Plant knowledge: treasure in the treasure silkworms and mulberry

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It is said that Dongguang County, Hebei Province, the county has specialized in the production of mulberry so-called "mulberry mulberry" more than four hundred acres, the annual output of mulberry more than a million pounds.

The Dongguang people circulated such a few lines of folk song passed down from ancient times:

Mulberry township words mulberry, Dongguang is very prosperous since ancient times;

People eat mulberry sweet as honey, silkworms eat mulberry leaves spit yellow yarn;

Mulberry skin papermaking Joe official use, mulberry wood carving bows military generals to pull;

Comprehensive use of the mulberry value of the big, rich and strong military to rely on it.

Mulberry, to the rural people, it is not unfamiliar, if you grew up in the countryside, then the mention of eating mulberries, will certainly cause your sweet childhood memories: when the mulberry is ripe, the side of your mouth will eat mulberries often stained purple-red. But growing up in the water towns of Jiangnan, people can only see and eat peanut grains the size of the mulberry, if you see when you see the Dongguang County, Hebei Province, five eight family, Chen Jiafang and Yantai area of the big mulberry, you will be the same as never seen the mulberry like people like to feel dumbstruck. Because the mulberry there is at least three or four times bigger than the common mulberry in Jiangnan water town. According to the northern people, "the head one is more than an inch long." The color of the mulberry is not limited to purple-red, but there are many kinds of mulberries, such as the horse bell mulberry, the rice cake mulberry, the small white mulberry, the big black mulberry, and the jujube-red mulberry. In the ripe season of mulberry, you want to taste the sweetness of those big mulberries to Dongguang to go, from a distance, do not know the details of the quasi-mulberry trees are mistaken for what the fruit trees. These mulberry trees, with a short and thick trunk, carry out the shape of the tree, dense branches and leaves, but what hangs on the tree is not what jujube or pear, but the pressure of the branches want to fold the mulberry fruit in bunches. One of the big tree is more than two feet high, the main trunk circumference is as thick as 4.5 city feet or so, the trunk of the square circle of more than four zhang. It is said that like this mulberry mulberry, single plant yield had reached more than 800 city catty! No wonder in the ancient books have been repeatedly described with mulberry dry storage through the famine. Northern mulberry and big and more, containing sugar is also more, in that the years of war, the people had to use it to replace the grain to relieve hunger.

"Three Kingdoms" has a history: Xingping years (194-195 AD), there is a name of Yang Pei, in his role as the order of Xinzheng, he saw a long period of war, coupled with natural and man-made disasters from time to time, it is really to the time of the people's poverty, Yang Pei is a more insightful official, he called on the people to collect mulberries, dry storage, in order to prepare for starvation. Coincidentally, that year Cao Cao was marching through Xinzheng with a large group of people and lacked food for his army. Yang Pei offered a large quantity of dried mulberries to Cao Cao's troops, which saved them from starvation, and thus won Cao Cao's admiration. Later, when the Three Kingdoms were finalized, Yang Pei was reused and promoted by Cao Cao. During the Three Kingdoms era, the use of mulberries to relieve famine was recorded more than once in history. The armies of Yuan Shao and Liu Bei used mulberries instead of food to relieve hunger when they were out of food. During that period of years of war, it is needless to say that the general public generally relied on mulberries as a means to tide over the famine. Probably because of the far-reaching influence of the historical incident of "Yang Pei saving mulberries to save Cao's army", the general public later took the storage of mulberries as a good way to prepare for the famine. Qi Min Yao Ji" mulberry and cudgel chapter in this way:

"Now from the river to the north, everyone collects (mulberry) hundred stone, less dozens of dendrobium ...... famine recommended Zhen, only to rely on the whole body life, within a few states, the people die and live, dry mulberry power also."

A family storage mulberry as much as a hundred stone, not to mention the dry mulberry, that is, fresh wet mulberry a hundred stone is also considerable. As a result of this, it is conceivable that mulberry forests must have been very common in many parts of the countryside of Hebei at that time, and there must have been a lot of mulberries.

According to the folk song of Dongguang in Hebei, mulberry leaves can raise silkworms, so there is no need to say. Mulberry in normal years can be filled with fruit, in years of famine that it will be used as a source of life to save the famine. Mulberry skin can make paper, mulberry wood is a good talent, can do all kinds of hard appliances, ballads to the military general to do the carved bow to summarize, set off the function of the mulberry tree as if the civil and military talents as admired, to give people with infinite favors. In short, where the comprehensive utilization of sericulture has been stuck in the intuitive utility, around the planting of mulberry, sericulture production process, up to thousands of years of development, the comprehensive utilization of sericulture, may have been so that did not attract people's attention. However, in modern times, due to the bright science, the comprehensive utilization of sericulture is very different. Modern comprehensive utilization of sericulture, has gone beyond the scope of sericulture production, although the source is still mulberry, silkworm, cocoon silk as raw materials, but the processing and utilization is far more than the scope of the sericulture industry, which involves the chemical industry, medicine, and the food industry, and other aspects of the complex scientific fields and processes, after those different means of manufactured products, has been a complete different, not by the description of the raw material has been unable to identify what is used.

