters inside". They have been working in mountainous areas for a long time. Facing the beautiful nature, they will inevitably be moved and have the desire to communicate with others, while folk songs conform to this demand. Moreover, singing in the mountains can be bohemian. They used to be strictly bound by the old ethics. Usually in rural areas, apart from the relationship between husband and wife, there are strict boundaries between men and women because there are strict constraints. This is Shan Ge's subjective reason.

Folk songs are a lively and free way of expressing ideas, which are deeply loved by the public and become a way of entertainment for the public. Hakka folk songs can be divided into two categories according to the expression forms of lyrics: one is regular poems, quatrains, usually seven words and one sentence, and the last sentence of one or two sentences rhymes and sings catchily. This form of folk songs can be divided into duet forms and non-duet forms, while duet forms are generally love songs, such as:

Sing love songs in pairs:

1, M: I heard of my sister's beautiful folk songs a long time ago. Today, we love to talk when we meet, and we should be in love. My brother wants to go with my sister.

Woman: Hua Hudie came before the drive, laughing at your brother's dementia. I met a stranger halfway, and it was warm in spring in bloom.

2. Man: The strong wind blew away the dust on the road, so I asked my sister where she came from and whether she was a house, waiting for Sister Lang's consent.

Woman: As soon as I got home from crossing the bridge, I found my home in the depths of Heyuan, with a mountain stream in front of me and Xun Mei as a fairy.

3. M: The mountains are blooming one after another, and there is running water everywhere in the green hills. How can I find my sister?

W: I want to pick flowers in the garden. Before my heart goes, there are only ships docked in the world. I've never seen a docked ship before.

4. M: Love each other. As we all know, youth is then, good music is rhyme, and we are willing to fly together.

Female: My green leaf sister is a flower, and my camellia sister is a yarn. As the sun sets on time, I just want to spend * * * to find my wealth.

5, male: Peach blossoms come to Li Huakai, and they all love to come. I was born to sleep in the same bed as my sister, and I died in the coffin with my sister.

Woman: Love is from birth to death, and life and death are just around the corner. Money is used to make hydrangeas and throw them around.

Man: I slept until I passed out, and the underground stones were used as silver. I didn't go after three days' death, but I came back to life when I heard my mother's voice.

Woman: I finally gave up my lover and found Lang. Tell me Lang should not be flustered. I dare to do a few big things, and the ship has its own sea clothes.

6. Female: My brother has been to the house, and my sister has seen Lang off at the door. Qian Shan is in trouble, and it is difficult to cross the ocean.

M: It's not the ups and downs that make it difficult for Qian Shan to meet people. After three or five years, I changed careers, and my brother turned to the market as soon as he turned.

W: It is difficult for Jin Lang to leave her sister. She is single every day. See others also have a pair, eyes watery and fragrant.

M: I've been out once today, and A-mei likes to let go. Don't do it for the time being, and come back for reunion later.

The second category: free form, this form of lyrics is free, there is no strict format, it depends on things. For example:

Brother and sister, it is difficult to climb the mountain after eating fermented bean curd.

Hakka is a special branch of the Chinese nation. After repeated migration, Hakkas can live and work in China. This excellent nation created by history and baptized by history will surely shine brilliantly in the history of the Chinese nation with its unique spiritual outlook and rich cultural connotation!