What are the characteristics and styles of Shanxi traditional folk houses

Summary: Shanxi residential is an important school of traditional Chinese residential architecture. In China's folk dwellings, Shanxi folk dwellings and southern Anhui folk dwellings, there has always been a "northern Shanxi, southern Anhui" said. Shanxi dwellings, the most affluent, the most gorgeous dwellings to be counted along the Fen River dwellings, and the Fen River Basin dwellings, the most representative of the number of Qixian and Pingyao. The next article will introduce the characteristics and styles of traditional Shanxi residents. Take a look! Villages in Shanxi, no matter how big or small, are rarely without a gatehouse. Around the village, not necessarily have a wall, but in the avenue into the village, must build this a monumental building to remind travelers, tell him to another village or town. Although Hebei also has this layout, but not as common as Shanxi. Shanxi residential architecture is also very complex, from the simplest cave dwellings to the village of deep and rich residential compound, to the city in a compact and meticulous to talk about the house, quite a lot of special points, it is worth noting. But limited to space and not many photos, can only cite one or two, detailed categorization of the study, can only wait for future opportunities.

I. Classification

1. Cave

Cave style, prevalent in the Yellow River Basin, scattered in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, Mr. Long Qingzhong in the "Cave Miscellaneous Examination" article, has been discussed in great detail. This time in Shanxi everywhere; cave warm in winter and cool in summer, living quite comfortable, but the air does not circulate, is a great shortcoming. Cave kiln are made parabolic shape, the interior is very well decorated, kiln walls plastered, and even paint the walls. In addition to the kang, there are closets, tables, chairs, and other furniture inside the kiln. Kiln cave often according to the side of the cut wall, into a majestic landscape, or cave door weighing beautiful and pure, can be called in the construction of the top quality.

The brick kiln is not the so-called brick kiln in Beiping, but refers to the house with brick coupons. Although we have not studied the depths of the brick kiln, if we say that the brick kiln is a copy of the clay kiln next to the cliff with bricks, when it is not a big mistake. This is because those who are accustomed to living in caves want to get rid of the shortcomings of earthen kilns, such as dampness, the danger of earth subsidence, etc., and to preserve their advantages, such as a high degree of insulation, etc., and so they build the kiln in the shape of bricks, with three or five eyes, so that the interior can be communicated with each other. In order to press down the coupon of the thrust, so on both sides of the wall must be very thick piers: in order to make the top of the coupon solid, so must use the soil as a crash coupon. This kind of very thick walls, naturally have a very high thermal insulation.

This kind of kiln coupon on the top, all with brick plastered flat, in the fall harvest, can be used as a sun exposure of grain terrace. Or when the prevention of banditry in the village temporary towers, because the kiln roofs are more connected, in order to facilitate the rise on the kiln roof, so the kiln side of the class can be climbed. Shanxi homes, rich or poor, more than nine out of ten have brick kilns or kilns, and even in the temple building, often with this practice. In Zhao Cheng to Huoshan on the way, suitable for a building in the brick kiln, quite interesting.

Here we would like to introduce in particular in Huoshan, a residential door seen on the woodblock printing door god, that kind of simple and strong brushwork, is the artisan painting is unique.

2. Mills

The mills are not ordinary dwellings, but they have a unique flavor. The mill is powered by a fast-flowing stream, so water must be drawn under the chamber to push the wheel of the mill, and then follow the waterway out into the mountain stream. Because of the constant vibration of the mill, the house could not be built with a coupon, but with a particularly thick beam. Because of the cleanliness of the flour, the floor inside the mill was polished. All these make the mill into a very comfortable and cool, but also elegant place to live, especially Yu Daohe deep mountains and deep streams, a paradise in the world, no wonder it is regarded as the most suitable villa for summer.

By all the layout seems to be, Shanxi's village houses, the most good use of terrain, on the cliffs of the steep and slow height, layers and layers, natural painting! So that the building on the ground where it is located, as naturally grown out of the ground, weighing the appropriate, without the slightest reluctance, unintentionally get the rare advantages of architectural techniques.