Since ancient times, mulberry leaves are only used for sericulture, to winter defoliation, withered mulberry leaves collected as feeding livestock or churned into the mud of the pond as fertilizer; summer cutting branches, needless to say, most of them are piled together into the stove door as fuel, as for mulberry fruit, in some areas of the north, but also mulberry mulberry fruit as a fruit for sale, and south of the Yangtze River in addition to the collection of some of the seed reproduction, most of the children to feed or let it grow and fall! In fact, the whole body of the mulberry tree is not only used in the mulberry tree, but also used in the other areas. In fact, the mulberry tree in addition to the use of mulberry leaves to raise silkworms this serious use, the rest of the science and technology processing, can be said to be all treasure.

Dead mulberry leaves contain proteins (casein) 43.40%, the use of such proteins is very wide, is the printing and dyeing industry, the plastics industry and one of the main raw materials on the medicine, mulberry can be made of artificial cotton and leather pulp. Artificial cotton with mulberry skin, that is, by artificial and chemical treatment, remove the lignin, pectin, resin and inorganic salts and other impurities in the mulberry skin, the extraction of cellulose, after carding into cotton as cotton as artificial cotton. If you want to change the mulberry bark into paper, can be made into a higher grade of white paper. The first half of this process with the same system of artificial cotton, the latter part of the process to omit the acid, dechlorination and softening of the three processes, by the pulper into pulp, according to the general papermaking system into a high-grade white paper or mulberry paper. In addition, the chemical treatment of mulberry fiber can also be used as raw materials for rayon, if the cellulose by NaOH treatment to become an alkali fiber, and then a chloroacetic acid (CICHCOOH) treatment, and to dilute hydrochloric acid and neutralization, can be made called carboxy-methyl cellulose, this cellulose products, cotton textiles, such as the top quality of the pulp.

Mulberry fruit is a good raw material for brewing. Mulberry white wine is to choose a better quality of mulberry fruit pressure out of juice, 100 pounds of mulberry juice, put about 1 ~ 1.5 pounds of wine, stirred well and then put into a closed vat, fermentation 5 to 6 days. Fermentation is complete, take out into the "shochu distiller distillation, distillation out is 50 degrees of mulberry fruit liquor. If the liquor to maintain a certain temperature, continue to distill, you can get 95 degrees of high-quality alcohol.

You probably haven't heard that mulberry fruit can make bread. Yes, the sweet and fragrant mulberry fruit bread is something else. If the mulberry fruit dried, ground into powder, and into the flour can be made into sweet bread; mulberry fruit can also be made mulberry cream, is nourishing the body nutrients. At the same time can also be made of mulberry honey, this honey is a kind of sleeping sedative, said to cure neurasthenia, habitual insomnia, promote digestion and laxative effect. In addition, the mulberry fruit can also extract pectin, is the food industry in the system jelly, jam, and soft candy and other indispensable raw materials.

Mulberry leaves, mulberry skin, mulberry fruit have its new uses, probably the rest of the mulberry rod had to be firewood, right? No. When the firewood that is really too bad. Mulberry sticks in addition to replacing the bamboo used to make lightweight handicrafts and containers, but also can be made of high-grade pulp and rayon raw materials. After researching the use of trial production, mulberry stalks as raw materials made of rayon pulp, quality qualified, is a very promising raw material for rayon. If so, then more than 7 million mu of mulberry fields across the country, if mu yield mulberry pole 500 pounds (mulberry skin about 15% has been excepted), each year there are nearly 4 billion pounds of mulberry poles, such a huge number of chemical fiber factory for raw materials for a few in the end? This is to ask the chemical fiber process engineers to calculate.

