China's ancient philosophy 1000 words.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, thinkers explained the evolution of all things in the universe with Tao, and thought that "Tao gave birth to the 1223 events" and "Tao" was "the fate of the husband is unnatural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, walking without danger" The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the disaster is hidden".

Second, Confucius

His thought is centered on "benevolence", which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence.

Third, Deng

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was a pioneer and a famous legalist. Zheng Guoren. He used to be Zheng's doctor and opened a private school. He used his bamboo punishment (the law written on bamboo slips) to teach people and publicize the rule of law. "People ... know that there are countless litigators" ("Lv Chunqiu? From the phone "). His "ambiguous statement, a word can be established without investigation" has a great influence on later debaters. Hanshu? Deng was recorded in Yiwenzhi, which was written by later generations under a name.

Fourth, Ceng Zi.

Be famous for filial piety. Once put forward "my day three provinces" ("The Analects of Confucius? Learning and ") the cultivation method. People believe that "loyalty and forgiveness" is Confucius' consistent thought, and he also advocates "being cautious in the end (cautious in the death of parents), pursuing the distance (pious in ancestor worship), respecting people's virtue" and "not going to school when committing crimes" Many of his words and deeds are recorded in Dai Dai, and it is said that he also wrote the University. Later feudal rulers honored it as "Zongsheng".

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Zisi

Philosophers in the early Warring States period. Kong, Ming Ji, grandson of Confucius. According to legend, he was educated in Ceng Zi. Advocating the Confucian moral concept of "sincerity", believing that "sincerity" is the foundation of the world and taking "golden mean" as its theoretical core. Mencius was once employed by his disciples and developed his theory, forming the Meng Si School. Later feudal rulers respected it as "telling the saints".

Six, Mozi

Thinker, politician and founder of Mohism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Inherit the traditional ideology of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, but add the contents of "non-destiny" and "universal love", oppose the Confucian theory of "destiny" and "love for the poor", think that "adhering to destiny" is "the great harm in the world" and advocate "mutual love and mutual benefit", and there should be no difference between relatives and friends. Pursue the spirit of "never budge, benefit the world". His thought of "non-aggression" reflected the people's intention to oppose the war at that time, and his thoughts of "non-happiness", "frugality" and "frugality in burial" were aimed at the nobles' "extravagant enjoyment". It also attaches importance to production, emphasizing that "those who rely on strength are born, and those who are not bad in strength are not born." "

Seven, Zhuang Zhou

He inherited and developed Laozi's view that Tao is nature, emphasized the spontaneous development of things, advocated the unity of things and me, the unity of right and wrong, the unity of size, the unity of life and death, and the unity of respect and inferiority, and advocated the spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything and me are one", which was peaceful and carefree. For me, Yang imagined beauty.

Eight, Xunzi

His theory summarized the academic thoughts of pre-Qin philosophers and developed ancient materialism. For example, he opposed the theory of destiny and superstition of ghosts and gods, and put forward the view of "controlling life and using it". If you think that people can understand objectivity through the perception of "heavenly officials" (senses) and "heavenly kings" (hearts), they emphasize that thinking is better than feeling. It is also believed that "everything is different, so it must be covered with each other", and to get a correct understanding, the mind must be "empty and quiet", which is contrary to Mencius' theory of "good nature". It is believed that human nature is "evil" and "its goodness is illusory", and only "learning the law with courtesy can be good". His political view is a combination of "rule by courtesy" and "rule by law", adhering to the Confucian theory of "correcting names", emphasizing the name of respect and inferiority, and advocating that "law is king" (following the way of Wen, Wu and Zhou Gong).

Nine, Dong Zhongshu

Its study is centered on Confucian patriarchal clan system, mixed with the theory of yin and yang and five elements, and integrates theocracy, monarchical power, patriarchal clan system and husband power to form a feudal theological system. His theory is centered on the theory of "the unity of man and nature", which holds that "the monarch is endowed by God", and "Heaven" often expresses its wishes or condemnation to the rulers on the earth with Fu Rui and disasters. He also compared heaven with human resources to demonstrate his concept that "the great source of Tao comes from heaven, the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged". He also put forward the feudal ethics of "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and advocated the circular historical view of "black, white and red".

X. Yang Xiong

It puts forward the theory that "Xuan" is the root of all things in the universe, emphasizes the necessity of truthfully understanding natural phenomena, and holds that "the living will die, and the beginning will die", which refutes the superstition of fairy magic. In terms of social ethics, he criticized Laozi and Zhuangzi's view of "abandoning benevolence and righteousness" and attached importance to Confucianism. He believed that "human nature is also a mixture of good and evil, and cultivating its good is a good person and cultivating its evil is a wicked person" ("Law? Fix things ").

Xi。 Chong Wang

Eastern Han materialist philosopher. On the study of "harmony between heaven and earth gives birth to everything, and harmony between husband and wife gives birth to children" (on balance? Nature), that is, the movement of qi produces everything. The "disaster" in nature is the result of the change of "qi" and has nothing to do with personnel. He also believes: "husband is heaven, nature and inaction;" If you send a message to a person, it is promising and unnatural "("Sending a Message "). People's life and spirit are based on "essence", and "essence leads to death" (On Death), which does not recognize that there is a soul that exists independently from the body.

Twelve. Ji kang

Advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi, stress the way of health preservation and diet. Philosophically, it is believed that "the spirit of Taoism is endowed by all living beings" ("Ming Dan Lun") affirms the spirit endowed by all things. He also put forward the theory that "the more famous religion is, the more natural it is", advocated returning to nature and hated the complicated Confucian ethics.