II. Difference

Farm house is in a very small village, rich farmers in the village often have extremely elaborate house, this house and the northern city of "tile house" the same model, all to "four head" as the basic, the distribution of the form, plus the The house is the same model as the "tile house" in the northern cities. The most different with the Beiping usually see four points:

1, in the plane, assuming that the main room to the south, the location of the east and west rooms in the north room "through the face of the broad" within the width, so that the main courtyard into a long north-south, east-west, narrow and narrow, a long, narrow one, lost the form of the quadrilateral. This arrangement in the plane of course is to save a lot of land, than will be moved out of the main room outside the width of the economy, and because of this, the roof of the main room and the room (mostly flat roof) is very easy to contact, the location of the stone ladder, can be in the north end of the room, sandwiched between the main room and the room, up to a certain way can be divided into two sides, one side to turn on the roof of the room, and then on the side of the roof of the room on the top up to the roof of the main room.

2, although it is said to be a tiled house, the real is still a flat-roofed brick kiln, leaving only the front porch or the front part of the eaves with a sloping green tile. Side view is like a brick wall in front of the "rain hitch".

3, the impression of the appearance of the house and the so-called three rooms with the same, but the interior is still three kilns, kilns and kilns with hair coupons between the door, the impression is not at all like an ordinary house.

4. The back wall of the house is made into a castle-like arroyo, so the whole back of the house looks like a fortress from the outside.

Three. City dwellers

City dwellings such as jiexiu lingshi city houses and villages in the same way, but more buildings, such as kilns are also limited to the lower level. The city houses pectinate, crowded, the floor plan is particularly economical, not occupy more land, the main courtyard than ordinary more thin and narrow.

A room and other rooms with more than a sandwich, the door is more in the zigzag sandwich, unlike the Beiping house of the solemn and balanced, although the interior is still used in the scale of the two compartments.

The most peculiar point of this kind of house is the uneven distribution of the front and back of the tile slope. Ridge back a lot, about three-quarters of the full depth of the place, so the front slope slope long, short back slope, the front gable exquisite, back wall high base, for the internal show outside the appearance of male, but very reasonable and interesting.

Four. House characteristics

Zhao City Huozhou houses occupy more land than the mediator is generally much more tolerant. Zhao Cheng house gable part of the particularly rich wood carvings, the courtyard is really a dazzling array of painted beams and carvings, although the house is large, the contact is very good, because of the compartment and the main house is more connected to the belonging to the passable. Villas wealthy housing this house in a manor can have two or three, far away from each other, can still be imagined that day's flames. The ground it occupies a large, high exterior walls, masonry and wood on the craft, the complexity of the pavilion courtyard, are out of our expectations a lot. Ling Shi to the south, in the Fen Shui east and west of a few villages, back of the mountains near the water, not suitable for farming, which the rich family are business in other provinces, after getting rich back to build houses to show off the clan.

The house is built in the same form as the other Shanxi preoccupation with the house, but closer to the official style of Beiping, the workmanship is extremely perfect. The outer wall of the stone construction is amazingly strong, there is the so-called "hundred-foot building", that is, the outer wall of this house, built according to the cliffs, the building resides on it. By the Zhuang outside the distant view, ten miles away is visible, 100 feet stands, Cuiwei Qiwei, enough to town mountains and rivers, for the glory of the building.

V. Residents list

Wang family compound, Qiao family compound, Chang family manor, Cao family compound (Sando Hall), Drainage family compound, Fan family compound, Shen family compound, Li family compound, Ding villagers living in the village, the Imperial Palace, Liu's residence, Ji's residence, Yan Xishan's former residence, the former residence of Kung Hsiangxi, the ancient village of the Fengjiagou, Yuji after the gully ancient villages, moraine mouth of the old town, Liu Guanglong Liu Lin Mengmen's former residence, the Zhangbi ancient fortress, Xiangyu ancient fortress, Guo Yu village.

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