Silkworm sand that sericulture sericulture body excretion of silkworm feces, since ancient times the use of silkworm feces only for farmland fertilizer. Silkworm sand whether there are other uses, thousands of years almost no one to think about it. In fact, silkworm sand and mulberry leaves contain a lot of protein (casein). However, its production process is slightly different from that of mulberry leaves. Silkworm sand also contains fat, protein, and pigment inorganic salts, as well as ash and other tissue components, especially ash content is more, about 30% to 40% or so, so silkworm sand is a good raw material for the preparation of activated carbon! At the same time, fat, protein, etc. can also be used to extract mixed oil, this mixed oil analyzed to contain gasoline and kerosene components, silkworm sand can refine gasoline which is how meaningful. Histidine is a kind of precious medicine, who can hardly imagine that this kind of precious medicine can be extracted from silkworm feces. Of course, silkworm sand is a good organic fertilizer, but here do not call it directly to the field, because the direct return to the field of fertilizer effect is limited. If the silkworm sand and grass ash, clay, calcium superphosphate, mussel shell powder, etc., the proportion of ingredients according to 3:3:2:3:3, these raw materials are mixed well, it became a good silkworm sand chemical fertilizer.

Folic acid is anti-anemia and promote the growth of drugs, also known as vitamin B, this drug can be used to extract silkworm sand. In addition, silkworm sand can also be extracted plant growth hormone (hormone) and chlorophyll.

In ancient history, never seen the utilization of silkworm pupa related accounts. Therefore, the ancients are how to deal with silkworm pupae is unknown. Probably no more than feeding chickens and ducks or as fertilizer. Silkworm reeling in ancient times is a family of decentralized operations, a small number of pupae can only be cheap; and modern reeling production is carried out in special reeling factory, a day out of the pupa thousand pounds, ten thousand pounds, so that a large number of pupae are still like the traditional old way to feed chickens, ducks or livestock as auxiliary feed, and even composted directly to the fertilizer, that would be too much of a pity.

The silkworm pupa is mainly composed of protein, fat and liver starch three main components. According to the analysis, the pupa body contains more than ten kinds of water-soluble nitrogen, in the dry pupa 600 grams, can be separated out a total of 95.56 grams of various nitrogen compounds. In addition, there are a variety of phosphorus-containing compounds in silkworm pupae. The silkworm pupa with a variety of solvents to leach out which dissolved phosphoric acid, quantitative analysis, there are about ten kinds of phosphorus-containing compounds in 600 grams of dried pupae totaling about 8.938 grams, followed by 5.414 grams of ash.

What manufactured products can be extracted from silkworm pupae? Silkworm pupae are chemically processed to produce these products:

Usually, pupae can be used to make pupal oil. Chrysalis oil in the industrial use is very wide, can be used as the manufacture of refined raw silk soap and cosmetic soap raw materials; chrysalis oil can replace the fish oil as a kind of oil tanning agent tanning leather, chrysalis oil by sulfuric acid treatment, become a kind of sulfuric acidification of the oil, the generation of sulfuric acidification of the oil in the industry is very wide range of uses. In addition, from the pupa oil can be further refined from gasoline and diesel fuel. According to the experimental research, from the pupa oil or pupa oil foot refined gasoline, diesel, kerosene mixed oil rate of 60%, of which gasoline 7.2%, kerosene 4.8%, diesel 48%. If the operation is well mastered, its mixed oil yield can reach 75.06%.

Tyrosine is a valuable drug. This valuable drug can be extracted from silkworm pupae; silkworm pupae can also be extracted from the proteins (i.e., silkworm pupa casein) like dead mulberry leaves. In addition, from the silkworm pupa can also be extracted chitosan, monosodium glutamate, chemical soy sauce, activated charcoal, vitamin B, urea, protein Chen, and salt

2 acid α-glucosamine. Especially "alpha-glucosamine hydrochloride" is different from ordinary glucose, is a valuable drug, said to be able to cure cancer.

In recent years, some provinces and regions in China have made great progress in the use of silkworm excrement, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shandong and other places on the extraction of chlorophyll has established a set of processes; especially in Shandong Yidu sericulture farm has been further extracted from the paste chlorophyll into copper sodium salt, the establishment of China's first copper sodium salt workshop. Recently, the field also successfully extracted from the copper sodium salt wastewater treatment of thirty alkanol (plant growth hormone), by scientific research, production units around the field test confirmed that rice, corn, cabbage, cucumbers and potatoes and other crops have a significant effect on yield; the silkworms to increase the silk and mulberry yield initially confirmed that there is a more obvious effect.

Silk has been highly prized since ancient times. China's ancient by merchants trafficked to Rome to go to the price of silk and gold value. Silk by the silk glue and silk (also known as silk) two substances, the chemical composition of these two substances, in addition to a small amount of minerals (ash), fat, wax, pigment, etc., mainly composed of silk protein. This silk protein, present in the silk gel called silk gel protein, present in the silk called silk heart protein. Generally speaking, a raw silk, silk accounted for 70% to 80%, silk glue accounted for 20% to 30%, the amount of other components is very small. Silkworm cocoons reeled into raw silk, and then made of silk fabrics, most of the raw silk with refining soap refining, so the silk glue, fat wax and other substances are removed, only the silk.

Silk is a silk core protein, the general protein chemical reaction. Silk is also a kind of gelatinous material, such as silk soluble material into the limit outside the microscope to observe, silk is a tiny particle and the Brown's movement, Ding's phenomenon. However, the silk particles are much smaller than the silk particles, so the silk is extremely difficult to observe with the naked eye, with a temperature close to the body temperature so that the silk and trypsin action, the silk gradually decomposed to generate polycondensate and cyclic dipeptide products, but also with some kind of bacterial action in the silk, but also to make it decompose.

Silk gum is a kind of silk protein, exists in the outer layer of the raw silk fiber, its properties are quite similar to animal glue, so it is called silk gum. Silk gum is synthesized from carbon (44.32% to 46.29%), hydrogen (5.72% to 6.42%), oxygen (30.25% to 32.50%), sulfur (0.15% and nitrogen (16.44% to 18.30%) and other five elements. Silk gum with water decomposition, the resulting amino acids are mainly the following; ethionine, serine, phenylalanine and tyrosine and so on.

Cocoon is the cocoon initially began to spit the outer layer of floating silk, this silk can not be reeling, silk spinning texture is also lower, so its value is extremely low, each quintal is worth only tens of dollars. But the cocoon coat is also spit out by silkworms, it contains more silk glue than normal raw silk content, so if you clean off the cocoon coat attached to the surface of a part of the dust, silkworm sand, salts about 4.5% other than in the pressurized degumming method in the pressurized silk glue content of up to 41% to 42% of the more. Than the usual raw silk gum content of about 20% more. However, in the past for silk spinning raw materials, it must be all picked off, therefore, a large number of silk glue so when the waste liquid wasted. Reeling mill engineers and chemical process experts have a sense of the cocoon coat from the fixed large number of silk glue is a promising reproduction potential. How to make silk glue fixed in the fiber above, so that it does not reduce the solubility and achieve the purpose of using silk glue? Cocoon silk science and technology workers first and colloid chemistry to deal with, from all aspects of its physical, chemical reaction properties, after a series of experimental research, concluded that formaldehyde (HCHO35% aqueous solution) and tannin (CH0O) are able to make the silk glue is fixed in a

1419 kinds of organic matter, so that then through a process, can be made of artificial wool; with tannin processing The color is very similar to camel's hair, so it is called artificial camel's hair.

Serine is a valuable drug. This serine is also the raw material of round serine. Clinical trials in medicine have confirmed that round serine is a new antibiotic with a wide range of antibiotic properties, and is one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. Both of these drugs, too, can be extracted from cocoon clothing waste. Please think, this is not a veritable waste into treasure, treasure in the treasure?

Silk production is the traditional side business of China's farmers, silk trade is also ancient foreign trade has been extremely popular with the world's people welcome products. According to foreign trade reports, in 1978, China's silk exports are second only to oil ranked second in bulk commodities. In the four construction, vigorously develop silk production, to accelerate the socialist modernization and accumulation of capital is of great significance. Cultivate mulberry, sericulture, reeling, silk weaving until the process of printing and dyeing, is a complete set of silk production in the production of a complete set of production links, both can not be disjointed, and more indispensable. In the overall arrangement of the development plan at the same time, if you can accordingly take into account the comprehensive utilization of by-products of the above production links, which vigorously develop the economic benefits of silk production, as if the "icing on the cake".

According to the 1978 national production of 3.36 million quintals of cocoons as a base, the average rate of silk to 10%, that is, ten quintals of fresh cocoons reeling a quintal of raw silk, excluding the elimination of the head, the length of the spit foot, generally speaking, a quintal of cocoons can be obtained from the pupa of 80 pounds or so. This can be 2.888 million quintals of silkworm pupae throughout the year, 26% of the dry fresh rate, you can get 750,000 quintals of dry pupae. According to the relevant experimental information, the main components of the pupa body protein, fat and a small amount of phosphorus and dry pupa into a 6:1 ratio, which is to say that you can get about 120,000 quintals of various nitrogen compounds. This 120,000 quintals of nitrogen compounds can leach how much pupa oil? How much gasoline and diesel can be refined? And can synthesize how many valuable raw materials for drugs? This is to ask chemical experts and drug experts to **** with the calculation. Such a large note of wealth swallowed into the duck's stomach or even wasted, not a pity! 4 billion pounds of mulberry poles and how huge raw materials for man-made fibers! 1 billion pounds of mulberry skin and how much paper will be made! As for the dead mulberry synthesized various compounds as well as chemical compounds of silk glue is also a large amount of money for the country to accumulate financial resources.